The Bird
{"WorkMasterId":5159,"WpPageId":248841,"ParentWpPageId":189571,"Slug":"the-bird","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/avicenna/the-bird/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/avicenna/the-bird/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":160013,"CleanHtmlLength":105262,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"The Bird","Deck":"The allegory of the bird figures the soul\u0027s captivity, awakening, and ascent toward its immaterial homeland.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Avicenna","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/avicenna/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Avicenna","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/avicenna/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/avicenna-01-portrait-miniature.jpg","ImageAlt":"Avicenna portrait miniature","FilterTerra":"India and Central Asia","ClickText":"Avicenna","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/avicenna/","Copies":["980 CE – 1037 CE","Afshana, near Bukhara","Persian philosopher-physician from Afshana near Bukhara whose system of metaphysics, essence/existence distinction, psychology, logic, medicine, natural philosophy, prophecy theory, and proof of the Necessary Existent shaped Islamic, Jewish, Latin scholastic, and early modern thought."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:2","Title":"Medieval History","DateText":"500 CE – 1499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-medieval-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:5","Title":"High Medieval","DateText":"1000 CE – 1299 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-medieval-history/philosophers-of-high-medieval/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"1016 CE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Displayed year is a researched proxy/order year within Avicenna\u0027s career; it gives chronological order without claiming a documented exact composition date.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:9"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:40"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:UZB:9"}],"OriginalTitle":"Risalat al-tayr","Language":"Arabic","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:philosophy-of-mind"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:philosophy-of-religion"}],"Tradition":"Islamic Peripatetic philosophy, medicine, logic, psychology, natural philosophy, and Persianate scholarly culture","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Wikisource: The Bird Book/Finches, Sparrows, etc .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["The allegory of the bird figures the soul\u0027s captivity, awakening, and ascent toward its immaterial homeland."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Epistle of the Bird; Treatise of the Bird","KeyConcepts":"The Bird; Avicenna; Ibn Sina; essence and existence; Necessary Existent; intellect; soul; logic; medicine; natural philosophy; prophecy","Methodology":"Demonstrative argument, Aristotelian analysis, medical observation, classification of sciences, thought experiment, commentary, and systematic synthesis.","Structure":"Major authenticated Avicenna work page; individual sections of larger encyclopedic works are not split into separate pages in this pass."},"Arguments":["Connects Avicenna\u0027s philosophical, medical, logical, psychological, and theological arguments to a specific stable work title in the accepted corpus."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Aristotle, al-Farabi, Galen, Neoplatonic materials, Islamic theology, and Persianate courtly scholarship.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Part of Avicenna\u0027s major authenticated corpus as cross-checked against Avicenna work inventories, encyclopedia profiles, catalogues, and public text records.","Used in contemporary study of modal metaphysics, essence and existence, philosophy of mind, medieval medicine, logic, prophecy, and the transmission of Greek philosophy into Arabic and Latin worlds."],"EvidenceNote":["Accepted under the Major Authenticated scope because Avicenna source inventories, encyclopedia entries, catalogues, or scholarly work lists preserve this as a stable Ibn Sina title."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Bird_Book/Finches,_Sparrows,_etc\"\u003eWikisource: The Bird Book/Finches, Sparrows, etc\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\nFINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Family FRINGILLD^E \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e514 EVENING GROSBEAK. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western United States in the Rocky Mountain region; north to Saskatchewan; south in winter to Mississippi Valley and casually east to New England and the intermediate states. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese are dull and yellowish birds, shading to brownish \non the head; with a bright yellow forehead and susperciliary line, black wings and tail, and white inner secondaries \nand greater coverts. They breed in the mountainous portions of their range, placing their flat nests of sticks and \nrootlets in low trees or \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebushes. The eggs are laid in May or June and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eare greenish white spotted and blotched with \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebrown; size .90 x .65. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e514a. WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK. \nHesperiphona vespertina montana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western United States, breeding in \nthe mountains from New Mexico to British \nColumbia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nesting habits and eggs of this variety \nare the same as those of the preceding, and the \nbirds can rarely be separated. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e515. PINE GROSBEAK. \nleucura. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePinicola enucleator \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange/ Eastern North America, breeding \nfrom northern New England northward, and \nwintering to southern New England and Ohio \nand casually farther. They build in conifers \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e324 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePine Grosbeak \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emaking their nests of small twigs and rootlets, \nlined with fine grasses and lichens. During the \nlatter part of May or June they lay three or \nfour eggs, which have a \nground color of light \ngreenish blue, spotted and \nsplashed with dark brown, \nand with fainter markings \nof lilac. Size 1.00 x .70. \nPine Grosbeaks have been \nseparated into the following sub-species, the chief \ndistinction between them being in their \nranges. The nesting habits and eggs of all \nare alike. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e515a. ROCKY MOUNTAIN PINE GROSBEAK. \nPinicola enucleator montana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rocky Mountain region from New \nMexico to Montana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenish blue \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 5b. CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK. \ncola enucleator calif ornica. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePini \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurple Finch \nRange. Higher parts of the Sierra Nevadas in California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e515c. ALASKA PINE GROSBEAK. Pinicola enucleator alascensis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Interior of Northwest America from Alaska south to British Columbia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e515d. KADIAK PINE GROSBEAK. Pinicola enucleator flammula. \nRange. Kadiak Island and the southern coast of Alaska. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[516.] CASSIN\u0027S BULLFINCH. Pyrrhula cassini. \nRange. Northern Asia; accidental in Alaska. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e517- PURPLE FINCH. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the plains, breeding \nfrom the Middle States onrth to Labrador and Hudson Bay; \nwinters in the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese sweet songsters are quite abundant in New England in the summer, but \nmore so north of our borders. While \nthey breed sometimes in trees, in orchards, I have nearly always found their \nnests in evergreens, usually about threefourths of the way up. The nests are \nmade of fine weeds and grasses and lined Greenish blue \nwith horse hair. The eggs, which are usually laid in June, \nare greenish blue, spotted with dark brownish; size \n.85 x .65. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e517a. CALIFORNIA PURPLE \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFINCH. Carpodacus purpureus californicus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast, breeding from central California \nto British Columbia and wintering throughout California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nesting habits and eggs of this darker colored \nvariety are just like those of the last, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e325 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e515b 517a \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e518. CASSIN\u0027S PURPLE FINCH. Carpodacus cassini. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America west of the Rockies, breeding \nfrom British Columbia south to New Mexico; \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar to the last but \nthe back, wings and tail are darker and \nthe purplish color of the preceding species is replaced by a more pinkish shade. \nThe nesting habits and eggs are the \nsame as those of the eastern Purple \nFinch; size of eggs .85 x .60. Data. Greenish blue \nWillis, New Mexico, June 23, 1901. Nest made of twigs \nand rootlets and lined with horse hair. Collector, F. J. \nBirtwell. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e519- HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United States west of the Plains and from \nOregon and Wyoming to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is one of the best known of western \nbirds, and nests commonly in all situations\nfrom trees and bushes to vines growing on\nporches. Their nests are made of rootlets \nand grasses and are lined with horse hair. \nTheir nesting season includes all the summer months, they raising two and sometimes \nthree broods a season. The three to five eggs are pale greenish blue with a few \nsharp blackish brown specks about the large end. Size .80 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e51S 519 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eolQb. SAN LUCAS HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. A slightly smaller variety of the preceding. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e51Qc. SAN CLEMENTE HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mexicanus clematis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. San Clemente and Santa Barbara Islands. Somewhat darker than \nthe last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e520. GUADALUPE FINCH. Carpodacus amplus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the House Finch, but deeper red and slightly larger. Their nesting habits and eggs are precisely like those of the House Finch but the eggs \naverage larger; size .85 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e520.1. MCGREGOR\u0027S HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mcgregori. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. San Benito Island, Lower California. \nA newly made species, hardly to be distinguished from the last, \nbably the same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e326 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEggs pro\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e521. CROSSBILL. Loxia curvirostra minor. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Northern North America, breeding \nin the Alleghanies and from northern New \nEngland northward; winters south to the mid \ndie portions of the United States and casually \nfarther. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe birds are very cur \n- *. ious both in appearance and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efflT\u0027i * actions, being very \"flighty\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eo and restless, and apt to remain to breed on any of the \nmountains. They build dur \ning March or April, making \nGreenish white their nestg Qf twigg\u0026gt; roo tlets, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emoss, feathers, etc., and placing them in forks \nor on branches of trees (usually conifers) at \nany height from the ground. The eggs are \ngreenish white, spotted with brown and with \nlavender shell markings; size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 la. MEXICAN CROSSBILL. \ntra stricklandi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eILoxi \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0027ia curviros\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrossbill \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mountain ranges from central Mexico north to Wyoming. \nA larger variety of the preceding. The eggs will not differ except perhaps \na trifle in size. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e522. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Loxia leucoptera. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Northern North America, breeding in the Alleghanies and from northern Maine northward; winters to \nmiddle portions of the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is rosy red with two white wing bars. Like \nthe last, they are of a roving disposition and are apt to \nbe found in any unexpected locality. Their nesting habits \nare the same as those of the American Crossbill, but the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eeggs average larger and the Greenish while \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emarkings are more blotchy; size .80 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.97 x .67. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e523. ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH. Leucosticte \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003egriseonucha. \nRange. Aleutian and Pribilof Islands; south \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eto Kadiak. \nThis is the largest of the genus, and can \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebe distinguished from the others by its very \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003edark chestnut coloration and the gray hindneck \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand cheeks. Like the other \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeucostictes, they are \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efound in flocks and frequent rocky or mountain \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eous country, where they \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eare nearly always found \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eon the ground. They build \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ein crevices among the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003erocks or under ledges or \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eembankments, making the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003enest of weeds and grasses. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epure white eggs are laid during June. Size \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.97 x .67. Data. St. George Islands of the \n327 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \nTheir four or five \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-winged Crosbill \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e524. . GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH. Leucosticte \ntephrocotis tephrocotis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rocky Mountain region from Saskatchewan \nsouth to northern United States and also \nbreeding in the Sierra Nevadas; winters \non the lowlands of northwestern United \nStates and east to Manitoba. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe habits and breeding habits of this \nspecies are like those of the last. The \nbird is paler colored and the gray is restricted to the hind part of the head. \nThey nest on the ground in June, laying \nfour or five white eggs. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e523524 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e524\u0026lt;a. HEPBURN ROSY FINCH. Leucosticte tephrocotis \nlittoralis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Higher ranges from Washington and British \nColumbia to Alaska. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is like the Aleutian Leucosticte but the \nbrown is a great deal paler. The nesting habits and eggs \nare, in all probability, like those of the last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e525. BLACK ROSY FINCH. Leucosticte atrata. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rocky Mountain region of northern United States; known to breed \nin Idaho. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is black in place of the brown of the others; the gray is restricted to the hind part of the head and the rosy is rather more extensive on the \nwings. Their eggs probably cannot be distinguished from those of the Graycrowned variety. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e526. BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH. Leucosticte australis \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds at high altitudes in the Rockies in Colorado; south to New Mexico in winter. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA similar bird to the Gray-crowned Leucosticte but with \nno gray on the head. They nest on the ground above \ntimber line on the higher ranges of the Rockies. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e527- GREENLAND REDPOLL. Acanihis hornemanni \nhornemanni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Greenland and northern Europe; south in winter \nto Labrador. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis large Redpoll nests at low elevations in trees and \nbushes, its habits and eggs being similar to the more common American species. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e527a. HOARY REDPOLL. Acanihis hornemanni exilipes. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in the Arctic regions and winters south \nto the northern parts of the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is smaller than the last and is considerably \ndarker but still retains the white rump of the Greenland \nRedpoll. Its nesting habits are the same as those of the \nnext. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e525526 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e528. REDPOLL. Acanthis linaria Unarm. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds within the Arctic Circle; \nwinters south to New York, Kansas and northern California and casually farther. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar to the last but mucn \ndarker, and the rump is also streaked with \nblackish. These handsome birds are often met \nwith in winter, feeding on seeds \nof the weed stems that project \nabove the snow. Their flight \nand song is similar to that of the \nGoldfinch or Pine Siskin. They \nnest at low elevations, either in \nBluish green trees or bushes. The eggs number from three to six and are pale bluish, sparingly specked with reddish brown. Size .65 x \n.50. Data. Mouth of Great Whale River, Hudson Bay, May 16, 1899. Nest in a willow 4 feet \nfrom the ground; made of fine rootlets and \ngrass, lined with feathers. Collector, A. P. \nLowe. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\\ \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRedpoll \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e528a. HOLBOLL\u0027S REDPOLL. Acanthis linaria holbcelli. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Arctic regions; south casually to the border of the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slightly larger variety of the common Redpoll. Eggs probably not distinguished. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e528b. GREATER REDPOLL. Acanthis linaria rostrata. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in southern Greenland; in winter south through Labrador to \nthe northern border of the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is larger and darker than the common Redpoll. It has been \nfound breeding abundantly in southern Greenland, where its nesting habits are \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e^ the same as those of the Redpoll and the eggs \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\" ~n similar but averaging a trifle larger. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e52Q. GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus tristis tristis \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Rockies, \nand from Labrador and Manitoba southward. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese beautiful birds are \namong our sweetest songsters from May until September. They are resident \nthroughout their United States \nrange, where they breed in \nAugust or early in Septem- Bluish white \nber, being one of the latest nesting birds that \nwe have. Their nests are located in bushes, at \na height of generally below fifteen feet above \nthe ground, being placed in upright forks, and \nmade of plant fibres and thistle down, firmly \nwoven together. They lay from three to six \nplain bluish white eggs. Size .65 x .50. The majority of nests that I have found have been in \nalders over small streams. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e329 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGojdflnch \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB \u0027 H \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMERICAN GOLDFINCH \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e529a. PALE GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus tristis pallidus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange/ Rocky Mountains from Mexico to British Colum \nbia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is slightly larger and (in winter) paler than \nthe last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e529b. WILLOW GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus tristis \nsalicamans. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast from Washington to Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the eastern Goldfinch but back said to be \nslightly greenish yellow. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e530. ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus psaltria \npsaltria. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United States, west of the Plains and from Oregon to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species has greenish upper parts and \nyellow below; the crown, wings and tail are \nblack, the bases of the lateral tail feathers \nllBfe^ and primaries being whitish. They are common in portions of their range, nesting in similar locations to \nBluish white those chosen by the common Goldfinch and laying from three to \nfive eggs which are similar but slightly smaller. Size .60 x .45. Data. Riverside, California, May 20, 1891. 5 eggs. Nest made of fine grasses lined with \ncotton; 5 feet from the ground in a small tree. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e529a 529b 530 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e530a. GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus hesperophilus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande in southern Texas. \nA similar bird to the last but with the entire upper parts and cheeks, black. \nThe habits, nests and eggs are identical with those of the Arkansas Goldfinch. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e531. LAWRENCE\u0027S GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus lawrencei. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast of California, wintering along the Mexican border. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis grayish colored Goldfinch has a black face and yellow breast, rump, \nwing coverts and edges of the primaries. They are quite common in their \nrestricted range, nesting either in upright crotches or in the forks of horizontal \nlimbs. The four or five eggs which they lay are pure white; size .60 x .45. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\u003cdt\u003eData. Santa Conica Canyon, Cal., April 26, 1903. Nest in a cypress tree 12\u003c/dt\u003e\u003c/dl\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0027feet up; composed of grasses, feathers, etc. Collector, W. Lee Chambers. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[532.] BLACK-HEADED GOLDFINCH. Spinus notatus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mountainous regions of Central America and southern Mexico; \naccidental in the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e331 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e533. PINE SISKIN. Spinus pinus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds from northern United States \nnorthward, in the Alleghanies and in the Rockies south to New Mexico. Winters throughout \nthe United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiskins are of the size of the Goldfinch (5 \ninches long), and their calls, songs and habits \nare similar to those of this bird. Their plumage is grayish brown, streaked with dusky and \nthe bases of the wings and tail feathers are \nyellow. Like the Crossbills, \nthey frequently feed along our /^ r \u0027 . \nnorthern borders, but very sporadically. Their nests are built \non horizontal branches of pines \nor cedars at any elevation from \nthe ground, being made o f Greenish white \ngrasses and rootlets lined with hair or pine \nneedles, and of rather frail and flat construction. Their eggs are laid during May or June \nand are greenish white, specked with reddish \nbrown; size .68 x .48. Data. Hamilton Inlet, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLabrador, June 17, 1898. Nest on branch of a spruce, 10 feet from the ground; \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emade of grass, lined with moss and feathers. Collector, L. Dicks. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePine Siskin \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e534. SNOW BUNTING. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in the Arctic regions, and winters irregularly in large flocks \nthrough the United States to Oregon, Kansas \nand Georgia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese birds are only seen in the United \nStates in large roving flocks, \n- x , during the winter when they \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eV* ** \u0027 . feed on weed seeds on side\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehills. Their nests are built \non the ground, being sunk \ninto the s P a S num nioss, and \nmade of grasses lined with \nfeathers. Their four or five \neggs are a light greenish white, spotted and \nsplashed with yellowish brown and lilac. Size \n.90x.65. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e534a. PRIBILOF SNOW BUNTING. \nphenax nivalis towns endi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlectro\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pribilof and Aleutian Islands, Alaska. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slightly larger variety which is resident \non the islands in its range. Eggs like those \nof the preceding; laid from May to July. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnowflake \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e535. McKay\u0027s SNOW BUNTING. Pletrophenax hyperboreus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western Alaska; known to breed on Hall\u0027s Island. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis beautiful species is, in summer, entirely white except for the tips of the \nprimaries and a black spot on end of central tail feathers, thus being very distinct from the preceding, which has the back and the wings to a greater extent \nblack, at this season. Their eggs probably very closely resemble those of the \nlast species. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e536. LAPLAND LONGSPUR. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in northern North America; winters south \ncasually to New York, Ohio and Oregon and occasionally farther. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese sparrow-like birds are 6.5 inches long and have a black \ncrown, cheeks and throat, and chestnut band on nape. Like the \nSnowflakes they nest on the ground in moss, but the four to six \neggs that they lay are grayish, heavily mottled and blotched witii \nchocolate brown; size .80 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrayish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e536a. ALASKA LONGSPUR. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Northwest North America, breeding in Alaska; winter south to Oregon. This sub-species is like the last but slightly paler. Eggs indistinguishable. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorman W. Swayns \nNEST AND EGGS OF GOLDFLNCH \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e333 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmith\u0027s Longspur \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e537- SMITH\u0027S LONGSPUR. Calcarius pictus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River districts and winters south to \nTexas chiefly on the Plains. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is of the size \nof the last but is a rich buff \ncolor below, and the other \nmarkings are very different. \nThese birds together with \nthe next species are very \ncommon on the prairies in \ncentral United States in win- Grayish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eter. They nest on the ground like the preceding species but the nests are scantily made of \ngrasses and not warmly lined like those of the \nlast. The eggs are similar but paler; size .80 \nx .60. Data. Herschell Island, Arctic Ocean, \nJune 10, 1901. Nest built in a tuft of grass; \nmade of fine roots and grass, lined with feathers. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDull white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e538. CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. Calcarius ornatus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Plains in the interior of North America, breeding from Kansas north \nto Saskatchewan; very abundant in the Dakotas and Montana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis handsome species in the breeding plumage has the \nthroat white, breast and belly black, and a chestnut collar on \nthe nape. They are one of the most abundant breeding birds \non the prairies, nesting in hollows on the ground either in the \nopen or protected by a tuft of grass. The nests are made of \ngrasses and sometimes moss; three or four eggs laid in June \nor July; white, blotched, lined \nand obscurely marked with \nbrown and purplish; size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e539. McCowN\u0027s LONGSPUR. Rhynchophanes \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emccowni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Great Plains, breeding from Kansas \nto the Saskatchewan. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis Longspur which breeds in company with \nthe preceding, throughout its range, can be distinguished from it by the \nsmall black patch on the \nbreast, the black crown, and \nchestnut wing coverts. Their \nnesting habits are the same, \nand at this season all the \nLongspurs have a sweet song \noften uttered during flight, Grayish white \nlike that of the Bobolink. Their eggs are of the \nsame size and similarly marked as the last, but \nthe ground color is more gray or olive. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e334 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChestnut-collared Longspur \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e540. VESPER SPARROW. Pocecetes \ngramineus gramineus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Eastern United States, breeding from \nVirginia and Missouri north to Manitoba and \nNew Brunswick; winters in the southern half \nof the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA streaked grayish, buffy \nand white bird distinguished \nby its chestnut shoulders and \nwhite outer tail feathers. \nThey are abundant birds in \neastern fields where their \nloud piping whistle is known \nto many frequenters of weedy \npastures. They build on the ground, either \nin grassy or cultivated fields, lining the hollow \nscantily with grasses. Their four or five eggs \nare usually laid in May or June; they are dull \nwhitish, blotched and splashed with light \nbrown and lavender tints; size .80 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMcCown\u0027s Long-spur \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e540a. WESTERN VESPER SPARROW. Pocecetes gramineus confinis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. This paler variety is found in North America west of the Plains and \nsouth of Saskatchewan. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIts nesting habits are like those of the preceding and the eggs are indistinguishable. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 4 Ob. OREGON VESPER SPARROW. Pooecetes gramineus affinis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA browner variety found on the coast of Oregon and northern California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIts nesting habits are like those of the eastern bird and the eggs similar but \naveraging a trifle smaller. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPARROW. I asser \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVesper Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003edomesticus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese birds, which were imported from \nEurope, have increased so rapidly that they \nhave overrun the cities and villages of the country and are doing inestimable damage both by \ndriving out native insect \neating birds and by their \nown destructiveness. -They \nnest in all sorts of places \nbut preferably behind \nblinds, where their unsightly masses of strawprotrude from between the \nslats, and their droppings besmirch the buildings below; they breed at all seasons of the \nyear, eggs having often been found in January, \nwith several feet of snow on the ground and \nthe mercury below zero. The eggs number from \nfour to eight in a set and from four to eight \nsets a season; the eggs are whitish, spotted \nand blotched with shades of gray and black. \nSize .88 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e335 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. R. Spaid \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNEST AND EC.GS OF VESPER SPARROW \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e541. IPSWICH SPARROW. Passerculus \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eprinceps. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds on Sable Island, off Nova \nScotia; winters on coast of South Atlantic \nStates. This a large and pale colored form of \nthe common Savannah Sparrow. Its nesting \nhabits are similar to those of the latter and the \neggs are marked the same but average larger. \nSize .80 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e542. ALEUTIAN SAVANNAH SPARROW. Pas\nserculus sandwichensis sandwichensis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds on the Alaskan coast; winters south to northern California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA streaked Sparrow like the \nnext but with the yellow superciliary line brighter and more \nextended. Its nesting habits \nare precisely like those of the \nnext variety which is common \nand well known; the eggs are \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrayish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eindistinguishable. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSavannah Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e542a. SAVANNAH SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. \nRange. North America east of the Plains, breeding from the \nMiddle States north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay region. \nSimilar to the last but with the superciliary line paler and \nthe yellow reduced to a spot on the lores. Their nests are \nhollows in the ground, lined with grasses and generally concealed by tufts of grass or weeds. Their three to five eggs \nvary greatly in markings from finely and evenly dotted all \nover to very heavily blotched, the ground color being grayish \nwhite. Size .75 x .55 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrayish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e42b. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSAVANNAH SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis alau\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWE STERN \ndinus. \nRange. Western North America from Alaska to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slightly paler form whose nesting habits and eggs do \nnot differ from those of the last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e542c. BRYANT\u0027S SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis. \nbryanti. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Salt marshes of California from San Francisco \nBay south to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlightly darker and brighter than the eastern Savannah \nSparrow and with a more slender bill. The eggs are riot \ndifferent from many specimens of savanna\u0027, they are light \ngreenish white heavily blotched with various shades of \nbrown and lavender. Size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e543. BELDING\u0027S SPARROW. Passerculus beldingi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast marshes of southern California \nand southward. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar to the last but \ndarker .and more heavily streaked below. \nThey breed abundantly in salt marshes, \nbuilding their nests in the grass or \npatches of seaweed barely above the \nwater, and making them of grass and Gravish wh j t e \nweeds, lined with hair; the eggs are dull \ngrayish white, boldly splashed, spotted and clouded with \nbrown and lavender. Size .78 x .55. \n337 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e544. LARGE-BILLED SPARROW. Passerculus restrains \nrestrains. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coast of southern and Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the Savannah Sparrow but paler and grayer, \nwithout yellow lores and a larger and stouter bill. They \nare common in salt marshes, often in company with the \nlast species and their nesting habits are similar to and \nthe eggs not distinguished with certainty from those of \nthe latter. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e544a. SAN LUCAS SPARROW. Passerculus rostratus \nguttatus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slightly darker form of the preceding, having identical \nhabits, and probably, eggs. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e544c. SAN BENITO SPARROW. Passerculus rostratus \nsanctorum. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds on San Benito Islands; winters in southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nesting habits and eggs of these very similar subspecies are identical. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e544 544c \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e545. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e545. BAIRD\u0027S SPARROW. Ammodramus bairdi \nRange. Plains, breeding from northern United States to \nthe Saskatchewan; south in winter to the Mexican border. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese Sparrows breed abundantly on the plains of Dakota \nand northward, placing their nest in hollows on the ground in \nfields and along road sides. During June or July, they lay \nthree to five dull whitish eggs, blotched, splashed and spotted \nwith light shades of brown and gray. Size .80 x .60. White \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e546. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmmodramus savannarum australis. \nRange. United States east of the Plains, \nbreeding from the Gulf to Canada. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA stoutly built Sparrow marked on the upper \nparts peculiarly, like a quail; nape grayish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand chestnut. These birds \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eare common in dry fields and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epastures, where their scarcely audible, grasshopper-like \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esong is heard during the heat \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eof the day. Their nests are \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esunken in the ground and \narched over so that they are very difficult to \nfind, especially as the bird will not flush until \nnearly trod upon. The four or five eggs, laid in \nJune, are white, specked with reddish brown. \nSize .72 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmmodramus savannarum bimaculatns \n546a. WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. West of the Plains from British \nColumbia to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlightly paler than the last; has the same \nnesting habits; eggs indistinguishable. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e338 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaird\u0027s Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrasshopper Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGRASSHOPPER SPARROW ON NEST \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC. A. \"Ree\u0027d \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHpnslow\u0027s Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLieconte\u0027s Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e546b. FLORIDA GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. \nAmmodramus savannarum ftoridanus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Central Florida. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA local form, darker above and paler below \nthan the common species. Eggs not different \nin any particular. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e547. HENSLOW\u0027S SPARROW. Passerherbulus \nhenslowi henslowi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United States east of the Plains, \nbreeding locally from Maryland and Missouri \nnorth to Massachusetts and Minnesota. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar in form and marking \nto the last, but is olive green on the nape, and \nthe breast and sides , are \nstreaked with blackish. Their \nnesting habits are very similar to those of the Grasshopper Sparrow, the nests being \ndifficult to find. The eggs \nare greenish white, spotted White \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewith reddish brown. Size .75x.55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e547a. WESTERN HENSLOW\u0027S SPARROW. Passerherbulus henslowi accident alia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. A paler and very local form found in the Plains in South Dakota and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eprobably, adjoining states. Eggs not apt to differ from those of the preceding. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e548. LECONTE\u0027S SPARROW. Passerherbulus lecontei. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Great Plains, breeding from northern United States to Assiniboia; \nwinters south to Texas and the Gulf States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA bird of more slender form than the preceding, and with \na long, graduated tail, the feathers of which are very narrow \nand pointed. They nest on the ground in damp meadows, but \nthe eggs are difficult to find \nbecause the bird is flushed \nfrom the nest with great diffiWhite culty. The eggs are white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand are freely specked with brown. Size .70 x .52. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e549. SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Passerherbulus caudacutus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in marshes along the Atlantic coast from Maine to South Carolina and \nwinters farther south. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese birds are very common in nearly all \nthe salt marshes of the coast, nesting in the \nmarsh grass. I have nearly always found their \nnests attached to the coarse \nmarsh grass a few inches above \nwater at high tide, and generally \nunder apiece of drifted seaweed. \nThe nests are made of grasses, \nand the four or five eggs are \nwhitish, thickly specked with White \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ereddish brown. Size .75 x .55. The birds are \nhard to flush and then fly but a few feet and \nquickly drop into the grass again. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e340 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSharp-tailed Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e54-9.1. NELSON\u0027S SPARROW. \nnelsoni nelsoni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePasserherbulus \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in the fresh water marshes \nof the Mississippi valley from Illinois to Manitoba. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar to the Sharp-tailed \nFinch but more buffy on the breast and generally without streaks. The nesting habits are \nthe same and the eggs indistinguishable. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e. ACADIAN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. \nPasserherbulus nelsoni subvirgatus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in the marshes on the coast \nof New England and New Brunswick; winters \nsouth to the South Atlantic States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paler variety of Nelson\u0027s Sparrow nests \nlike the Sharp-tailed species and the eggs are \nthe same as those of that bird. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeaside Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDusky Seaside Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e550. SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus maritimus maritimus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Atlantic coast, breeding from southern New England to Carolina and \nwintering farther south. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis sharp-tailed Finch is uniform grayish above and light \nstreaked with dusky, below. They are very abundant in the \nbreeding range, where they nest in marshes in company with \ncaudacutus. Their nests are the same as those of that species \nand the eggs similar but slightly larger. Size .80 x .60. \nData. Smith Island, Va., May 20, 1900. Nest situated in tall \ngrass near shore; made of dried grass and seaweed. Collector, \nH. W. Bailey. White \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the members of this genus have a habit of fluttering out over the water, \nand then gliding back to their perch on the grass, on set wings, meanwhile \nuttering a strange rasping song. The nesting habits and eggs of all the subspecies are precisely like those of this variety, and they all occasionally arch \ntheir nests over, leaving an entrance on the side. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e550a. SCOTT\u0027S SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus maritimus peninsulce. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coasts of Florida and north to South Carolina. Above blackish \nstreaked with brownish gray; below heavily streaked with black. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e550b. TEXAS SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus maritimus sennetti. \nRange. Coast of Texas. Similar to maritimus, but streaked above. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e550c. LOUISIANA SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus maritimus fisheri. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Gulf coast. This form is similar to peninsulce, but darker and more \nbrownish. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e341 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e550d. MACGILLIVRAY\u0027S SEASIDE SPARROW. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePasserherbulus maritimus macgillivrai. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coast of South Carolina. Like \nfisheri but grayer. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.11. DUSKY SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus nigrescens. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Marshes of Indian River near Titusville, Florida. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is the darkest of the genus, both \nabove and below, being nearly black on the \nupperparts. Their habits are like those of the \nothers and the eggs are not likely to differ. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e552. LARK SPARROW. Chondestes grammacus grammacus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mississippi Valley from the Plains \nto Illinois and casually farther east, and from \nManitoba to Texas; winters in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis handsome Sparrow has the sides of the crown and ear ^^^^^ \npatches chestnut, and the sides of the throat and a spot on the \nbreast, black. They are sweet singers and very welcome birds \nin their range, where they are quite abundant. Their nests \nare generally placed on the ground in the midst of or under a \nclump of weeds or tuft of grass, but sometimes in bushes or \neven trees; they are made of grasses and weeds and the eggs, \nwhich are usually laid in May, are white marked chiefly \nabout the large end with blackish zigzag lines and spots. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize .80 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e552a. WESTERN LARK SPARROW. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United States west of the Plains; \nbreeds from British Columbia to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paler and duller colored variety is common on the Pacific coast; its habits and nests \nand eggs are like those of the last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e553. HARRIS\u0027S SPARROW. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZonotrichia querula. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mississippi Valley, chiefly west, \nbreeding in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the \nexact range being unknown. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the birds are \nabundant during migrations, \nthey seem to suddenly and \nstrangely disappear during \nthe breeding season. Supposed nests have been found \na few inches above the ground \nin clumps of grass, the eggs \nWhitish being wh iti s h, thickly spotted \nwith shades of brown. Size .85 x .65. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e342 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChondestes grammacus strigatut \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarris\u0027s Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e554. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America breeding abundantly \nin Labrador and about Hudson Bay, and casually in northern New England and in western \nUnited States in the Rockies and Sierras. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWinters along our Mexican \nborder and southward. A \nhandsome species with a \nbroad white crown bordered \non either side by black, and \nwith a white superciliary line \nand black lores; the underparts are uniform grayish \nwhite. These birds appear to \nbe nowhere as common as the White-throated \nSparrows with which they associate during migrations and in the breeding grounds. They \nbuild on the ground, generally near the edges \nof woods or in clearings, and lay from four to \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esix eggs similar but larger, and with as much White-crowned Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003evariation in markings as those of the Song Sparrow; pale greenish blue, spotted \nand splashed with reddish brown and grayish. Size .90 x .65. Data. Nachook, \nLabrador, June 10, 1897. Nest of fine grasses on the ground in a clump of grass. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePale greenish \nblue \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e554a. GAMBEI/S SPARROW. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rocky Mountains and westward from Mexico to Alaska, breeding \nchiefly north of the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis bird is like the last but the lores are white. Its nesting habits and eggs \ncannot be distinguished from those of the former. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZonotrichia leucophrys \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e554b. NUTTALL\u0027S SPARROW. \nnut t alii. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower \nCalifornia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the last but smaller and browner above; nests \non the ground or in bushes, the eggs not being distinguishable from those of the other White-crowns. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e557. GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. Zonotrichia coronata \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast from Mexico to Alaska, breeding \nchiefly north of our borders. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species has the crown yellow, bordered by black on \nthe sides. Their habits are like those of \nthe White-crowned Sparrows, they feeding upon the ground among the dead \nleaves, and usually being found in flocks \nand often accompanied by many of the \nlast species. They nest upon the groundor in low bushes, and in May or June lay \nthree or four eggs very similar to the \nlast. Size .90 x .65. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e343 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePale greenish \nblue \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCHIPPING SPARROW \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e558. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. \nchia albicollis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZonotri\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-throated Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Plains\u0027 \nand breeding from the northern tier of states! \nnorthward; winters from the Middle States; \nsouthward. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo my mind this is the \nmost beautiful of Sparrows, \nwith its bright and softly \nblended plumage and the pure \nwhite throat boldly contrasting with its grayish breast \nand sides of the head; the \nlores are adorned with a \nbright yellow spot. They are one of the most \nabundant of Sparrows in the east during migrations and their musical piping whistle is \nheard from hedge and wood. They nest most \nabundantly north of our borders, laying their \nthree or four eggs in grass lined hollows in \nthe ground, or more rarely in nests in bushes. \nThe eggs are white or bluish white, thickly spotted with several shades of \nbrown. Size .85 x .62. They nest most often in thickets or on the edge of \nswamps, in just such places as they are met with on their migrations. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e559. TREE SPARROW. Spizella monticola monticola. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Plains, breeding north of the United States \nto the Arctic coast, east of the Rockies; winters within the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA larger bird but somewhat resembling the common Chipping Sparrow, but \nbrowner above, with a black spot on the breast and no black on the head. \nThey are quite hardy birds and winter in many of the northern \nstates where they may be found in flocks upon the snow, feeding \non seeds of protruding weeds. They breed very abundantly in \nLaborador and about Hudson Bay, placing their green nests in \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ehollows on the ground or moss; \ntheir three or four eggs are \ngreenish white, abundantly \nspeckled all over the surface \nwith reddish brown. Size .80 x .55. Data. \nFoothills of Black Mountains, McKenzie River, \nArctic America, June 13, 1899. Nest on the \nground under a tuft of grass on level plain; \nmade of grasses and moss and lined with feathers. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e559a. WESTERN TREE SPARROW. Spizella \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emonticola ochracea. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America west of the Plains, \nbreeding in Alaska and wintering to Mexico. \nA paler form of the last, the nesting habits \nand eggs of which are the same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e560. CHIPPING SPARROW. Spizella pas\nserina passerina. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Plains, \nbreeding from the Gulf to the interior of Canada and Newfoundland. \n345 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BlftD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs indicated by their name socialis, Chipping Sparrows \nare sociable birds not only with others of the bird tribe, but \nwith man. In all localities that are not overrun with English Sparrows, you will find these confiding birds nesting in \ntrees and shrubs in the yard and in vines from porches, \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003ehile in orchards, nearly every tree has its\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etenant. They are smaller birds than the \nlast (5.5 in. long) and have the brown \ncrown bordered by blackish and a black \nline through the eye. Their nests, which \nmay be found at any height from the \nground and in any kind of a tree or shrub, \nare made of fine grass and weed stems, lined with hair; their three to five eggs are a handsome \ngreenish blue, sparingly specked chiefly about the large \nend with blackish brown and purplish. Size .70 x .52. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u0026gt;60a. WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW. Spizella \npasserina arizonce. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western North America, chiefly west of the \n^sSSeoa Rockies, from Mexico to Alaska; winters in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is much duller colored than the last and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ehas but little brown on the back; its nesting habits are the same and the eggs \ndo not appear to differ in any respect from those of the eastern bird. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e56l. CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. Spizella pallida. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Interior of United States and Canada, from the Mississippi Valley to \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe Rockies, breeding from Iowa and Colorado northward; wipaTefs in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese birds can best be described as like \nthe Chipping Sparrow with the brown largely replaced with blackish. They breed quite \nabundantly in Manitoba and Minnesota, placing their nests on or near the ground, and \nmaking them of fine grasses. The eggs cannot be distinguished with certainty from \nthose of the preceding but average a trifle \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esmaller. Size .65 x .50. Data. Barnsley, Manitoba, May \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24, 1900. Nest of grass stalks lined with fine grass, one \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efoot above ground in tuft of grass. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e562. BREWER\u0027S SPARROW. Spizella breweri. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western United States from Mexico to British Columbia rarely and chiefly \nbetween the Rockies and the Sierras; most \nabundant in New Mexico and Arizona. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis bird is similar to the last but is paler \nand more finely streaked. Their nesting \nBluish white nabits are like those of pallida and the eggs \nare indistinguishable. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e346 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e561562564 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e563. FIELD SPARROW. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpizella pusilla pusilla. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Plains, \nbreeding from the Gulf to southern Manitoba \nand Quebec; winters in the Gulf States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese are abundant birds \nalong roadsides, in thickets, or \non dry sidehills, where they nest \nindifferently on the ground or in \nbushes, making their nests of \ngrass and weed stems. They are \nthe birds, whose high piping \nsong is most frequently heard \non hot sultry days in summer. Their eggs. are \nlaid in May or June; they are pale bluish \nwhite, speckled and blotched with yellowish \nbrown and grayish purple. Size .65 x .50. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e563a. WESTERN FIELD SPARROW. Spizella \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eField Sparrow pusilla arenacea. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Great Plains from Mexico to Montana, breeding in the northern half \nof its range and wintering in the southern. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA paler form of the last, whose general habits and eggs are the same as those \nof the eastern bird. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e564. WORTHEN\u0027S SPARROW. Spizella wortheni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern New Mexico southward through central Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis pale colored species is the size of the Field Sparrow but has no decided \nmarkings anywhere. It is a rare bird within our borders and uncommon anywhere. I am not able to find any material in regard to their eggs. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e565. BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW. Spizella atrogularis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mexican border of the United States and southward. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis slim-bodied, long-tailed species is grayish with a dusky \nstreaked, reddish brown patch on the back and a black face, chin \nand throat. Their habits are similar to those of the Field \nSparrow and their nests are made near the ground in bushes, \nbut the eggs are plain bluish green, about like unmarked \nChipping Sparrows\u0027 eggs. Size \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenish \nwhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.65 x .50. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e566. WHITE-WINGED JUNCO. Junco aiJceni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in the Black Hills of Dakota and Wyoming; winters in Colorado and \ncasually to Kansas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is like the next \nbut larger and with the wings \ncrossed by two white bars. Its \nhabits are like those of the common Juncos, the nests are placed \non the ground, concealed under \noverhanging rocks or tufts of \ngrass, and the eggs are like \nthose often seen of the Slate-colored Junco; \n3 or 4 in number, pinkish white specked and \nspotted with light reddish brown. Size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e348 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-winged Junco \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e567. SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. Junco hyemaUs hyemalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Plains, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebreeding in the northern tier of states and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003enorthward; winters in southern United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is slaty gray \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eon the head, neck, breast, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eflanks, back, wings and central tail feathers; the rest of \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe underparts are white, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esharply defined against the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003egray. They migrate through \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe United States in large \nflocks, usually accompanied by White-throated \nor Fox Sparrows. They breed very abundantly \nin the northern parts of their range, frequently \nin the immediate vicinity of houses but generally on the edges of clearings, etc., placing \ntheir nests on the ground and generally partially concealed by rocks, stumps, sods or logs; \nthe nests are made of grasses, lined with hair, \nand the four or five eggs are white or greenish \nwhite, variously speckled with reddish brown \neither over the entire surface or in a wreath about the large end. Size .80 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJunco hyemalis oreganus. \nfrom California to Alaska, \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebreeding north of the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u0026gt;67a. OREGON JUNCO. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast \nUnited States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis sub-species is entirely unlike the preceding, having a black head, neck, \nthroat, breast, wings and tail, and brown back; the remainder of the underparts \nare white, washed with pinkish brown on the sides. The habits and nesting \nhabits of this western Junco are the same as those of the eastern, the birds \nbuilding in similar localities and making the nests of the same material. There \nappears to be little, if any, difference between the eggs of the two varieties. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u0026gt;67b. SHUFELDT\u0027S JUNCO. Junco hyemalis counectens. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast breeding from Oregon to British \nColumbia and wintering south to the Mexican boundary. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaid to be slightly larger and duller colored than the \nOregon Junco; eggs the same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e567c. THURBER\u0027S JUNCO. Junco hyemalis thurberi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. The Sierra Nevadas from Oregon to southern \nCalifornia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to oreganus but paler and back more pinkish; \neggs will not differ. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e567d. POINT PINOS JUNCO. Junco hyemalis pinosus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. A very locally confined variety breeding in pine \nwoods of southwestern California, about Monterey and \nSanta Cruz. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to tnurberi with the head and neck slaty instead \nof black. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e349 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e567e. CAROLINA JUNCO. Junco hyemalis carolinensis. \u0027 \nRange. Alleghanies in Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slightly larger bird than the Slate-colored Junco and \nwith the bill horn color instead of pinkish white. They \nhave been found to breed very abundantly in the higher \nranges of the Carolinas, nesting under banks, in tufts of \ngrass, or occasionally in small bushes, in fact in such locations as are used by liyemalis. Their eggs which are laid \nduring May, June or July (probably two broods being raised) are similar to those of the Slate-colored species but \nslightly larger. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e56?f. MONTANA JUNCO. Junco hyemalis montanus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Prom northern Idaho and Montana north to \nAlberta; winters south to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is like mearnsi but darker on the head and \nthroat and with less pink on the sides. Its nesting habits \nand eggs do not differ from those of the Pink-sided Junco. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e567g- PINK-SIDED JUNCO. Junco hyemalis mearnsi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in mountains of Idaho, Wyoming and \nMontana and winters south to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species has the head and breast gray, the back brownish and the sides pinkish brown. They breed at high altitudes in the ranges, placing their nests of grasses under sods \nor overhanging rocks; their eggs are pinkish white before \nbeing blown and are spotted over the whole surface but more \nheavily at the large end with pale reddish brown and gray. \nSize .80x.60. White \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e570. ARIZONA JUNCO. Junco phceonotus palliatus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mountains of western Mexico north to southern Arizona. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the preceding species but upper mandible blackish and the gray \non throat shading insensibly into the grayish white underparts. They are quite \nabundant in the higher ranges of southern Arizona, where they breed, placing \ntheir nests on the ground in similar locations to those chosen by other Juncos; \nthe three or four eggs are greenish white, finely speckled chiefly about the large \nend with reddish brown. Sixe .76 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e,5708. RED-BACKED JUNCO. Junco phceonotus dorsalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRang. Breeds in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona and southward. \nThis variety is like the last but the reddish brown on the back does not extend \nto the coverts or wings. The nesting habits are like those of the last but the \neggs are only minutely specked about the large end. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e570b. GRAY-HEADED JUNCO. Junco pJiceouotus caniceps. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar to the Slate-colored Junco but has a \nreddish brown patch on the back. They nest on the ground in \nmountainous regions, concealing the nests in tufts of grass or \nunder logs, stones, etc. The eggs are creamy or bluish white, \nspecked over the whole surface, but most numerously about the \nlarger end with reddish brown. Size .75 x .60. Data. Custer \nCo., Colo., June 4, 1897. Slight nest of small rootlets and fine \ngrass placed under a tuft of grass. Altitude over 8,000 feet. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e350 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e571. BAIRD\u0027S JUNCO. Junco bairdi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis gray headed species with rusty back \nand sides is locally confined to the southern \nparts of the California peninsula where it is \nresident. Its eggs are not likely to differ from \nthose of the Pink-sided Junco which it most \nnearly resembles. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e56?i. TOWNSEND\u0027S JUNCO. \ntownsendi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJunco hy emails \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mountains of northern Lower California; resident and breeding. Similar to the \nPink-sided Junco but duller colored; eggs probably the same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e572. QUADALUPE JUNCO. Junco insularis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-throated Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResembles the Pink-sided Junco but is smaller, darker and duller colored. \nThey are common on the island where they nest in the pine groves, laying their \nfirst sets in February or March. The nests are like those of the genus and the \neggs are greenish white, finely dotted with reddish brown at the large end. \nSize .77 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e573. BLACK-THROATED SPARROW, ^mphupisa bilineata bilineata. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds from central Texas to Kansas; winters in southern Texas \nand Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is grayish brown above, with black throat, white \nsuperciliary and line on side of throat. This is a common \nspecies that nests on the ground or at low elevations in bushes, \nmaking their nests of weed stems and grasses. The three to five \neggs are bluish white, unmarked and similar to those of the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluebird but smaller. Size .72 x .55. Bluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e573a. DESERT SPARROW. Amphispiza \nbilineata deserticola. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southwestern United States from western Texas \nto southern California, and north, to Colorado and Nevada; \nwinters in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike the last but paler above. An abundant bird among \nthe foothills and on plains throughout its range. Found \ngenerally in sage brush and thickets where it nests in \nbushes or on the ground laying three or four bluish white \neggs like those of the last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e57k BELL\u0027S SPARROW. Amphispiza belli. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern half of California and southward. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese grayish, black and white birds are abundant in \nsage brush and thickets, nesting on the ground or at low \nelevations in bushes, and during May or June, laying from \nthree to four eggs of a pale greenish white color, spotted \nand blotched with reddish brown and purplish. Size .75 \nx .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e351 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmphispiza nevadensis neva\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e574.1. SAGE SPARROW. \ndensis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Sage deserts of the Great Basin from Oregon \nand Montana, south to Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis sub-species is abundant throughout its range where \nit nests near or on the ground, in or under bushes and generally concealed from view. The nests are made of grass \nand sage bark lined with fine grass; the eggs are like those \nof the last species, greenish white, spotted and blotched \nwith shades of brown and purplish. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e574. la. GRAY SAGE SPARROW. Amphispiza nevadensis cinerea. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. A smaller and paler variety found in Lower \nCalifornia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nests and eggs of this pale variety probably do not \ndiffer in any respect from those of the better known varie.ties. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e575. PINE-WOODS SPARROW. Peuccea cestivalis cestivalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Florida and southern Georgia. \nThese birds are common in restricted localities in their range, nesting on the \nground under bushes or shrubs; the nests are made of grasses and the four or \nfive eggs are pure white with a slight gloss. Size .75 x .60. The birds are said \nto be fine singers and to frequent, almost exclusively, pine barrens. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e575a. BACHMAN\u0027S SPARROW. Peuccea cestivalis bachmani. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. South Atlantic and Gulf States; north to Indiana \nand Illinois. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is common in most localities in its range, frequenting pine woods and barrens chiefly, and nesting on the \nground in May or June. Their nests are made of grasses and \nlined with very fine grass, and have the tops completely \narched over leaving a small entrance on the side. The eggs \nare pure white with a slight gloss and measure .75 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e576. BOTTERI\u0027S SPARROW. Peuccea botterii. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mexican plateau north to southern Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey nest in abundance in tall grass in the lowlands of their range, the nests \nbeing difficult to find because the bird flushes with great difficulty. The nests \nare on the ground, made of grass, and the three to five eggs are pure white, \nmeasuring .75 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e352 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e578. CASSIN\u0027S SPARROWS Peuccea cassini. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Plains and valleys from Texas and Arizona \nnorth to Kansas and Nevada. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese birds breed in numbers on the \narid plains, placing their grass nests on \nthe ground at the foot of small bushes \nor concealed in tufts of grass, and during \n\u0027ajjtt May lay four pure white eggs which are \nof the same size and indistinguishable \nfrom those of others of the genus. \nWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e579- RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW. Aimophila carpalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Plains of western Mexico and north to southern \nArizona. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis pale colored bird bears a remote \nresemblance to the Tree Sparrow. They \nnest commonly in dry arid regions, plac- / \ning their nests at low elevations in / \nbushes or cacti, preferably young mesquites, and making them of coarse grass \nlined with finer. Two broods are raised \na season and from May to August sets \nof four or five plain bluish white eggs may be found. Size \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e580. RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Local in southern half of California and in Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA brownish colored species both above and below, which is found on mountains and hillsides in restricted localities. They nest on the ground placing their \ngrass structures in hollows, usually at the foot of a small bush or shrub and \nwell concealed. They lay from three to five pale bluish white eggs. Size \n.SOx.60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e580a. SCOTT\u0027S SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps scotti. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona south in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA paler species, above, than the last, and whitish below. It is quite a common species on the mountain ranges where it nests on the ground, in clumps of \ngrass or beneath shrubs or overhanging rocks; the nests are made of grasses \nand weeds scantily put together. The eggs are white, untinted. Size .80 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e580b. ROCK SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps eremceca. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Middle and southern Texas and south in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety frequents rocky mountain sides where it nests \nabundantly under rocks or at the foot of shrubs, the nests \nbeing made of coarse grasses loosely twisted together and \nlined with finer grass. The birds are shy and skulk off \nthrough the underbrush upon the approach of anyone so that \nthe nests are quite difficult to find. The three to five eggs are \npure white and of the same size as those of the last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e580c. LAGUNA SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps sororia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mountains of southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nests and eggs of this very similar variety to nt//re/\u0026gt;.v proper are not \nlikely to differ in any particular from those of that species. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e353 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e581. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSONG SPARROW. \nmelodia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMelospiza melodia \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America, east of the Plains, \nbreeding from Virginia to Manitoba and New \nBrunswick, and wintering chiefly in the southern half of the United States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA favorite and one of the \nmost abundant in all sections \nof the east. They are sweet \nand persistent songsters and \nfrequent side hills, pastures, \nroadsides, gardens and dooryards if English Sparrows be \nnot present. They nest indifferently upon the ground or in bushes, generally artfully concealing the nest by drooping \nleaves; it is made of grass and weed stems, \nlined with fine grass or, occasionally, horse \nhair. As is usual in the case of birds that \nabound about habitations they frequently \nchoose odd nesting sites. They lay two and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSong- Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esometimes three sets of eggs a season, from May to August, the eggs being \nthree to five in number and white or greenish white, marked, spotted, blotched \nor splashed in endless variety of pattern and intensity, with many shades of \nbrown; some eggs are very heavily blotched so as to wholly obscure the ground \ncolor while others are specked very sparingly. They measure .80 x .60 with \ngreat variations. \n581a. DESERT SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia fallax. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Desert regions of southern Nevada, Arizona and southeastern California. The eggs of this very pale form are the same as those of the last. \n58 Ib. MOUNTAIN SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia montana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rockies and the Great Basin from Oregon and Montana southward. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is paler than the Song Sparrow but darker than fall ax. Eggs \nthe same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 Ic. HEERMAN\u0027S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia heermanni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to melodia but with less brown and the markings \nblacker and more distinct. The nesting habits are the same \nand the eggs similar to large dark specimens of the eastern \nSong Sparrow. Size .85 x .62. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 Id. SAMUELS SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia \nsamuelis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coast regions of California, chiefly in the \nmarshes. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the last but smaller. They nest on the ground \nin marsh grass, usually in sandy districts along the shore. \nThe eggs average smaller than those of melodia. Size \n.78 x .58. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 le. RUSTY SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emorphna. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast of Oregon and British Columbia. \nA dark species with the upper parts dark reddish brown \nand heavily streaked with the same below. The nesting \nhabits and eggs are like those of melodia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e354 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e581 f. SOOTY SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia rufina. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast from British Columbia to Alaska. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA darker bird, both above and below, even than the last. Eggs like the last \nbut averaging a trifle larger. Size .82 x .62. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 Ig. BROWN\u0027S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia rivularis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA light colored form like the Desert Song Sparrow; said to build in cat tails \nabove water as well as on the ground; eggs not different from others of the \ngenus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 Ih. SANTA BARBARA SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia graminea. \nRange. Breeds on Santa Barbara Islands; winters on adjacent coast of California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA variety of the same size but paler than samuelis. Nesting or eggs not \npeculiar. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 li. SAN CLEMENTE SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia clementce. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. San Clemente and Santa Rosa Island of the Santa Barbara group. \nSlightly larger than the last; habits and eggs the same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e581 j. DAKOTA SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia juddi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North Dakota, breeding in the Turtle Mountains. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePractically indistinguishable from the common Song Sparrow; the eggs will \nnot differ. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e581k. MERRILL\u0027S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia merrillL \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Northwestern United States; eastern Oregon and Washington to \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdaho. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery similar to, but lighter than the Rusty Song Sparrow. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5811. ALAMEDA SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia pusillula \nRange. Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. \nSimilar to, but still smaller than Samuel Song Sparrow. Eggs will not differ. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e581m. SAN DIEGO SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia cooperi. \nRange. Southern coast of California; north to Monterey Bay. \nSimilar to, but smaller and lighter than heermanni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e581 n. YAKUTAT SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia caurina. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coast of Alaska from Cross Sound to Prince Williams Sound. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the Sooty Song Sparrow but larger and grayer. Eggs probably \naverage larger. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 lo. KENAI SONG SPARROW. Melospiza Melodia kenaiensis. \nRange. Kenai Jeninsula on the coasts. \nLike the last but still larger; length about 7 inches. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 Iq. BISCHOFF\u0027S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia insignis. \nRange. Kadiak Island, Alaska. \nSimilar to and nearly^s large as the next species, but browner. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 Ir. ALEUTIAN SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia sanaka. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Found on nearly all the islands of the Aleutian group, excluding \nKadiak. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the largest of the Song Sparrows being nearly 8 \ninches in length; it is similar in appearance to the Sooty \nSong Sparrow but grayer. It nests either on the ground or \nat low elevations in bushes, the nest usually being concealed in a tuft of grass or often placed under rocks or, \nsometimes, driftwood along the shores. The nests are \nmade of grasses and weed stems, and the eggs are similar \nto those of the Song Sparrow but much larger and more \nelongate. Size .90 x .65. Greenish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e355 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLincoln\u0027s Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e583. LINCOLN\u0027S SPARROW. Melospiza lincolni \nlincolni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America, breeding from \nnorthern United States north to the Arctic regions; most abundant in the interior and the \nwest; rare in New England. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis bird is shy and retiring and skulks off through \nthe underbrush of thickets \nand swamps that it frequents \nupon the approach of anyone; \nconsequently it is often little \nknown in localities where it \nis quite abundant. They nest \non the ground like Song Sparrows, and rarely \nin bushes. Their eggs are very similar to \nthose of the Song Sparrow, three or four in \nnumber, greenish white in color, heavily spotted and blotched with chestnut and gray. Size \n.SO x .58. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ealto , \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e583a. FORBUSH\u0027S SPARROW. Melospiza lincolni striata. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast of Oregon and British Columbia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the preceding but darker and browner. Eggs probably like those \nof the last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e584. SWAMP SPARROW. Melospiza georgiana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America, east of the Plains, breeding from \nmiddle United States north to Labrador and Hudson Bay. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis common and dark colored Sparrow frequents swampy \nplaces where it breeds; owing to its sly habits it is not \ncommonly seen during the breeding season. Its nests are \nmade of grasses and located on the ground usually in places \nwhere the walking is extremely treacherous. The eggs are \nsimilar to those of the Song Sparrow but are generally Greenish \ndarker and more clouded and average smaller. Size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585. Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca iliaca. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Eastern North America, breeding r~\nfrom southern Canada northward, and northwest to Alaska; winters in southern United \nStates. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis large handsome species, with its mottled grayish and reddish brown plumage and \nbright rufous tail, is very common in eastern \nUnited States during migrations, being found \nin open woods and hedges in \ncompany with Juncos and \nWhite-throated Sparrows, \nwith which species their song \nvies in sweetness. They nest \nusually on the ground, but \nsometimes in low bushes; the \nnests are made of grasses and Greenish \nare concealed beneath the \noverhanging branches of bushes or evergreens. \nThe three or four eggs are greenish-white, \nspotted and blotched with brown. Size .94 x .68. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e356 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSwamp Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePasserella – . \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585a. SHUMAGIN Fox SPARROW. \niliaca unalaschensis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Shumagin Islands and the Alaska \ncoast to Cook Inlet. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the last but paler, being one of the \nseveral recent unsatisfactory subdivisions of \nthis genus. The nesting habits and eggs of all \nthe varieties are like those of the common eastern form. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585b. THICK-BILLED SPARROW. Passerella \niliaca megarhyncha. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mountains of eastern California and \nwestern Nevada; locally confined. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEntire upper parts and breast spots gray; \nwings and tail brown. It nests in the heaviest \nunderbrush of the mountain sides, building on \nor close to the ground. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585c. SLATE-COLORED SPARROW. Passerella \niliaca schistacea. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFox Sparrow \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Rocky Mountain region, breeding from Colorado to British Columbia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety which is similar to, but smaller than the last, nests in thickets \nalong the mountain streams. The eggs are like those of iliaca, but average \nsmaller. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585d. STEPHEN\u0027S SPARROW. Passerella iliaca stephensi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds in the San Bernadino and San Jacinto Mts. in southern Call \nfornia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike the Thick-billed Sparrow, but bill still larger and bird slightly so. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585e. SOOTY Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca fuliginosa. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coast of Washington and British Columbia; south to California in \nwinter. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585f. KADIAK Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca insularis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeding on Kadiak Island; winters south to California. \nLike the last but browner above and below. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e585g. TOWNSEND\u0027S Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca townsendi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern coast of Alaska; winters south to California. Like the last \nbut more rufous above. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpperparts and tail uniform brownish umber, below heavily spotted. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e586. TEXAS SPARROW. Arremonops rufivirgatus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Eastern Mexico and southern Texas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis odd species has a brownish crown, olive greenish upperparts, wings and \ntail, and grayish white underparts. They are common resident birds along the Lower Rio Grande, being found in tangled \nthickets, where they nest at low elevations, making their A \nquite bulky nests of coarse weeds and grass and sometimes . \ntwigs, lined with finer grass and hair; they are often partially domed with an entrance on the side. Their eggs are plain \nwhite, without markings; often several broods are raised in a \nseason and eggs may be found from May until August. White \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e357 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e587- TOWHEE. Pipilo erythrophthalmus \nerythrophthalmus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. North America east of the Plains, \nbreeding from the Gulf to Manitoba. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe well known Towhee, Ground Robin or \nChewink is a bird commonly met with in eastern United States; it frequents thickets, \nswamps and open woods where they nest generally upon the ground and sometimes in \nbushes near the ground. The nests are well \nmade of grasses, lined with \nfine grasses and rootlets, \nand the eggs, which are laid \nin May or June, are pinkish \nwhite, generally finely \nsprinkled but sometimes \nwith bold markings of light \nreddish brown, with great \nvariations. Size .90 x .70. \nTowhees are noisy birds and at frequent intervals, while they are scratching among the \nleaves for their food they will stop and utter their familiar \"tow-hee\" or \"chewink\" and then again will mount to the summit of a tree or bush and sing their \nsweet refrain for a long time. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurplish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTowhee or Chewink \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e587a. WHITE-EYED TOWHEE. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Florida and the Atlantic coast to South Carolina. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is like the preceding except that the eyes are white instead of \nred. There is no difference between their nesting habits and eggs, except that \nthey much more frequently, and in some localities, almost always, nest in trees. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588. ARCTIC TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus arcticus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Great Plains, breeding from northern United States to the Saskatchewan. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is similar to the eastern Towhee but has the scapulars and \ncoverts tipped with white. They nest abundantly in suitable localities in Montana and North Dakota and more com- ^Sfifi^fe^ \nmonly north of our borders. Like the eastern Towhee, they \nnest on the ground under the protection of overhanging \nbushes, the nests being made of strips of bark and grasses \nand lined with fine rootlets. Their three or four eggs, which \nare laid during May, June or July, are pinkish white, profusely speckled with reddish brown; very similar to those \nof the eastern Towhee. Size .92 x .70. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePinkish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588a. SPURRED TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus montanus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Breeds from Mexico to British Columbia, west of the Rockies. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the last but with less white on the back. The nesting habits and \neggs are like those of the Towhee, but in some localities the nests are most \noften found in bushes above the ground. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e358 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC. A. Reed \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNEST AND EGGS OF TOWBEE \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eT \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588b 591 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588b. OREGON TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus oregonus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast from California to British Columbia; winters to Mexico. Similar to the last but with still \nfewer white markings on the back and the chestnut flanks \nbrighter. The nesting habits and eggs of this variety \ndiffer in no essential particular from those of the preceding Towhees. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588c. SAN CLEMENTE TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus clementce. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. San Clemente Is. and other of the Santa Barbara group. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack of male said to be duller. Probably no difference \nbetween the eggs and others. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588d. SAN DIEGO TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Coast of southern California and Lower California. Said to be darker than mecjalonyx. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e588e. LARGE-BILLED TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus magnirostris. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. Similar to arcticus; bill said to be larger. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e589- GUADALUPE TOWHEE. Pipilo consobrinus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to oregonus but smaller and with a relatively shorter tail. The nesting habits and eggs of this species will not likely be found to differ essentially \nfrom those of others of the genus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e591. CANON TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mexico and north to Arizona and New Mexico and casually farther \nto Colorado. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA common species in the valleys and on the side hills, \nnesting in bushes near the ground, and sometimes on \nthe ground; the nests are made of grasses, weeds and twigs \nlined with rootlets, and the three or four eggs are greenish \nblue sparingly spotted or scrawled with blackish brown, the \nmarkings being similar to those on many Red-winged \nBlackbirds\u0027 eggs. Size 1.00 x .70. Greenish blue \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 la. SAN LUCAS TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus albigula. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is like the last but is usually paler below. It is abundant in the \nregion about the cape where they nest in thickets, either in the bushes or on \nthe ground. The eggs cannot be distinguished from those of the Canon Towhee. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 lb. CALIFORNIA TOWHEE. Pipilo crissalis crissalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Pacific coast of California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variety is similar to the Canon Towhee but is browner, both above and \nbelow. They are one of the most common of California birds, frequenting \nscrubby thickets, both on mountain sides and in valleys and canons, from \nwhich their harsh scolding voice always greets intruders. They place their \nnests in bushes at low elevations from the ground and sometimes on the ground; \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e360 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCH \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethey are made of twigs, strips of bark, weeds and coarse \ngrasses, lined with fine rootlets. Their three or four eggs \nare laid in April or May; they are light bluish green marked like the others with purplish or brownish black. Size \n.95x.72. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9 1.1 a. ANTHONY\u0027S TOWHEE. Pipilo crissalis senicula. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern California and south through Lower \nCalifornia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA very similar bird to the last but \nsightly smaller and lighter below. \nThe habits and nesting habits of \nthese birds are in every way identical with those of the California Towhee and the eggs cannot be distinguished from those of that variety. \nThey are fully as abundant in the \nsouthern parts of California as the \nothers are in the northern. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenish blue \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e591.3 592 5!J2.1 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e592. ABERT\u0027S TOWHEE. Pipilo aberti. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Arizona and New Mexico north to Colorado \nand Nevada and east to southeastern California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis bird is wholly brownish gray both above and below \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePP** shading into reddish brown on the under tail coverts; the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eface is black. They are abundant in the valleys of Arizona \nand New Mexico, but unlike the preceding species, they \nare generally wild and shy. They nest in chaparral thickets along streams, the nests being constructed similarly to \nthose of the California Towhee, and the eggs are not easily \ndistinguishable from those of that species, but they are \nusually more sparsely specked and the markings more dis\nGreenish blue tinct. Size 1.00 x .75. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e592.1. GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE. Oreospiza Morura. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western United States, chiefly west \nof the Rockies from Montana and Washington \nsouth to Mexico; wintering in southwestern \nUnited States. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis handsome and entirely different plumaged species from any of the preceding would, \nfrom appearance, be better placed in the group \nwith the White-throated Sparrow than its present position. It has a reddish brown crown, \nthe remainder of the upper \nparts, wings and tail being \ngreenish yellow; the throat \nis white, bordered abruptly \nwith gray on the breast and \nsides of head. These birds \nplace their nests on the \nground. The nests are built \nsimilarly to those of the eastern Towhee, and the eggs, too, are similar, being whitish, finely dotted and specked with \nreddish brown, the markings being most numerous around the larger end. Size .85 x .65. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emj^jjfr. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen -tailed Towhee \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e361 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCARDINAL \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e593. CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Eastern United States, north to New York and Illinois, west to the \nPlains and Texas. Resident in most of its range. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese beautiful fiery red and crested songsters are one of the most attractive \nof our birds, and in their range, nest about habitations as \nfreely as among the thickets and scrubby brush of wood \nor hillside. Their nests are rarely placed higher than ten \nfeet from the ground in bushes, branches, vines, brush \npiles or trees; they are loosely made of twigs, coarse \ngrasses and weeds, shreds of bark, leaves, etc., and lined \nwith fine grass or hair. They frequently lay two or three \nsets of eggs a season, the first being completed usually \nearly in May; three or four, and sometimes five, white or \npale bluish white eggs are laid; they are very varied in markings but usually \nprofusely spotted, more heavily at the large end, with reddish brown and \nlavender. Size 1.00 x .70. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eARIZONA CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis superbus. \nRange. Northwestern Mexico and southern Arizona. \nA larger and more rosy form of the Cardinal. Its eggs \ntinguished from those of the eastern Redbird. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ecannot be dis\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e593b. SAN LUCAS CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus. \nRange. Southern Lower California. \nLike the last but smaller and with less black on the forehead; eggs the same. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOF CA11DINAJ \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e363 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emm \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5p3c. GRAY-TAILED CARDINAL. \ncardinalis canicaudus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCardinalis \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCardinal \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Northeastern Mexico and southern \nTexas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe male of this species is like the eastern \nCardinal but the female is said to be grayer. \nThe nesting habits are the same and the eggs \nidentical with those of the latter. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e593d. FLORIDA CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Florida. \nSupposed to be a deeper and richer shade oi \nred. Eggs like those of cardinalis. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e594. ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA. Pyrrhuloxia \nsinuata sinuata. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e. Range. Northwestern Mexico and the southern border of New Mexico, Arizona and western \nTexas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is of similar form and crested like a Cardinal, \nbut the bill is very short and hooked like that of a Parrot; the \nplumage is grayish, with wings and tail dull reddish; face \nand throat, and middle of belly rosy red. Their habits are \nthe same as those of the Cardinal, but their nests are said to \nbe slighter; they are placed in similar locations to those of \nthe latter, the two species often nesting together in the same \nthicket. Their eggs are like those of the Cardinal but average \nsmaller, although the ranges overlap so that the eggs cannot \nbe distinguished. Size .90 x .70. Data. San \nAntonio, Texas, May 16, 1889. Nest of fine \ngrasses, lined with rootlets; 4 feet from ground \nin a mesquite tree. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5Q4a. TEXAS PYRRHULOXIA. Pyrrhuloxia \nsinuata texana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Northeastern Mexico and southern \nTexas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaid to be grayer and the bill to average \nlarger than that of the last. There are no differences in the nesting habits or eggs between \nthe two varieties. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e594b. SAN LUCAS PYRRHULOXIA. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsula. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southern Lower California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmaller than the Arizona Cardinal but with \na larger bill. The eggs are like those of the \nothers but may average a trifle smaller. Texas Pyrrhuloxia \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e364 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e595. ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. \nludoviciana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZamelodia \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenish blue \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United States, \neast of the Plains, breeding from the Middle States \nand Ohio north to Manitoba and Nova Scotia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis beautiful black and \nwhite bird with rosy red \nbreast and under wing coverts, is one of the most \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epleasing of our songsters. They nest either in \nbushes or trees, generally between six and \ntwenty feet from the ground and usually in \nthick clumps of trees or scrubby apple trees. \nThe three or four eggs, which are laid in June, \nare greenish blue, spotted, most heavily about \nthe larger end, with reddish brown. Size 1.00 \nx .75. Data. Worcester, Mass., June 5, 1899. \nNest of twigs and rootlets in small apple tree \nin woods; nest very frail, eggs showing through \nthe bottom. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.96\u0027.. .BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK. \nZamelodia melanocephala. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United \nStates, west of \nthe Plains, breeding from Mexico \nnorth to British \nColumbia; w i ri\nters south of the \nPale greenish white United states\u0026lt; \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis species is of the size of the last \n(8 inches long), and is a bright cinnamon brown color with black head, and \nblack and white wings and tail. The \nhabits of this bird are the same as \nthose of the Rosebreasted Grosbeak \nand its song is very similar but more \nlengthy. Their nests, like those of the \nlast, are very flimsy structures placed \nin bushes or trees, usually below twenty feet from the ground; they are open \nframeworks of twigs, rootlets and \nweed stalks, through which the eggs \ncan be plainly seen. The eggs are \nsimilar to those of the preceding but \nare usually of a paler color, the markings, therefore showing with greater \ndistinctness. Size 1.00 x .70. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRose-breasted Grosbeak \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ. B. Pardoe. \nNEST OP ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e365 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e597. BLUE GROSBEAK. Guiraca ccerulea. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Southeastern United States, breeding from the \nGulf north to Pennsylvania \nand Illinois, and casually to \nNew England. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmaller than the last two \nspecies and deep blue, with \nwings and tail blackish, and \nthe lesser coverts and tips of \ngreater, chestnut. It is a fairly common species in the southerly parts of its range, nesting most frequently in low bushes or vines \nin thickets; the nest is made of rootlets, weed \nstalks and grasses and sometimes leaves. The \nthree or four eggs are bluish white, unmarked. \nSize .85 x .65. Data. Chatham Co., Ga., June \n10, 1898. 3 eggs. Nest of roots, leaves and \nsnake skin, lined with fine rootlets, 3 feet from \nthe ground in a small oak bush. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue Grosbeak \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf \n^ \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e597a. WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK. Guiraca ccerulea lazula. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western United States north to Kansas, Colorado and northern California. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlightly larger than the last and lighter blue; nests the same and egg not distinctive. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e598. INDIGO BUNTING. Passerina cyanea. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. United States, east of the Plains, breeding north to Manitoba and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNova Scotia; winters south of the United States. \nThis handsome species is rich indigo on the \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ehead and neck, shading into blue or greenish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eblue on the upper and under parts. They are \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003every abundant in some localities along roadsides, in thickets and open woods, where their \nsong is frequently head, it being a very sweet refrain resembling, somewhat, certatin \npassages from that of the \nGoldfinch. They nest at low \nelevations in thickets or \nvines, building their home of \ngrass and weeds, lined with \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efine grass or hair, it being quite a substantial \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003estructure. The eggs, which are laid in June \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eor July, are pale bluish white. Size .75 x .52. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e599. LAZULI BUNTING. Passerina amcena. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Western United States, breeding \nfrom Mexico to northern United States and the \ninterior of British Columbia; east to Kansas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis handsome bird is of the size of cyaneu, \nbut is azure blue above and on the throat, the indigo Bunting: \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e366 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePale bluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebreast being browish and the rest of the underparts, white. It is the western representative \nof the Indigo Bunting, and its \nhabits and nesting habits are \nin all respects the same as \nI those of that species, the \nnests being made of twigs, \ngrasses, strips of bark, weeds, \nleaves, etc. The eggs are like \nthose of the last, pale bluish \nwhite. Size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePale bluish \nvhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePale bluish \nwhite \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e600. VARIED BUNTING. Passerina \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eversicolor \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Mexico and north to southern Texas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe general color of this odd bird is purplish, changing to bright blue on the crown and \nrump, and with a reddish \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003enape. They are quite abundant in some localities along \nthe Lower Rio Grande, where \nthey nest in bushes and tangled under bru\u0026amp;h, the nests being like those of the last \nspecies, and rarely above five feet from the ground. The eggs \nare pale bluish white, three or four in number, and laid during May or June. Size .75 x .55. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e600a. BEAUTIFUL BUNTING. Passerina versicolor pulchra. \nRange. Southern Lower California. \nSlightly smaller but very similar to the last; eggs will not differ. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e601. PAINTED BUNTING. Passerina ciris. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLazuli Bunting \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. South Atlantic and \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVaried Bunting \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eciris. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGulf States; north to Illinois in the interior. \nWithout exception, this is the most gaudily attired of North American birds, the \nwhole underparts being red, the head and \nneck deep blue, the back yellowish green, and \nthe rump purple, the line of demarcation between the colors being sharp. They are frequently kept as cage birds but more for their \nbright colors than any musical ability, their \nsong being of the character of the Indigo Bunting, but weaker and less musical. They are \nvery abundant in the South Atlantic and Gulf \nStates, where they nest usually in bushes or hedges at low \nelevations, but occasionally \non branches of tall trees. \nTheir nests are made of \nweeds, shreds of bark, \ngrasses, etc., lined with fine \ngrass, very much resembling white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethat of the Indigo. Their \neggs are laid in May, June or July, they frequently raising two broods; they are white or \npale bluish white, speckled with reddish \nbrown. Size .75 x .55. \n367 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHE BIRD BOOK \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePainted Bunting \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e602. SHARPE\u0027S SEED-EATER. Sporophila \nmorelleti morelleti \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Eastern Mexico, breeding north to \nthe Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis peculiar, diminutive Finch is but 4.5 \ninches in length, and in plumage is black, white \nand gray. In restricted localities in southern \nTexas, they are not uncommon during the summer months. They build in bushes or young \ntrees at low elevations making their nests of \nfine grasses or fibres, firmly woven together \nand usually placed in an upright \ncrotch. The eggs are pale \ngreenish blue, plentifully speckled with reddish and umber \nbrown, and some markings of \nlilac. Size .65 x .45. Data. \nBrownsville, Texas, May 7, 1892. Greenish blue \nNest of fine fibre-like material lined with horse \nhairs, on limb of small tree in open woods near \na lake of fresh water; 6 feet above ground. \nCollector, Frank B. Armstrong. This set is in \nthe collection of Mr. C. W. Crandall. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[603.] GRASSQUIT. Tiaris bicolor. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. This small Finch is a Cuban species which casually strays to southern Florida. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey are abundant on the island, building large arched nests of grass, with a \nsmall entrance on the side. They lay from three to six white eggs, specked with \nbrown. Size .65 x .50. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[603.1] MELODIOUS GRASSQUIT. Tiaris canora. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother Cuban Finch which has been taken in the Florida Keys. Eggs like \nthe last. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e604\u0026lt;. DICKCISSEL. Spiza americana. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. Interior of the United States, breeding from the Gulf to northern United States, \nwest to the Rockies, east to the Alleghanies. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA sparrow-like Bunting with a yellow breast \npatch, line over eye and on side of throat; \nthroat black, chin white and wing coverts chestnut. These sleek-coated, harmoniously colored \nbirds are very common in dry bush-grown pastures and on the prairies. \n^rtf^-r- They are very persistent \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e/? ^^ singers, and their song, while \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJi -;*;, very simple, is welcome on \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\\\u0026gt;y fill*\u0027 hot days when other birds \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epr are quiet. They nest anywhere, as suits their fancy, \nBluish white on the ground, in clumps of \ngrass, in clover fields, bushes, \nlow trees, or in thistles. The nests are made \nof weeds, grasses, leaves and rootlets, lined \nwith fine grass, and the three to five eggs are \nbluish white. Size .80 x .60. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e368 \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSharpe\u0027s Seed-eater \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERCHING BIRDS \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e605. LARK BUNTING. Calamospiza melanocorys.. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange. A bird of the Plains, abundant from \nwestern Kansas to eastern Colorado and north \nto the Canadian border; winters in Mexico. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese black and white birds have a sweet \nsong which they often utter while on the wing \nafter the manner of the Bobolink, all their habits being \nsimilar to those of this bird, \nexcept that this species likes \nthe broad dry prairies where \nit nests on the ground under \nthe protection of a tuft of \ngrass or a low bush. Their \nfour or five eggs are like \nthose of the last but slightly larger. Size .85 \nx .65. Data. Franklin Co., Kansas. 4 eggs. \nNest in cornfield in a hollow on the ground at \nthe base of a stalk; made of straw and weeds. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBluish white \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDickcisf\n\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\n \u003c/article\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["The allegory of the bird figures the soul\u0027s captivity, awakening, and ascent toward its immaterial homeland."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Epistle of the Bird; Treatise of the Bird"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"The Bird; Avicenna; Ibn Sina; essence and existence; Necessary Existent; intellect; soul; logic; medicine; natural philosophy; prophecy"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Demonstrative argument, Aristotelian analysis, medical observation, classification of sciences, thought experiment, commentary, and systematic synthesis."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"Major authenticated Avicenna work page; individual sections of larger encyclopedic works are not split into separate pages in this pass."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Connects Avicenna\u0027s philosophical, medical, logical, psychological, and theological arguments to a specific stable work title in the accepted corpus."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Aristotle, al-Farabi, Galen, Neoplatonic materials, Islamic theology, and Persianate courtly scholarship."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Islamic philosophy, Jewish philosophy, Latin scholasticism, medicine, logic, metaphysics, psychology, natural philosophy, and philosophy of religion."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Part of Avicenna\u0027s major authenticated corpus as cross-checked against Avicenna work inventories, encyclopedia profiles, catalogues, and public text records.","Used in contemporary study of modal metaphysics, essence and existence, philosophy of mind, medieval medicine, logic, prophecy, and the transmission of Greek philosophy into Arabic and Latin worlds."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Accepted under the Major Authenticated scope because Avicenna source inventories, encyclopedia entries, catalogues, or scholarly work lists preserve this as a stable Ibn Sina title."]}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Text","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":24,"Styles":2,"Scripts":1}}