Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)
{"TemplateVersion":1,"WpPageId":193810,"ParentWpPageId":159379,"Slug":"montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat","Title":"Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/","Kicker":"Philosopher Profile","DisplayTitle":"Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)","Deck":"Enlightenment political philosopher of separation of powers, comparative law, rule of law, political liberty, commerce, climate, moderation, and despotism.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Philosophers","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/"},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Title":"Early Modern History","DateText":"1500 CE – 1799 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-early-modern-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Title":"Scientific Revolution and State Formation","DateText":"1600 CE – 1699 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-early-modern-history/philosophers-of-the-scientific-revolution-and-state-formation/"},{"Label":"Born","Title":"1689 CE","DateText":"","Url":""},{"Label":"Died","Title":"1755 CE","DateText":"","Url":""}],"GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:1"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:FRA:1"}],"School":{"Label":"School","Title":"Enlightenment","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/schools/enlightenment/","Deck":"Eighteenth-century European and especially French intellectual movement centered on reason, critique, science, progress, toleration, secular reform, encyclopedic knowledge, political liberty, natural rights, public debate, and opposition to arbitrary religious and political authority.","Ring":"#8A5A2E","TerraRing":"#8A5A2E"},"Birthplace":{"Title":"Chateau de la Brede, near Bordeaux"},"Images":[{"ImageMasterId":756,"ImageOrdinal":1,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-01-portrait-by-an-anonymous-artist-c-1753-1794.jpg","Alt":"Portrait of Montesquieu after Jacques-Antoine Dassier","Caption":"Portrait of Montesquieu after Jacques-Antoine Dassier","Description":"The Dassier-associated portrait gives the profile its strongest direct identifying image of Montesquieu in the eighteenth-century portrait tradition.","WpMediaId":233019,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Montesquieu.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Charles_Montesquieu.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-01-dassier-portrait.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":3764,"ImageOrdinal":2,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-02-spirit-of-laws-portrait.jpg","Alt":"Montesquieu holding The Spirit of the Laws","Caption":"Montesquieu holding The Spirit of the Laws","Description":"The portrait of Montesquieu holding The Spirit of the Laws ties the gallery directly to his major work on law, constitutional order, and separation of powers.","WpMediaId":284715,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_du_baron_de_Montesquieu_-_tenant_entre_ses_mains_L%27Esprit_des_lois_-_btv1b104800024_(1_of_2).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Portrait%20du%20baron%20de%20Montesquieu%20-%20tenant%20entre%20ses%20mains%20L%27Esprit%20des%20lois%20-%20btv1b104800024%20%281%20of%202%29.jpg?width=1200","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-02-spirit-of-laws-portrait.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":3765,"ImageOrdinal":3,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-03-bordeaux-bust.jpg","Alt":"Bust of Montesquieu in Bordeaux","Caption":"Bust of Montesquieu in Bordeaux","Description":"The Bordeaux bust gives the gallery a sculptural public-memory anchor in the region most closely tied to Montesquieu's civic and intellectual identity.","WpMediaId":284716,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bordeaux_-_Buste_de_Montesquieu_01.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bordeaux%20-%20Buste%20de%20Montesquieu%2001.jpg?width=1400","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-03-bordeaux-bust.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":3766,"ImageOrdinal":4,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-04-louvre-statue.jpg","Alt":"Montesquieu statue at the Louvre","Caption":"Montesquieu statue at the Louvre","Description":"The Louvre statue provides a public memorial image of Montesquieu as a French political philosopher and author.","WpMediaId":284717,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montesquieu_statue.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Montesquieu%20statue.jpg?width=1400","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-04-louvre-statue.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":757,"ImageOrdinal":5,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-02-montesquieu-on-the-200-french-franc-note.jpg","Alt":"Montesquieu on the 200 French franc note","Caption":"Montesquieu on the 200 French franc note","Description":"The 200 French franc note anchors Montesquieu's later national reception and public commemoration in France.","WpMediaId":233020,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:France_200_francs_1983-a.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/France_200_francs_1983-a.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-05-french-franc-note.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":3767,"ImageOrdinal":6,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-06-spirit-of-laws-title-page.jpg","Alt":"First edition title page of The Spirit of the Laws","Caption":"First edition title page of The Spirit of the Laws","Description":"The first edition title page of The Spirit of the Laws gives the gallery a direct textual witness to Montesquieu's central work on law and political institutions.","WpMediaId":284718,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montesquieu,_De_l%27Esprit_des_loix_(1st_ed,_1748,_vol_1,_title_page).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Montesquieu%2C%20De%20l%27Esprit%20des%20loix%20%281st%20ed%2C%201748%2C%20vol%201%2C%20title%20page%29.jpg?width=1200","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-06-spirit-of-laws-title-page.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":3768,"ImageOrdinal":7,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-07-lettres-persanes-1721.jpg","Alt":"Lettres persanes, 1721 edition","Caption":"Lettres persanes, 1721 edition","Description":"The 1721 Lettres persanes title page anchors Montesquieu's early satirical and epistolary work before The Spirit of the Laws.","WpMediaId":284719,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lettres_persanes_-_tome_1_-_Cologne_(1721).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lettres%20persanes%20-%20tome%201%20-%20Cologne%20%281721%29.jpg?width=1200","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-07-lettres-persanes-1721.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":758,"ImageOrdinal":8,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-03-chateau-de-la-brede-montesquieu-s-birthplace.jpg","Alt":"Chateau de la Brede, Montesquieu's birthplace","Caption":"Chateau de la Brede, Montesquieu's birthplace","Description":"The Chateau de la Brede image grounds the gallery in Montesquieu's birthplace and estate rather than generic French scenery.","WpMediaId":233021,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_la_brede.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Chateau_la_brede.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-Charles-Louis-de-Secondat\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-08-chateau-de-la-brede.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9747,"ImageOrdinal":9,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-galerie-metallique-des-grands-hommes-francais-great-men-of-france-medal-1817-ch-18154149-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Medal portrait of Montesquieu","Caption":"Medal portrait of Montesquieu","Description":"This medal from the Galerie métallique des grands hommes français shows Montesquieu in profile. It belongs on the profile as a nineteenth-century commemorative portrait object.","WpMediaId":319489,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galerie_métallique_des_grands_hommes_français_(Great_Men_of_France)_Medal,_1817_(CH_18154149).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Galerie_m%C3%A9tallique_des_grands_hommes_fran%C3%A7ais_%28Great_Men_of_France%29_Medal%2C_1817_%28CH_18154149%29.jpg/1920px-Galerie_m%C3%A9tallique_des_grands_hommes_fran%C3%A7ais_%28Great_Men_of_France%29_Medal%2C_1817_%28CH_18154149%29.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-galerie-metallique-des-grands-hommes-francais-great-men-of-france-medal-1817-ch-18154149-jpg.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9748,"ImageOrdinal":10,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-louis-de-secondat-portrait-chateau-de-la-brede-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Portrait of Montesquieu at Château de La Brède","Caption":"Portrait of Montesquieu at Château de La Brède","Description":"This framed portrait shows Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, in formal dress. It belongs on the profile as a direct painted likeness connected to his family estate.","WpMediaId":319490,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Louis_de_Secondat_Portrait_château_de_La_Brède.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Charles_Louis_de_Secondat_Portrait_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Br%C3%A8de.jpg/1920px-Charles_Louis_de_Secondat_Portrait_ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Br%C3%A8de.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-louis-de-secondat-portrait-chateau-de-la-brede-jpg.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9749,"ImageOrdinal":11,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-de-secondat-baron-de-montesquieu-nypl-nypg94-f149-419940-tif.jpg","Alt":"Engraved portrait of Montesquieu","Caption":"Engraved portrait of Montesquieu","Description":"This print presents Montesquieu in profile within an architectural frame and includes a medal-like vignette below. It is a historical portrait print suitable for the profile.","WpMediaId":319491,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu_(NYPL_NYPG94-F149-419940).tif","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_de_Secondat%2C_baron_de_Montesquieu_%28NYPL_NYPG94-F149-419940%29.tif/lossy-page1-1920px-Charles_de_Secondat%2C_baron_de_Montesquieu_%28NYPL_NYPG94-F149-419940%29.tif.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-de-secondat-baron-de-montesquieu-nypl-nypg94-f149-419940-tif.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9750,"ImageOrdinal":12,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-louis-de-secondat-montesquieu.jpg","Alt":"Augustin de Saint-Aubin portrait print of Montesquieu","Caption":"Augustin de Saint-Aubin portrait print of Montesquieu","Description":"This print presents Montesquieu in a small oval profile portrait. It belongs on the profile as a historical engraved likeness of the political philosopher.","WpMediaId":319492,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Augustin_de_Saint-Aubin,_Charles_Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu,_1803,_NGA_70227.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Augustin%20de%20Saint-Aubin%2C%20Charles%20Louis%20de%20Secondat%20Montesquieu%2C%201803%2C%20NGA%2070227.jpg?width=1800","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-louis-de-secondat-montesquieu.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9751,"ImageOrdinal":13,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-secondat-du-montesquieu-e-hader-pinxit-phot-u-verl-v-sophus-williams-berlin-w-lccn2004680097-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Sophus Williams portrait of Montesquieu","Caption":"Sophus Williams portrait of Montesquieu","Description":"This print shows Montesquieu in a side-profile portrait with signature below. It is a direct historical portrait image for the profile.","WpMediaId":319493,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Secondat_du_Montesquieu_-_E._Hader,_pinxit_;_phot._u._verl._v._Sophus_Williams,_Berlin_W._LCCN2004680097.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Secondat_du_Montesquieu_-_E._Hader%2C_pinxit_%3B_phot._u._verl._v._Sophus_Williams%2C_Berlin_W._LCCN2004680097.jpg/1920px-Secondat_du_Montesquieu_-_E._Hader%2C_pinxit_%3B_phot._u._verl._v._Sophus_Williams%2C_Berlin_W._LCCN2004680097.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-secondat-du-montesquieu-e-hader-pinxit-phot-u-verl-v-sophus-williams-berlin-w-lccn2004680097-jpg.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9752,"ImageOrdinal":14,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-louis-de-secondat-1689-1755-baron-de-la-brede-et-de-montesquieu.jpg","Alt":"Seated figure of Montesquieu","Caption":"Seated figure of Montesquieu","Description":"This sculpture shows Montesquieu seated with books and drapery, presenting him as a jurist and author. It belongs on the profile as a three-dimensional commemorative representation.","WpMediaId":319494,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu_(1689–1755)_MET_DP156480.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Charles%20de%20Secondat%2C%20Baron%20de%20Montesquieu%20%281689%E2%80%931755%29%20MET%20DP156480.jpg?width=1800","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-charles-louis-de-secondat-1689-1755-baron-de-la-brede-et-de-montesquieu.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9753,"ImageOrdinal":15,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-carol-de-secondat-baro-de-montesquieu-pa06081-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Engraved portrait of Carol de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu","Caption":"Engraved portrait of Carol de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu","Description":"This print presents Montesquieu in a circular portrait with a Latinized name inscription. It is another historical portrait print for his profile.","WpMediaId":319495,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carol_de_Secondat_Baro_de_Montesquieu,_PA06081.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Carol_de_Secondat_Baro_de_Montesquieu%2C_PA06081.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-carol-de-secondat-baro-de-montesquieu-pa06081-jpg.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9754,"ImageOrdinal":16,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-library-of-the-world-s-best-literature-ancient-and-modern-1902-14577640650-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Decorative portrait print of Montesquieu","Caption":"Decorative portrait print of Montesquieu","Description":"This ornate printed portrait frames Montesquieu with decorative flourishes and identifies him by name. It belongs on the profile as a historical literary-reception image.","WpMediaId":319496,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Library_of_the_world's_best_literature,_ancient_and_modern_(1902)_(14577640650).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Library_of_the_world%27s_best_literature%2C_ancient_and_modern_%281902%29_%2814577640650%29.jpg/1920px-Library_of_the_world%27s_best_literature%2C_ancient_and_modern_%281902%29_%2814577640650%29.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-library-of-the-world-s-best-literature-ancient-and-modern-1902-14577640650-jpg.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9755,"ImageOrdinal":17,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-portret-van-charles-de-montesquieu-rp-p-1910-4957-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Rijksmuseum portrait print of Charles de Montesquieu","Caption":"Rijksmuseum portrait print of Charles de Montesquieu","Description":"This print shows Charles de Montesquieu in profile within an oval frame and labeled cartouche. It belongs on the profile as a direct historical portrait print.","WpMediaId":319497,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Charles_de_Montesquieu,_RP-P-1910-4957.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Portret_van_Charles_de_Montesquieu%2C_RP-P-1910-4957.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Montesquieu-(Charles-Louis-De-Secondat)\\montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-00-portret-van-charles-de-montesquieu-rp-p-1910-4957-jpg.jpg"}],"Video":{"Title":"","Iframes":[]},"HasVideo":false,"IdentityFields":[{"Label":"Full Name","Value":"Montesquieu"},{"Label":"Native Name","Value":"Charles-Louis de Secondat"},{"Label":"Other Names","Value":"Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu; Baron de Montesquieu"},{"Label":"Sex","Value":"Male"},{"Label":"Nationality","Value":"French"},{"Label":"Religion","Value":"Christianity / Deism"},{"Label":"Mother","Value":"Marie Francoise de Pesnel"},{"Label":"Father","Value":"Jacques de Secondat"}],"MajorWorks":[{"Title":"Dissertation on Roman Policy in Religion","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/dissertation-on-roman-policy-in-religion/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1716 CE","Montesquieu analyzes Roman religious policy as a political and civic instrument rather than merely as private belief."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1716 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu analyzes Roman religious policy as a political and civic instrument rather than merely as private belief.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Dissertation on Roman Policy in Religion 1716 CE Montesquieu analyzes Roman religious policy as a political and civic instrument rather than merely as private belief.","Style":"","DataSearch":"dissertation on roman policy in religion 1716 ce montesquieu analyzes roman religious policy as a political and civic instrument rather than merely as private belief. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Dissertation on Roman Policy in Religion","DataFilterSearch":"Dissertation on Roman Policy in Religion 1716 CE Montesquieu analyzes Roman religious policy as a political and civic instrument rather than merely as private belief. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1716"},{"Title":"Eloge de la sincerite","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/eloge-de-la-sincerite/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1717 CE","Montesquieu treats sincerity as a moral and social virtue, showing his early concern with manners, character, and judgment."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1717 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu treats sincerity as a moral and social virtue, showing his early concern with manners, character, and judgment.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Eloge de la sincerite 1717 CE Montesquieu treats sincerity as a moral and social virtue, showing his early concern with manners, character, and judgment.","Style":"","DataSearch":"eloge de la sincerite 1717 ce montesquieu treats sincerity as a moral and social virtue, showing his early concern with manners, character, and judgment. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc ethics aesthetics","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Ethics Aesthetics","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Eloge de la sincerite","DataFilterSearch":"Eloge de la sincerite 1717 CE Montesquieu treats sincerity as a moral and social virtue, showing his early concern with manners, character, and judgment. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Ethics Aesthetics","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Ethics Aesthetics","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1717"},{"Title":"Persian Letters","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/persian-letters/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1721 CE","Montesquieu uses epistolary satire and imagined Persian travelers to criticize French society, religion, gender hierarchy, absolutism, and European manners."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1721 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu uses epistolary satire and imagined Persian travelers to criticize French society, religion, gender hierarchy, absolutism, and European manners.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Persian Letters 1721 CE Montesquieu uses epistolary satire and imagined Persian travelers to criticize French society, religion, gender hierarchy, absolutism, and European manners.","Style":"","DataSearch":"persian letters 1721 ce montesquieu uses epistolary satire and imagined persian travelers to criticize french society, religion, gender hierarchy, absolutism, and european manners. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy aesthetics","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Aesthetics","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Persian Letters","DataFilterSearch":"Persian Letters 1721 CE Montesquieu uses epistolary satire and imagined Persian travelers to criticize French society, religion, gender hierarchy, absolutism, and European manners. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Aesthetics","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Aesthetics","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1721"},{"Title":"Dialogue between Sulla and Eucrates","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/dialogue-between-sulla-and-eucrates/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1724 CE","Montesquieu stages a dialogue on power, ambition, tyranny, republican virtue, and the moral psychology of political domination."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1724 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu stages a dialogue on power, ambition, tyranny, republican virtue, and the moral psychology of political domination.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Dialogue between Sulla and Eucrates 1724 CE Montesquieu stages a dialogue on power, ambition, tyranny, republican virtue, and the moral psychology of political domination.","Style":"","DataSearch":"dialogue between sulla and eucrates 1724 ce montesquieu stages a dialogue on power, ambition, tyranny, republican virtue, and the moral psychology of political domination. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy ethics","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Ethics","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Dialogue between Sulla and Eucrates","DataFilterSearch":"Dialogue between Sulla and Eucrates 1724 CE Montesquieu stages a dialogue on power, ambition, tyranny, republican virtue, and the moral psychology of political domination. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Ethics","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Ethics","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1724"},{"Title":"Reflections on Universal Monarchy in Europe","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/reflections-on-universal-monarchy-in-europe/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1724 CE","Montesquieu criticizes universal monarchy and examines the balance of power, commerce, military scale, and political liberty in Europe."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1724 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu criticizes universal monarchy and examines the balance of power, commerce, military scale, and political liberty in Europe.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Reflections on Universal Monarchy in Europe 1724 CE Montesquieu criticizes universal monarchy and examines the balance of power, commerce, military scale, and political liberty in Europe.","Style":"","DataSearch":"reflections on universal monarchy in europe 1724 ce montesquieu criticizes universal monarchy and examines the balance of power, commerce, military scale, and political liberty in europe. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy history","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy History","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Reflections on Universal Monarchy in Europe","DataFilterSearch":"Reflections on Universal Monarchy in Europe 1724 CE Montesquieu criticizes universal monarchy and examines the balance of power, commerce, military scale, and political liberty in Europe. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy History","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy History","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1724"},{"Title":"The Temple of Gnidos","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/the-temple-of-gnidos/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":true,"Copies":["1725 CE","Full text available","Montesquieu experiments with poetic prose, erotic morality, taste, pleasure, and literary form outside strict political treatise."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1725 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Full text available","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy dz-philo__work-full-text","Style":"font:700 12px/1.4 var(–ui);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6f5613"},{"Text":"Montesquieu experiments with poetic prose, erotic morality, taste, pleasure, and literary form outside strict political treatise.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"The Temple of Gnidos 1725 CE Full text available Montesquieu experiments with poetic prose, erotic morality, taste, pleasure, and literary form outside strict political treatise.","Style":"background:#fff7dc;border-color:rgba(111,86,19,.35)","DataSearch":"the temple of gnidos 1725 ce montesquieu experiments with poetic prose, erotic morality, taste, pleasure, and literary form outside strict political treatise. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc aesthetics ethics","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Aesthetics Ethics","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"The Temple of Gnidos","DataFilterSearch":"The Temple of Gnidos 1725 CE Montesquieu experiments with poetic prose, erotic morality, taste, pleasure, and literary form outside strict political treatise. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Aesthetics Ethics","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Aesthetics Ethics","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1725"},{"Title":"Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/considerations-on-the-causes-of-the-greatness-of-the-romans-and-their-decline/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1734 CE","Montesquieu explains Roman greatness and decline through institutions, military practice, civic virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1734 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu explains Roman greatness and decline through institutions, military practice, civic virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline 1734 CE Montesquieu explains Roman greatness and decline through institutions, military practice, civic virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation.","Style":"","DataSearch":"considerations on the causes of the greatness of the romans and their decline 1734 ce montesquieu explains roman greatness and decline through institutions, military practice, civic virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy history","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy History","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline","DataFilterSearch":"Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline 1734 CE Montesquieu explains Roman greatness and decline through institutions, military practice, civic virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy History","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy History","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1734"},{"Title":"The Spirit of the Laws","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/the-spirit-of-the-laws/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1748 CE","Montesquieu offers a comparative theory of law, regimes, liberty, separation of powers, climate, commerce, religion, moeurs, and institutional moderation."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1748 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu offers a comparative theory of law, regimes, liberty, separation of powers, climate, commerce, religion, moeurs, and institutional moderation.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"The Spirit of the Laws 1748 CE Montesquieu offers a comparative theory of law, regimes, liberty, separation of powers, climate, commerce, religion, moeurs, and institutional moderation.","Style":"","DataSearch":"the spirit of the laws 1748 ce montesquieu offers a comparative theory of law, regimes, liberty, separation of powers, climate, commerce, religion, moeurs, and institutional moderation. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy philosophy of law","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Philosophy of Law","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"The Spirit of the Laws","DataFilterSearch":"The Spirit of the Laws 1748 CE Montesquieu offers a comparative theory of law, regimes, liberty, separation of powers, climate, commerce, religion, moeurs, and institutional moderation. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Philosophy of Law","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Philosophy of Law","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1748"},{"Title":"Defense of the Spirit of the Laws","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/defense-of-the-spirit-of-the-laws/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1750 CE","Montesquieu defends The Spirit of the Laws against theological and political criticism, clarifying method, moderation, and the relation between religion and law."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1750 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu defends The Spirit of the Laws against theological and political criticism, clarifying method, moderation, and the relation between religion and law.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Defense of the Spirit of the Laws 1750 CE Montesquieu defends The Spirit of the Laws against theological and political criticism, clarifying method, moderation, and the relation between religion and law.","Style":"","DataSearch":"defense of the spirit of the laws 1750 ce montesquieu defends the spirit of the laws against theological and political criticism, clarifying method, moderation, and the relation between religion and law. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Defense of the Spirit of the Laws","DataFilterSearch":"Defense of the Spirit of the Laws 1750 CE Montesquieu defends The Spirit of the Laws against theological and political criticism, clarifying method, moderation, and the relation between religion and law. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1750"},{"Title":"Lysimachus","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/lysimachus/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1754 CE","Montesquieu uses historical-literary form to reflect on kingship, ambition, judgment, and moral conduct under political power."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1754 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu uses historical-literary form to reflect on kingship, ambition, judgment, and moral conduct under political power.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Lysimachus 1754 CE Montesquieu uses historical-literary form to reflect on kingship, ambition, judgment, and moral conduct under political power.","Style":"","DataSearch":"lysimachus 1754 ce montesquieu uses historical-literary form to reflect on kingship, ambition, judgment, and moral conduct under political power. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy ethics","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Ethics","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Lysimachus","DataFilterSearch":"Lysimachus 1754 CE Montesquieu uses historical-literary form to reflect on kingship, ambition, judgment, and moral conduct under political power. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Ethics","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Ethics","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1754"},{"Title":"My Thoughts","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/my-thoughts/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1755 CE","Montesquieu's notebooks preserve reflections on politics, law, religion, manners, taste, morality, history, and human conduct."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1755 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu's notebooks preserve reflections on politics, law, religion, manners, taste, morality, history, and human conduct.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"My Thoughts 1755 CE Montesquieu's notebooks preserve reflections on politics, law, religion, manners, taste, morality, history, and human conduct.","Style":"","DataSearch":"my thoughts 1755 ce montesquieu's notebooks preserve reflections on politics, law, religion, manners, taste, morality, history, and human conduct. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy ethics","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Ethics","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"My Thoughts","DataFilterSearch":"My Thoughts 1755 CE Montesquieu's notebooks preserve reflections on politics, law, religion, manners, taste, morality, history, and human conduct. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy Ethics","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy Ethics","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1755"},{"Title":"Spicilege","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/spicilege/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1755 CE","Montesquieu's Spicilege gathers extracts, observations, historical notes, and materials that illuminate his comparative political and historical method."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1755 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu's Spicilege gathers extracts, observations, historical notes, and materials that illuminate his comparative political and historical method.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Spicilege 1755 CE Montesquieu's Spicilege gathers extracts, observations, historical notes, and materials that illuminate his comparative political and historical method.","Style":"","DataSearch":"spicilege 1755 ce montesquieu's spicilege gathers extracts, observations, historical notes, and materials that illuminate his comparative political and historical method. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc political philosophy history","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy History","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Spicilege","DataFilterSearch":"Spicilege 1755 CE Montesquieu's Spicilege gathers extracts, observations, historical notes, and materials that illuminate his comparative political and historical method. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Political Philosophy History","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Political Philosophy History","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1755"},{"Title":"Essay on Taste","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/essay-on-taste/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1757 CE","Montesquieu analyzes taste, pleasure, judgment, imagination, variety, surprise, and the mental conditions of aesthetic response."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1757 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Montesquieu analyzes taste, pleasure, judgment, imagination, variety, surprise, and the mental conditions of aesthetic response.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Essay on Taste 1757 CE Montesquieu analyzes taste, pleasure, judgment, imagination, variety, surprise, and the mental conditions of aesthetic response.","Style":"","DataSearch":"essay on taste 1757 ce montesquieu analyzes taste, pleasure, judgment, imagination, variety, surprise, and the mental conditions of aesthetic response. western thought western europe atlantic–iberian arc aesthetics philosophy of mind","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataCoreAreas":"Aesthetics Philosophy of Mind","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Essay on Taste","DataFilterSearch":"Essay on Taste 1757 CE Montesquieu analyzes taste, pleasure, judgment, imagination, variety, surprise, and the mental conditions of aesthetic response. Western Thought Western Europe Atlantic–Iberian Arc Aesthetics Philosophy of Mind","DataFilterPeriod":"","DataFilterEra":"","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Atlantic–Iberian Arc","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Aesthetics Philosophy of Mind","DataFilterSchool":"","DataFilterYear":"1757"}],"Relations":{"Influences":{"Title":"Influences","Cards":[{"Title":"Aristotle","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/aristotle-of-stagira/","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["384 BCE – 322 BCE","Stagira, Chalcidice","Greek philosopher from Stagira, student of Plato, tutor of Alexander, and founder of the Lyceum whose logic, hylomorphic metaphysics, theory of causation, psychology, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetics, biology, and philosophy of science shaped ancient, medieval, Islamic, Jewish, Christian, and modern philosophy."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"384 BCE – 322 BCE","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Stagira, Chalcidice","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy dz-philo__hub-card-location","Style":"font-weight:700"},{"Text":"Greek philosopher from Stagira, student of Plato, tutor of Alexander, and founder of the Lyceum whose logic, hylomorphic metaphysics, theory of causation, psychology, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetics, biology, and philosophy of science shaped ancient, medieval, Islamic, Jewish, Christian, and modern philosophy.","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""}],"MediaSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/aristotle-01-palazzo-altemps-bust-3.jpg","MediaAlt":"Aristotle Bust in the Palazzo Altemps","Text":"Aristotle 384 BCE – 322 BCE Stagira, Chalcidice Greek philosopher from Stagira, student of Plato, tutor of Alexander, and founder of the Lyceum whose logic, hylomorphic metaphysics, theory of causation, psychology, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetics, biology, and philosophy of science shaped ancient, medieval, Islamic, Jewish, Christian, and modern philosophy.","Style":"","DataSearch":"aristotle aristotle ἀριστοτέλης aristotle of stagira; aristoteles; the stagirite; ἀριστοτέλης 384 bce – 322 bce stagira, chalcidice greece ancient history classical antiquity western thought eastern mediterranean hellenic–aegean sphere metaphysics epistemology logic ethics aesthetics political philosophy philosophy of mind philosophy of language philosophy of science philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"Ancient History","DataEra":"Classical Antiquity","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Eastern Mediterranean","DataTerraRegion":"Hellenic–Aegean Sphere","DataCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Logic|Ethics|Aesthetics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Science|Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"Aristotelianism","DataFilterTitle":"Aristotle","DataFilterSearch":"Aristotle Aristotle Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotle of Stagira; Aristoteles; The Stagirite; Ἀριστοτέλης 384 BCE – 322 BCE Stagira, Chalcidice Greece Ancient History Classical Antiquity Western Thought Eastern Mediterranean Hellenic–Aegean Sphere Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Political Philosophy Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterPeriod":"Ancient History","DataFilterEra":"Classical Antiquity","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Eastern Mediterranean","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Hellenic–Aegean Sphere","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Logic|Ethics|Aesthetics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Science|Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterSchool":"Aristotelianism","DataFilterYear":"-384"},{"Title":"Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero)","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/cicero-marcus-tullius-cicero/","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["106 BCE – 43 BCE","Arpinum, Roman Republic","Roman statesman, orator, lawyer, and philosopher who turned Greek ethics, skepticism, theology, rhetoric, and republican political thought into enduring Latin civic philosophy."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"106 BCE – 43 BCE","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Arpinum, Roman Republic","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy dz-philo__hub-card-location","Style":"font-weight:700"},{"Text":"Roman statesman, orator, lawyer, and philosopher who turned Greek ethics, skepticism, theology, rhetoric, and republican political thought into enduring Latin civic philosophy.","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""}],"MediaSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/cicero-marcus-tullius-cicero-01-borghese-portrait-bust-1.jpg","MediaAlt":"Borghese portrait bust identified as Cicero","Text":"Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) 106 BCE – 43 BCE Arpinum, Roman Republic Roman statesman, orator, lawyer, and philosopher who turned Greek ethics, skepticism, theology, rhetoric, and republican political thought into enduring Latin civic philosophy.","Style":"","DataSearch":"cicero (marcus tullius cicero) cicero (marcus tullius cicero) marcus tullius cicero cicero; tully; m. tullius cicero; marcus cicero; arpinas; pater patriae 106 bce – 43 bce arpinum, roman republic italy ancient history classical antiquity western thought eastern mediterranean italian peninsula & central med islands metaphysics epistemology logic ethics aesthetics political philosophy philosophy of mind philosophy of language philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"Ancient History","DataEra":"Classical Antiquity","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Eastern Mediterranean","DataTerraRegion":"Italian Peninsula & Central Med Islands","DataCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Logic|Ethics|Aesthetics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"Academic Skepticism","DataFilterTitle":"Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero)","DataFilterSearch":"Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) Marcus Tullius Cicero Cicero; Tully; M. Tullius Cicero; Marcus Cicero; Arpinas; Pater Patriae 106 BCE – 43 BCE Arpinum, Roman Republic Italy Ancient History Classical Antiquity Western Thought Eastern Mediterranean Italian Peninsula & Central Med Islands Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Political Philosophy Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterPeriod":"Ancient History","DataFilterEra":"Classical Antiquity","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Eastern Mediterranean","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Italian Peninsula & Central Med Islands","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Logic|Ethics|Aesthetics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterSchool":"Academic Skepticism","DataFilterYear":"-106"},{"Title":"John Locke","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/john-locke/","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1632 CE – 1704 CE","Wrington, Somerset","English early modern empiricist and liberal political philosopher of human understanding, toleration, natural law, personal identity, education, monetary thought, rational Christianity, and the limits of knowledge."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1632 CE – 1704 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Wrington, Somerset","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy dz-philo__hub-card-location","Style":"font-weight:700"},{"Text":"English early modern empiricist and liberal political philosopher of human understanding, toleration, natural law, personal identity, education, monetary thought, rational Christianity, and the limits of knowledge.","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""}],"MediaSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/john-locke-01-greenhill-1.jpg","MediaAlt":"John Locke by John Greenhill","Text":"John Locke 1632 CE – 1704 CE Wrington, Somerset English early modern empiricist and liberal political philosopher of human understanding, toleration, natural law, personal identity, education, monetary thought, rational Christianity, and the limits of knowledge.","Style":"","DataSearch":"john locke john locke john locke locke; john locke, empiricism; john locke, liberalism; john locke, british empiricism 1632 ce – 1704 ce wrington, somerset united kingdom early modern history scientific revolution and state formation western thought western europe north sea–channel rim metaphysics epistemology ethics political philosophy philosophy of mind philosophy of language philosophy of science philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"Early Modern History","DataEra":"Scientific Revolution and State Formation","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"North Sea–Channel Rim","DataCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Ethics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Science|Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"Empiricism","DataFilterTitle":"John Locke","DataFilterSearch":"John Locke John Locke John Locke Locke; John Locke, empiricism; John Locke, liberalism; John Locke, British empiricism 1632 CE – 1704 CE Wrington, Somerset United Kingdom Early Modern History Scientific Revolution and State Formation Western Thought Western Europe North Sea–Channel Rim Metaphysics Epistemology Ethics Political Philosophy Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterPeriod":"Early Modern History","DataFilterEra":"Scientific Revolution and State Formation","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"North Sea–Channel Rim","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Ethics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Science|Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterSchool":"Empiricism","DataFilterYear":"1632"}],"Chips":[]},"Followers":{"Title":"Followers","Cards":[{"Title":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/jean-jacques-rousseau/","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["1712 CE – 1778 CE","Geneva","Genevan French-language Enlightenment philosopher of popular sovereignty, the general will, social contract theory, natural education, civil religion, moral psychology, language, music, autobiography, and the critique of corrupting civilization."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"1712 CE – 1778 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"Geneva","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy dz-philo__hub-card-location","Style":"font-weight:700"},{"Text":"Genevan French-language Enlightenment philosopher of popular sovereignty, the general will, social contract theory, natural education, civil religion, moral psychology, language, music, autobiography, and the critique of corrupting civilization.","ClassName":"dz-philo__hub-card-copy","Style":""}],"MediaSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/jean-jacques-rousseau-01-la-tour-portrait-1753.jpg","MediaAlt":"Maurice Quentin de La Tour portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1753","Text":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712 CE – 1778 CE Geneva Genevan French-language Enlightenment philosopher of popular sovereignty, the general will, social contract theory, natural education, civil religion, moral psychology, language, music, autobiography, and the critique of corrupting civilization.","Style":"","DataSearch":"jean-jacques rousseau jean-jacques rousseau jean-jacques rousseau jean jacques rousseau; j.-j. rousseau; rousseau; citizen of geneva; jean-jacques rousseau, citoyen de geneve 1712 ce – 1778 ce geneva switzerland early modern history enlightenment and proto-industrial western thought western europe central european highlands metaphysics epistemology ethics aesthetics political philosophy philosophy of mind philosophy of language philosophy of science philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"Early Modern History","DataEra":"Enlightenment and Proto-Industrial","DataRegion":"Western Thought","DataTerra":"Western Europe","DataTerraRegion":"Central European Highlands","DataCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Ethics|Aesthetics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Science|Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"Rousseauism","DataFilterTitle":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","DataFilterSearch":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau; J.-J. Rousseau; Rousseau; Citizen of Geneva; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, citoyen de Geneve 1712 CE – 1778 CE Geneva Switzerland Early Modern History Enlightenment and Proto-Industrial Western Thought Western Europe Central European Highlands Metaphysics Epistemology Ethics Aesthetics Political Philosophy Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterPeriod":"Early Modern History","DataFilterEra":"Enlightenment and Proto-Industrial","DataFilterRegion":"Western Thought","DataFilterTerra":"Western Europe","DataFilterTerraRegion":"Central European Highlands","DataFilterCoreAreas":"Metaphysics|Epistemology|Ethics|Aesthetics|Political Philosophy|Philosophy of Mind|Philosophy of Language|Philosophy of Science|Philosophy of Religion","DataFilterSchool":"Rousseauism","DataFilterYear":"1712"}],"Chips":[]}},"Contributions":[{"Title":"Metaphysics","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/metaphysics/","Copies":["Does not build a speculative metaphysics, but treats political and social orders as historically conditioned systems shaped by institutions, climate, commerce, religion, and manners."],"Text":"Metaphysics Does not build a speculative metaphysics, but treats political and social orders as historically conditioned systems shaped by institutions, climate, commerce, religion, and manners.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Does not build a speculative metaphysics, but treats political and social orders as historically conditioned systems shaped by institutions, climate, commerce, religion, and manners.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Epistemology","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/epistemology/","Copies":["Develops comparative historical inquiry into laws, regimes, moeurs, geography, commerce, religion, and institutions rather than abstract deduction alone."],"Text":"Epistemology Develops comparative historical inquiry into laws, regimes, moeurs, geography, commerce, religion, and institutions rather than abstract deduction alone.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Develops comparative historical inquiry into laws, regimes, moeurs, geography, commerce, religion, and institutions rather than abstract deduction alone.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Logic","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/logic/","Copies":["Uses typology, comparison, causal analysis, and institutional classification to distinguish republics, monarchies, despotisms, mixed government, and legal forms."],"Text":"Logic Uses typology, comparison, causal analysis, and institutional classification to distinguish republics, monarchies, despotisms, mixed government, and legal forms.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Uses typology, comparison, causal analysis, and institutional classification to distinguish republics, monarchies, despotisms, mixed government, and legal forms.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Ethics","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/ethics/","Copies":["Connects moderation, civic virtue, honor, liberty, sincerity, taste, and anti-despotic restraint to moral and political judgment."],"Text":"Ethics Connects moderation, civic virtue, honor, liberty, sincerity, taste, and anti-despotic restraint to moral and political judgment.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Connects moderation, civic virtue, honor, liberty, sincerity, taste, and anti-despotic restraint to moral and political judgment.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Aesthetics","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/aesthetics/","Copies":["Writes satire, dialogues, essays on taste, and literary fictions that use style and perspective to expose prejudice, absolutism, and social vanity."],"Text":"Aesthetics Writes satire, dialogues, essays on taste, and literary fictions that use style and perspective to expose prejudice, absolutism, and social vanity.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Writes satire, dialogues, essays on taste, and literary fictions that use style and perspective to expose prejudice, absolutism, and social vanity.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Political Philosophy","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/political-philosophy/","Copies":["Transforms political philosophy through separation of powers, mixed government, rule of law, political liberty, checks and balances, comparative law, commerce, climate, and the critique of despotism."],"Text":"Political Philosophy Transforms political philosophy through separation of powers, mixed government, rule of law, political liberty, checks and balances, comparative law, commerce, climate, and the critique of despotism.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Transforms political philosophy through separation of powers, mixed government, rule of law, political liberty, checks and balances, comparative law, commerce, climate, and the critique of despotism.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Philosophy of Mind","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/philosophy-of-mind/","Copies":["Studies passions, habits, honor, fear, virtue, taste, and social psychology as forces that shape political life and legal order."],"Text":"Philosophy of Mind Studies passions, habits, honor, fear, virtue, taste, and social psychology as forces that shape political life and legal order.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Studies passions, habits, honor, fear, virtue, taste, and social psychology as forces that shape political life and legal order.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Philosophy of Language","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/philosophy-of-language/","Copies":["Uses epistolary satire, historical explanation, legal typology, dialogue, and comparative rhetoric to shift perspective between societies and expose arbitrary custom."],"Text":"Philosophy of Language Uses epistolary satire, historical explanation, legal typology, dialogue, and comparative rhetoric to shift perspective between societies and expose arbitrary custom.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Uses epistolary satire, historical explanation, legal typology, dialogue, and comparative rhetoric to shift perspective between societies and expose arbitrary custom.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Philosophy of Science","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/philosophy-of-science/","Copies":["Anticipates comparative social science by linking laws and institutions to physical, historical, economic, and cultural conditions."],"Text":"Philosophy of Science Anticipates comparative social science by linking laws and institutions to physical, historical, economic, and cultural conditions.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Anticipates comparative social science by linking laws and institutions to physical, historical, economic, and cultural conditions.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]},{"Title":"Philosophy of Religion","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/core-areas-of-philosophy/philosophy-of-religion/","Copies":["Analyzes religion as a social and political force, defends moderation against fanaticism, and studies how religious institutions can support or threaten liberty."],"Text":"Philosophy of Religion Analyzes religion as a social and political force, defends moderation against fanaticism, and studies how religious institutions can support or threaten liberty.","Style":"","DataRegion":"","DataTerra":"","DataTerraRegion":"","CopyItems":[{"Text":"Analyzes religion as a social and political force, defends moderation against fanaticism, and studies how religious institutions can support or threaten liberty.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}]}],"OtherVoices":{"Title":"Other Voices","Copy":"Reference entries, source pages, catalog records, image sources, public text indexes, archive pages, and scholarship connected to Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat).","ButtonText":"Open Other Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat/montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-other-voices/","Links":[{"Title":"SEP","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy/","SortRank":1},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":2},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":3},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":4},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":5},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":6},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":7},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":8},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":9},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":10},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":11},{"Title":"Wikipedia","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/wikipedia/","SortRank":12},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":13},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":14},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":15},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":16},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":17},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":18},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":19},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":20},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":21},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":22},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":23},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":24},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":25},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":26},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":27},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":28},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":29},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":30},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":31},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":32},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":33},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":34},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":35},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":36},{"Title":"Minor Voices","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/other-voices/minor-voices/","SortRank":37}]},"ComponentSequence":["Page Shell","Top Action Back Link","Profile Kicker","Profile Title","Profile Deck","Visual Identity Section","Context Card Row","Period Card","Era Card","Born Card","Died Card","Geo Card Row","Region Card","Terra Avita Card","Terra Avita Region Card","Modern Country Card","School/Birthplace Row","School Card","Birthplace Card","Image Gallery Section","Image Modal","Main Content Container","Identity Fields Section","Major Works Section","Influences & Followers Section","Influences Subsection","Followers Subsection","Contributions Section","Other Voices Section"],"SectionTitles":["Identity Fields","Major Works","Influences & Followers","Contributions","Other Voices"],"Counts":{"ImageFigures":17,"VideoIframes":0,"MajorWorkCards":13,"RelationCards":4,"RelationChips":0,"ContributionCards":10}}