Cato Maior de Senectute
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the page tracks authorship and placement within Cicero career.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:6"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:ITA:2"}],"OriginalTitle":"Cato Maior de senectute","Language":"Latin","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:ethics"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:philosophy-of-mind"}],"Tradition":"Roman Academic skepticism, republican political philosophy, rhetoric, ethics, theology, and Latin philosophical prose","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Public-domain full text from Project Gutenberg eBook #14945 .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["Cicero presents old age as a stage that can preserve dignity, memory, counsel, and philosophical steadiness when ordered by virtue."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"On Old Age; Cato the Elder on Old Age","KeyConcepts":"old age; virtue; memory; counsel; death; Cato; dignity; practical wisdom","Methodology":"Direct Cicero work page grounded in ancient authorship and scholarly evidence; editions, translations, letters, anthologies, and catalogs remain evidence or Other Voices.","Structure":"Standalone Cicero work page with visible date and status notes; fragmentary, lost, or unfinished works are marked as such and no page claims full-text availability."},"Arguments":["Cicero presents old age as a stage that can preserve dignity, memory, counsel, and philosophical steadiness when ordered by virtue."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Epicureanism, Philo of Larissa, Antiochus of Ascalon, Carneades, Panaetius, Roman law, and republican political practice.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Accepted as a direct Cicero ethical dialogue from 44 BCE.","Cicero presents old age as a stage that can preserve dignity, memory, counsel, and philosophical steadiness when ordered by virtue."],"EvidenceNote":["Accepted as a direct Cicero ethical dialogue from 44 BCE."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Versions","BodyHtml":"\u003cdiv class=\"dz-philo__full-version-grid\"\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-version-card\"\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"dz-philo__full-version-provider\"\u003eProject Gutenberg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch3 class=\"dz-philo__full-version-title\"\u003eProject Gutenberg eBook #14945\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"dz-philo__full-version-meta\"\u003eHtmlText · Imported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ca class=\"dz-philo__full-version-link\" href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14945\"\u003eOpen full version\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003c/article\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["Cicero presents old age as a stage that can preserve dignity, memory, counsel, and philosophical steadiness when ordered by virtue."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"On Old Age; Cato the Elder on Old Age"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"old age; virtue; memory; counsel; death; Cato; dignity; practical wisdom"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Direct Cicero work page grounded in ancient authorship and scholarly evidence; editions, translations, letters, anthologies, and catalogs remain evidence or Other Voices."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"Standalone Cicero work page with visible date and status notes; fragmentary, lost, or unfinished works are marked as such and no page claims full-text availability."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Cicero presents old age as a stage that can preserve dignity, memory, counsel, and philosophical steadiness when ordered by virtue."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Epicureanism, Philo of Larissa, Antiochus of Ascalon, Carneades, Panaetius, Roman law, and republican political practice."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Roman rhetoric, Latin philosophical vocabulary, Augustine, Boethius, Renaissance humanism, republican political thought, natural-law traditions, civic ethics, skeptical epistemology, and early modern education."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct Cicero ethical dialogue from 44 BCE.","Cicero presents old age as a stage that can preserve dignity, memory, counsel, and philosophical steadiness when ordered by virtue."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct Cicero ethical dialogue from 44 BCE."]},{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003ePublic-domain full text from \u003ca href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14945\"\u003eProject Gutenberg eBook #14945\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\r\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\r\n\u003ch1\u003eM. TULLI CICERONIS\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eCATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003ci\u003eWITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\nBY JAMES S. REID, M.L.\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003eFELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,\u003cbr\u003e\r\nUNIVERSITY LECTURER IN ROMAN HISTORY\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eAmerican Edition Revised\u003cbr\u003e\r\nBY FRANCIS W. KELSEY\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003eUNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003chr class=\"short\"\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eALLYN AND BACON\u003cbr\u003e\r\nBoston New York Chicago\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eCopyright, 1882\u003c/i\u003e\r\nBy John Allyn\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003ePREFACE.\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThree years ago Mr. James S. Reid, of Gonville and Caius College,\r\n Cambridge, prepared for the Syndics of the University Press editions of\r\n Cicero\u0027s \u003ci\u003eCato Maior de Senectute\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eLaelius de Amicitia.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n The thorough and accurate scholarship displayed, especially in the\r\n elucidation of the Latinity, immediately won for the books a cordial\r\n reception; and since then they have gained a permanent place in the\r\n esteem of English scholars.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe present volume has the full authorization of Mr. Reid, and was\r\n prepared with the design of presenting to American students, in a form\r\n best adapted to their use, the results of his work. The Text remains\r\n substantially that of Mr. Reid; while mention is made in the notes of the\r\n most important variations in readings and orthography from other\r\n editions. The Introductions have been recast, with some enlargement; the\r\n analyses of the subject-matter in particular have been entirely\r\n remodelled. The Notes have been in some instances reduced, in others\r\n amplified,—especially by the addition of references to the standard\r\n treatises on grammar, history, and philosophy. It was at first the\r\n intention of the American editor to indicate by some mark the matter due\r\n to himself; but as this could hardly be done without marring the\r\n appearance of the page, and thus introducing a source of confusion to the\r\n student, it was not attempted. In the work of revision free use of the\r\n principal German and English editions has been made.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eTo some the notes of the present edition may appear too copious. The\r\n aim throughout, however, has been not simply to give aid on difficult\r\n points, but to call attention to the finer usages of the Latin, and to\r\n add also whatever explanation seemed necessary to a clear understanding\r\n of the subject-matter. Latin scholarship which shall be at the same time\r\n broad and accurate, including not only a mastery of the language but also\r\n a comprehensive view of the various phases of Roman life and thought,\r\n will, it is believed, be best assured by the slow and careful reading of\r\n some portions of the literature and by the rapid survey of others.\r\n Certainly of the shorter Latin classics few would more fully repay close\r\n and careful study of both language and thought than these charming\r\n colloquies on Old Age and Friendship. While almost faultless in\r\n expression, they embody in a remarkable degree that universal element\r\n which characterizes the literary masterpiece, and makes it the valued\r\n possession not merely of an age or a nation, but of all time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003eFRANCIS W. KELSEY\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLAKE FOREST, ILL., May, 1882.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page i –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_i\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[i]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eINTRODUCTION.\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003ch3\u003eI. CICERO AS A WRITER ON PHILOSOPHY.\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\u003ch4\u003e(i.) STATE OF PHILOSOPHY IN CICERO\u0027S TIME.\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn Philosophy the Romans originated nothing. Their energies in the\r\n earlier years of the state were wholly absorbed in organization and\r\n conquest. Resting in a stern and simple creed, they had little\r\n speculative interest in matters outside the hard routine of their daily\r\n life. But with the close of the Period of Conquest came a change. The\r\n influx of wealth from conquered provinces, the formation of large landed\r\n estates, the excessive employment of slave labor, and the consequent rise\r\n of a new aristocracy, prepared the way for a great revolution. The old\r\n religion lost its hold on the higher classes; something was needed to\r\n take its place. With wealth and luxury came opportunity and desire for\r\n culture. Greece, with Art, Literature, and Philosophy fully developed and\r\n highly perfected, stood ready to instruct her rude conqueror.\u003ca id=\"NtA_1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn Cicero\u0027s time the productive era of Greek Philosophy had well-nigh\r\n passed. Its tendency was less speculative, more ethical and practical\r\n than in the earlier time. There were four prominent schools, the New\r\n Academy, the Peripatetic, the Stoic, and the Epicurean. The supporters of\r\n the last-named advocated in Science the doctrine of the atom, in Ethics\r\n the pursuit of pleasure, in Religion the complete inactivity of the\r\n gods.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page ii –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_ii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[ii]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Stoics and Peripatetics were divided by comparatively unimportant\r\n differences. In Ethics, considered by them as almost the whole of\r\n Philosophy, which was itself defined as \u0027the art of living\u0027, the main\r\n question between the two schools was the amount of importance to be\r\n attributed to Virtue,—the Stoics declaring that in comparison with\r\n Virtue all other things sink into absolute insignificance, while the\r\n Peripatetics maintained that these have a certain though infinitesimally\r\n small significance. The New Academy taught at this time no complete\r\n philosophical system. It simply proclaimed the view that in the field of\r\n knowledge certainty is unattainable, and that all the inquirer has to do\r\n is to balance probabilities one against the other. The New Academic,\r\n therefore, was free to accept any opinions which seemed to him to have\r\n the weight of probability on their side, but he was bound to be ready to\r\n abandon them when anything appeared which altered his views of the\r\n probabilities. He not only might be, but he could not help being,\r\n \u003ci\u003eeclectic\u003c/i\u003e; that is, he chose such views promulgated by other\r\n schools as seemed to him at the moment to be most reasonable or probable.\r\n Cicero called himself an adherent of this school. On most points however,\r\n although eclectic, he agreed with the Peripatetics, but with a decided\r\n leaning toward the Stoic ethical system. The Stoic opinion that it is the\r\n duty of the wise man to abstain from public life, which the Peripatetics\r\n contested, Cicero decisively rejected. With the Epicureans he had\r\n absolutely no sympathy. Up to this time these schools and their teachings\r\n were known to the Romans only through the medium of the Greek. The only\r\n Latin philosophical literature was Epicurean, and, excepting the poem of\r\n Lucretius (\u003ci\u003eDe Rerum Natura\u003c/i\u003e), scarcely famous as yet, consisted\r\n entirely of books rudely written, although considerably read.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003ch4\u003e(ii.) THE MISSION OF CICERO IN PHILOSOPHY.\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCicero made no claim to originality as a philosopher, nor even to\r\n complete acquaintance with every detail of the Greek systems.\u003ca id=\"NtA_2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003c!– Page iii –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_iii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[iii]\u003c/span\u003e In early life he had\r\n studied with enthusiasm and success all the learning of the Greeks, but\r\n especially in the two departments of Rhetoric and Philosophy, then\r\n closely connected, or rather hardly distinguished. He not only sought the\r\n society of learned Greeks, but spent considerable time in study at Rhodes\r\n and Athens, which had become not merely the \u0027school of Greece\u0027, as\r\n Thucydides makes Pericles call her, but the school of the civilized\r\n world.\u003ca id=\"NtA_3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e When, by\r\n reason of political troubles, he was forced to retire to private life, he\r\n began to carry out a great plan for interpreting the best philosophical\r\n writings of the Greeks to his fellow-countrymen. For this work his\r\n liberal views as a New Academic peculiarly fitted him. His usual method\r\n was to take one or two leading Greek works on the subject with which he\r\n was dealing, and to represent freely in his own language their\r\n subject-matter, introducing episodes and illustrations of his own. He\r\n thus presented to the Romans in their own tongue the most significant\r\n portions of the Greek Philosophy; and in his writings there has come down\r\n to us much, especially of the Post-Aristotelian Philosophy, that was\r\n doomed to oblivion in the original Greek. But further than this, to\r\n Cicero more than to any other Roman is due the formation of a Latin\r\n philosophical vocabulary, by which the language was enriched and fitted\r\n for the part it has since taken as the Language of the Learned. While on\r\n many points Cicero\u0027s own views can hardly be determined with perfect\r\n exactness, the exalted sentiments and the exquisite literary finish of\r\n his philosophical writings have always won admiration; and through them\r\n he has exerted no small influence on the literature and life of modern\r\n times.\u003ca id=\"NtA_4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page iv –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_iv\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[iv]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003ch4\u003e(iii.) THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS OF CICERO.\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the whole of an exceptionally busy public life Cicero devoted\r\n his spare moments to reading and to the society of the learned. After his\r\n exile in 58 and 57 B.C. his political career, except for a brief period\r\n just before his death, was over, and it is at this time that his period\r\n of great literary activity begins, In 55 he produced the work \u003ci\u003eDe\r\n Oratore\u003c/i\u003e, in 54 the \u003ci\u003eDe Re Publica\u003c/i\u003e, and in 52 the \u003ci\u003eDe\r\n Legibus\u003c/i\u003e, all three works, according to ancient ideas, entitled to\r\n rank as philosophical.\u003ca id=\"NtA_5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 51 to 46 B.C., owing first to his absence in Cilicia, then to the\r\n civil troubles, Cicero almost ceased to write. But in the latter year he\r\n was reconciled with Caesar, and as the Senate and law courts were closed\r\n against him on his refusal to compromise his political principles, he\r\n betook himself with greater devotion than ever to literature. The first\r\n work written in 46 was the \u003ci\u003eHortensius\u003c/i\u003e, or \u003ci\u003eDe Philosophia\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n now lost. It was founded on a lost dialogue of Aristotle, and set forth\r\n the advantages of studying Philosophy. During the same year Cicero\r\n completed several oratorical works, the \u003ci\u003ePartitiones Oratoriae\u003c/i\u003e, the\r\n \u003ci\u003eBrutus\u003c/i\u003e, or \u003ci\u003eDe Claris Oratoribus\u003c/i\u003e, and the \u003ci\u003eOrator\u003c/i\u003e, all\r\n of which are extant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eEarly in 45 Cicero lost his beloved daughter Tullia. He passed the\r\n whole year in retirement, trying to soothe his grief by incessant\r\n writing. In quick succession appeared\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDe Consolatione\u003c/i\u003e, an attempt to apply philosophy to the\r\n mitigation of his own sorrow and that of others;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAcademica\u003c/i\u003e, an exposition of the New Academic Philosophy,\r\n advocating probability rather than certainty as the foundation of\r\n philosophy;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDe Finibus Bonorum et Malorum\u003c/i\u003e, a work criticising the most\r\n prominent views entertained concerning Ethics;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDisputationes Tusculanae\u003c/i\u003e, treating of certain conditions\r\n essential to morality and happiness;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page v –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_v\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[v]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDe Natura Deorum\u003c/i\u003e, an examination of the principal theories\r\n regarding the nature and power of the gods;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCato Maior\u003c/i\u003e, on old age; \u003ci\u003eLaelius\u003c/i\u003e, on friendship;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDe Fato\u003c/i\u003e, discussing Fate and Free Will;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eParadoxa\u003c/i\u003e, a book setting forth certain remarkable views of the\r\n Stoics;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDe Officiis\u003c/i\u003e, a treatise on practical ethics, the application of\r\n moral principles to the questions and difficulties of ordinary life.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThese works, written mostly in 45 and 44, are, except the \u003ci\u003eDe\r\n Cons.,\u003c/i\u003e still extant. To the list may be added also other works of a\r\n rhetorical nature, such as the \u003ci\u003eTopica\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eDe Optima Genere\r\n Dicendi\u003c/i\u003e, and some lost philosophical books, such as \u003ci\u003eDe\r\n Gloria\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eEven though allowance be made for the fact that Cicero was giving in\r\n Latin the substance of Greek books with which he had been familiar from\r\n boyhood, the mental vigor and literary power exhibited by this series of\r\n works appear prodigious when we consider their great compass and variety\r\n and the generally high finish of their style.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eReferences.\u003c/i\u003e—For a fuller account of Cicero\u0027s\r\n philosophical views and writings consult Ritter, \u0027History of Ancient\r\n Philosophy\u0027, Vol. 4, Ch. 2; Maurice, \u0027Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy\u0027,\r\n Ch. 7, § 5; Tennemann and Morell, \u0027History of Philosophy\u0027, Ch. 3;\r\n Ueberweg, \u0027History of Philosophy\u0027, Vol I, § 61; J.B. Mayor, \u0027Sketch of\r\n Ancient Philosophy\u0027, pp. 223-244; Teuffel, \u0027History of Roman Literature\u0027,\r\n Vol. i, § 172 \u003ci\u003eet seq.\u003c/i\u003e Cruttwell, \u0027History of Roman Literature\u0027,\r\n Bk. II. Part 1, Ch. 2; \u0027Cicero\u0027, by Collins, in Ancient Classics for\r\n English Readers, Ch. 10, et seq.; also the Introduction to Reid\u0027s edition\r\n of the \u003ci\u003eAcademica\u003c/i\u003e, and the account of Cicero by Prof. Ramsay in\r\n Smith\u0027s Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. The most attractive\r\n biography of Cicero in English is that by Forsyth. That by Trollope is\r\n able but quite partisan. On the philosophy, consult also Zeller\u0027s\r\n \u0027Eclectics.\u0027\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page vi –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_vi\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[vi]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003ch3\u003eII. THE CATO MAIOR.\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\u003ch4\u003e(i.) ORIGIN AND SCOPE.\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e1. \u003ci\u003eDate and Circumstances of Composition.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe date at which the Cato Maior was written can be determined with\r\n almost perfect exactness. A mention in Cicero\u0027s work entitled \u003ci\u003eDe\r\n Divinatione\u003c/i\u003e\u003ca id=\"NtA_6\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e shows\r\n that the Cato Maior preceded that work by a short time. The \u003ci\u003eDe\r\n Divinatione\u003c/i\u003e was written after the assassination of Caesar, that is,\r\n after the 15th of March in the year 44.\u003ca id=\"NtA_7\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Again, the Cato Maior is mentioned as a\r\n recent work in three letters addressed by Cicero to Atticus.\u003ca id=\"NtA_8\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e The earliest of these\r\n letters was written on or about the 12th of May, 44.\u003ca id=\"NtA_9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e We shall hardly err,\r\n therefore, if we assume that Cicero composed the Cato Maior in April of\r\n the year 44.\u003ca id=\"NtA_10\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e This\r\n agrees also with slight indications in the work itself. In the dedicatory\r\n introduction Cicero speaks of troubles weighing heavily on himself and\r\n Atticus.\u003ca id=\"NtA_11\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Any one\r\n who reads the letters to Atticus despatched in April, 44, will have\r\n little doubt that the troubles hinted at are the apprehensions as to the\r\n course of Antonius, from whom Cicero had personally something to fear.\r\n Atticus was using all the influence he could bring to bear on Antonius in\r\n order to secure Cicero\u0027s safety; \u003c!– Page vii –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_vii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[vii]\u003c/span\u003e hence Cicero\u0027s care\r\n to avoid in the dedication all but the vaguest possible allusions to\r\n politics. Had that introduction been written before Caesar\u0027s death, we\r\n should have had plain allusions (as in the prooemia of the\r\n \u003ci\u003eAcademica\u003c/i\u003e, the \u003ci\u003eDe Finibus\u003c/i\u003e, the \u003ci\u003eTusculan\r\n Disputations\u003c/i\u003e, and the \u003ci\u003eDe Natura Deorum\u003c/i\u003e) to Caesar\u0027s\r\n dictatorship.\u003ca id=\"NtA_12\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe time was one of desperate gloom for Cicero. The downfall of the\r\n old constitution had overwhelmed him with sorrow, and his brief outburst\r\n of joy over Caesar\u0027s death had been quickly succeeded by disgust and\r\n alarm at the proceedings of Antonius. The deep wound caused by his\r\n daughter\u0027s death\u003ca id=\"NtA_13\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\n was still unhealed. It is easy to catch in the Cato Maior some echoes of\r\n his grief for her. When it is said that of all Cato\u0027s titles to\r\n admiration none is higher than the fortitude he showed in bearing the\r\n death of his son,\u003ca id=\"NtA_14\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\n the writer is thinking of the struggle he himself had been waging against\r\n a like sorrow for more than a year past; and when Cato expresses his firm\r\n conviction that he will meet his child beyond the grave,\u003ca id=\"NtA_15\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e we can see Cicero\u0027s\r\n own yearning for reunion with his deeply loved Tullia.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e2. \u003ci\u003eGreek Sources.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAll Cicero\u0027s philosophical and rhetorical writings were confessedly\r\n founded more or less on Greek originals.\u003ca id=\"NtA_16\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e The stores from which he principally drew\r\n in writing the Cato Maior are clearly indicated in several parts of the\r\n work. Passages from Xenophon\u0027s \u003ci\u003eOeconomicus\u003c/i\u003e are translated in\r\n Chapters 17 and 22. In Chapters 2 and 3 there is a close imitation of the\r\n conversation between Socrates and Cephalus at the beginning of Plato\u0027s\r\n \u003ci\u003eRepublic\u003c/i\u003e, while in Chapter 21 is reproduced one of the most \u003c!–\r\n Page viii –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_viii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[viii]\u003c/span\u003e\r\n striking portions of the \u003ci\u003ePhaedo\u003c/i\u003e, 72 E-73 B, 78-80.\u003ca id=\"NtA_17\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_17\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e The view of the\r\n divine origin and destiny of the human soul contained in the passage from\r\n the \u003ci\u003ePhaedo\u003c/i\u003e is rendered by Cicero in many of his works,\u003ca id=\"NtA_18\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and was held by him\r\n with quite a religious fervor and sincerity.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBesides these instances of special indebtedness Cicero, in composing\r\n the Cato Maior, was no doubt under obligations of a more general kind to\r\n the Greeks. The form of the dialogue is Greek, and Aristotelian rather\r\n than Platonic.\u003ca id=\"NtA_19\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e But\r\n further, it is highly probable that Cicero owed to some particular Greek\r\n dialogue on Old Age the general outline of the arguments he there brings\r\n forward. Many of the Greek illustrative allusions may have had the same\r\n origin, though in many cases Roman illustrations must have been\r\n substituted for Greek. Whether the dialogue by Aristo Cius, cursorily\r\n mentioned in the Cato Maior,\u003ca id=\"NtA_20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e was at all used by Cicero or not it is\r\n impossible to determine.\u003ca id=\"NtA_21\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[21]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e3. \u003ci\u003ePurpose.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cato Maior is a popular essay in Ethics, applying the principles\r\n of philosophy to the alleviation of one of life\u0027s chief burdens, old age.\r\n In ancient times, when philosophy formed the real and only religion of\r\n the educated class, themes like this were deemed to afford a worthy\r\n employment for the pens even of the greatest philosophers. Such essays\r\n formed the only substitute the ancients had for our Sermons. There can be\r\n no doubt of Cicero\u0027s sincerity when he says that the arguments he sets\r\n \u003c!– Page ix –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_ix\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[ix]\u003c/span\u003e\r\n forth in the treatise had given him real comfort,\u003ca id=\"NtA_22\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and the opening words of the dedication\r\n show that he meant and hoped to administer the same comfort to his friend\r\n Atticus, who indeed acknowledged the benefit he derived from the work.\u003ca id=\"NtA_23\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[23]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e When Cicero wrote\r\n the treatise he was himself sixty-two years of age, while his friend was\r\n three years older. He speaks, therefore, rather euphemistically when he\r\n says that his purpose is to lighten the trouble of an old age which is\r\n already close at hand, or at all events approaching.\u003ca id=\"NtA_24\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBut in addition to the main ethical purpose, there was, as in many of\r\n Cicero\u0027s works, a distinct political purpose. He desired to stimulate in\r\n his readers an admiration for what he regarded as the golden age of Roman\r\n politics, the era of the Punic wars, and to do this by making the\r\n contrast between that age and his own appear as striking as possible. A\r\n like double purpose is apparent throughout the \u003ci\u003eDe Re Publica\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n where Africanus the younger is the chief personage, and in the treatise\r\n on Friendship, where Laelius is the central figure. For the dialogue on\r\n Old Age M. Porcius Cato the Censor is selected as the principal speaker\r\n for two reasons: first, because he was renowned for the vigor of mind and\r\n body he displayed in advanced life;\u003ca id=\"NtA_25\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_25\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and secondly, because in him were\r\n conspicuously exhibited the serious simplicity, the unswerving adherence\r\n to principle, and the self-sacrificing patriotism which were the ideal\r\n Roman virtues, and which Cicero could not find among the politicians of\r\n his time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e4. \u003ci\u003eForm and Language.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cato Maior, like most of Cicero\u0027s philosophical writings, is cast\r\n in the form of a dialogue. Among the ancients the dialogue \u003c!– Page x\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_x\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[x]\u003c/span\u003e was a common\r\n rhetorical device, especially in the presentation of abstruse subjects.\r\n The introduction of characters to conduct the discussion gave vividness\r\n and clearness to the unfolding of the argument, as well as a kind of\r\n dramatic interest to the production. In the Cato Maior\u003ca id=\"NtA_26\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and the Laelius, as\r\n generally, Cicero followed the plan of Aristotle\u0027s dialogues (now lost)\r\n rather than that of the dialogues of Plato. In the former there was more\r\n of exposition and less of discussion than in the latter; one person\r\n stated his views on some question, and the company in attendance only\r\n made occasional remarks without attempting to debate the question. In the\r\n latter, although one person, Socrates, is everywhere prominent, others\r\n are continually drawn into the discussions, and there is a quick\r\n interchange of question and answer. The Aristotelian form was better\r\n adapted to Cicero\u0027s purposes than the Platonic; the progress of the\r\n argument was less interrupted, and thus better opportunity for a\r\n symmetrical development of the theme was afforded. Then, too, the former\r\n was more popular. The style of Aristotle\u003ca id=\"NtA_27\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[27]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e had been imitated by Theophrastus and\r\n many other writers down to Cicero\u0027s time, while that of Plato had found\r\n hardly any imitators.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe editors of the Cato Maior have generally assumed that Cicero\r\n attempted to give an antique coloring to the diction of the dialogue in\r\n order to remind readers of Cato\u0027s own style. It is only necessary to read\r\n a page or two of Cato\u0027s \u003ci\u003eDe Re Rustica\u003c/i\u003e to have this illusion\r\n dispelled. The only things actually alleged to be archaisms are (1) the\r\n use of deponent participles as passives in §§ \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e, a thing common enough\r\n in Cicero; (2) the occurrence of \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003equem ad modum\u003c/i\u003e in §\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e; (3) of \u003ci\u003eaudaciter\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003eaudacter\u003c/i\u003e in §\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e72\u003c/a\u003e; (4) of \u003ci\u003etuerentur\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003eintuerentur\u003c/i\u003e in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e; (5) of \u003ci\u003eneutiquam\u003c/i\u003e in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e42\u003c/a\u003e; (6) of the nominative of the gerundive governing\r\n an accusative case in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e. In every instance the\r\n \u003c!– Page xi –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xi\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xi]\u003c/span\u003e\r\n notes will supply a refutation of the allegation. That Cicero should\r\n attempt to write in any style but his own is exceedingly improbable.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e5. \u003ci\u003ePersonages.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe conversation is supposed to take place between Cato, Scipio\r\n Africanus the younger, and Laelius, in the year before Cato\u0027s death,\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e 150 B.C., when he was in his eighty-fourth year,\u003ca id=\"NtA_28\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[28]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Scipio being about\r\n 35 and Laelius a few years older.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e(1.) \u003ci\u003eCato.\u003c/i\u003e M. Porcius Cato was born in 234 B.C.\u003ca id=\"NtA_29\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[29]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e at the ancient Latin\r\n town of Tusculum. Little is known of his family except that it was\r\n plebeian, and possessed a small patrimony in the territory of the\r\n Sabines, close to the farm of M\u0027. Curius Dentatus, one of Cato\u0027s great\r\n heroes and models. The heads of the family, so far as memory extended,\r\n had distinguished themselves as tough warriors and hardy farmers. Among\r\n the Sabines, who even down to the times of the Empire were famed for\r\n simplicity of manners and the practice of all the sterner virtues, Cato\r\n passed those portions of his life which were not occupied with business\r\n of state. From his earliest days he toiled in his own fields, and\r\n contented himself with the hardest rustic life.\u003ca id=\"NtA_30\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Yet even in his boyhood Cato must have\r\n passed intervals at Rome, and seen something of the great statesmen and\r\n generals of the time.\u003ca id=\"NtA_31\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e He seems to have received when young as\r\n thorough an education as was possible without learning Greek, such an\r\n education as was to be obtained only in the capital. He grew up to\r\n manhood in the comparatively quiet \u003c!– Page xii –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xii]\u003c/span\u003e period between the\r\n first and the second Punic wars; the most exciting event of his younger\r\n years must have been the destruction at Clastidium of the vast hordes of\r\n Celts who had swept over the northern half of Italy, almost within reach\r\n of Rome.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCato was of the age for military service about the time of the battle\r\n of Lake Trasimenus, and entered the army then as a common soldier.\u003ca id=\"NtA_32\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e The first expedition\r\n in which he is definitely said to have taken part is that of Q. Fabius\r\n Maximus Cunctator against Hannibal in Campania, in 214.\u003ca id=\"NtA_33\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[33]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e This Roman commander\r\n was a man entirely after Cato\u0027s heart, and became one of his models in\r\n public life.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBefore and during the early years of his soldier\u0027s life, Cato\r\n succeeded in winning some reputation as an orator, having practised first\r\n in the provincial courts near his home, and afterwards at Rome.\u003ca id=\"NtA_34\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[34]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e This reputation as\r\n well as his great force of character procured for him a powerful\r\n life-long friend and patron, M. Valerius Flaccus, a statesman of the old\r\n Roman conservative-democratic school of politics, the leader of which was\r\n Fabius Cunctator. Through the influence of Flaccus, possibly with the aid\r\n of Fabius, Cato became military tribune, and served with that rank under\r\n Marcellus in Sicily, under Fabius again at the capture of Tarentum in\r\n 209,\u003ca id=\"NtA_35\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[35]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and under C.\r\n Claudius Nero at the battle of the Metaurus, where he contributed\r\n materially to that great victory.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 204 Cato began his political career with the quaestorship.\u003ca id=\"NtA_36\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_36\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[36]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e As he was a \u003ci\u003enovus\r\n homo\u003c/i\u003e and a man of small private means, it was no small distinction\r\n that he had forced his way to office in \u003c!– Page xiii –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xiii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xiii]\u003c/span\u003e his thirtieth year.\r\n The lot assigned him as quaestor to Scipio, then in Sicily and about to\r\n cross over into Africa. The chance was most unfortunate, if for no other\r\n reason, because Cato was intimately connected with the party in the\r\n senate opposed to Scipio, which had been attempting to bring him to trial\r\n for the atrocities committed by the Roman army in southern Italy. But in\r\n addition the two men were so utterly different that there was no\r\n possibility of the quaestor standing in that filial relation to his\r\n consul, which old Roman custom required. As financial officer, Cato\r\n complained of the luxury and extravagance which Scipio allowed not only\r\n to himself but to his army. Yet the complaint was made not so much on\r\n economic as on moral grounds; it seemed to Cato that the old Roman\r\n discipline and power to endure hardships were being swept away. The\r\n dispute was ended by Scipio allowing Cato to return to Rome, some\r\n authorities say from Sicily, others from Africa. According to one\r\n writer,\u003ca id=\"NtA_37\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_37\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[37]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e he came\r\n home by way of Sardinia and brought thence with him Ennius the poet.\u003ca id=\"NtA_38\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[38]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 199 Cato was plebeian aedile, and exercised with severity the\r\n police jurisdiction pertaining to that office, yet so as to win popular\r\n approval, since he was chosen praetor for 198 without the usual interval.\r\n The province of Sardinia was entrusted to him, and he strained every\r\n nerve to make his government present as strong a contrast as possible\r\n with the lax and corrupt administration of the nobles who took Scipio for\r\n their pattern. The troops were sternly disciplined, and law-breakers of\r\n every kind severely dealt with; in money matters the strictest economy\r\n prevailed; all gifts from provincials to Roman officers were forbidden.\r\n The praetor, the great representative of Roman power, passed from town to\r\n town attended by a single servant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 196 Cato was occupied with his canvass for the consulship \u003c!– Page\r\n xiv –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xiv\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xiv]\u003c/span\u003e of the\r\n year 195, to which he was elected in company with his friend Flaccus.\r\n Cato was the first \u003ci\u003enovus homo\u003c/i\u003e elected since C. Flaminius, the\r\n consul of 217. It is probable, though not certain, that he paved the way\r\n to his election by carrying the first of the \u003ci\u003eleges Porciae\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n restricting the right of punishing Roman citizens. During the whole of\r\n his career Cato showed a high sense of the importance of the individual\r\n \u003ci\u003ecivis Romanus\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the first official acts of the new consul was to deliver a set\r\n speech to the people against a proposal to repeal the Oppian law, passed\r\n twenty years before, the object of which was to prevent lavish\r\n expenditure on dress and adornments, particularly by women. We have a\r\n lively report of Cato\u0027s speech from Livy\u0027s pen, partly founded on the\r\n speech as published by Cato himself.\u003ca id=\"NtA_39\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[39]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e The earnest pleading in favor of simple\r\n manners and economy failed, after having almost caused an open\r\n insurrection on the part of the women.\u003ca id=\"NtA_40\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_40\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[40]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe two new provinces in Spain, Hispania Citerior and Ulterior, were\r\n still in a very unsettled state. The nearer province was made a consular\r\n province and assigned to Cato; the praetor who governed the farther\r\n province was also placed under Cato\u0027s jurisdiction. Before leaving Rome\r\n Cato carried a law for protecting the provincials from extortion. During\r\n the whole of his year of office he practised with the utmost exactness\r\n his principles of purity, simplicity, and economy in public affairs. He\r\n is said to have started from his house on the journey to Spain with only\r\n three servants, but when he got as far as the forum, it struck him that\r\n such an attendance was scarcely worthy of a Roman consul; so he purchased\r\n two more slaves on the spot! In the same spirit, before returning he sold\r\n his horse that the state might not be at the expense of transporting it\r\n to Italy. Cato was no less careful of the revenue than of the\r\n expenditure. He largely increased the productiveness of the mines and\r\n other \u003c!– Page xv –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xv\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xv]\u003c/span\u003e property belonging to the state, and all\r\n goods captured from the enemy were sold for the benefit of the exchequer.\r\n On leaving the province Cato made an unusually large gift to each\r\n soldier, saying that it was better for all to bring home silver than for\r\n a few to bring home gold. The provincials were thoroughly content with\r\n their ruler and ever after looked on him as their best friend. The army\r\n was kept in the strictest discipline. Some disorderly conduct of the\r\n \u003ci\u003eequites\u003c/i\u003e was rebuked by Cato in a bitter harangue which he\r\n afterwards published. Partly by craft, partly by good leadership in the\r\n field, Cato broke the strength of the turbulent natives and returned to\r\n enjoy a well-earned triumph.\u003ca id=\"NtA_41\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[41]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e In the same year (194) a brilliant\r\n triumph was celebrated by Flamininus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eScipio, probably uneasy at the great reputations quickly won by\r\n Flamininus and Cato, secured his second consulship for the year 194, but\r\n failed to achieve anything remarkable. Cato probably spent the three\r\n years after his return for the most part at his Sabine farm. When the war\r\n against Antiochus broke out, he took service along with his friend\r\n Flaccus on the staff of the consul Glabrio,\u003ca id=\"NtA_42\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[42]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and by a difficult march over the\r\n mountains broke in on the king\u0027s rear, and so was chiefly instrumental in\r\n winning the great battle of Thermopylae, by which Antiochus was driven\r\n out of Greece. Immediately after the battle Cato returned home with\r\n despatches. We have dim and uncertain information that he took the field\r\n once or twice again, but his career as a soldier was practically\r\n ended.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom this time to his death, forty years later, Cato was the leading\r\n figure on the stage of Roman politics. In season and out of season he\r\n attacked abuses or innovations in speeches addressed to the senate, the\r\n people, or the courts. Soon after his return from Thessaly he struck a\r\n heavy blow at the unrepublican honor-hunting among the magistrates, of\r\n which the example \u003c!– Page xvi –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xvi\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xvi]\u003c/span\u003e had been set by P. Scipio Africanus.\r\n Most provincial governors drove their subjects into war, sent lying\r\n despatches home about their victories, and claimed a triumph. In 190 Cato\r\n attacked with success the proposal to grant a triumph to Q. Minucius\r\n Thermus, who had already triumphed over the Spaniards as praetor, and\r\n after his consulship in 193 had fought against the Ligurians. Cato\u0027s next\r\n victim was his former commander M\u0027. Acilius Glabrio, who came forward at\r\n the same time with Cato, Marcellus (a son of the captor of Syracuse), L.\r\n Cornelius Scipio Nasica, T. Quinctius Flamininus (the conqueror of\r\n Macedonia) and Cato\u0027s friend L. Valerius Flaccus, as candidate for the\r\n censorship of 189. Cato by his violent speeches procured the trial of\r\n Glabrio for appropriating the plunder captured in Thessaly, and himself\r\n gave evidence concerning some property which had disappeared. Glabrio\r\n denounced Cato as a perjurer, but yet retired from his candidature. On\r\n this occasion Cato and Flaccus failed, Marcellus being elected as\r\n plebeian and Flamininus as patrician censor.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn the next year (188) Cato acted in the senate with the party which\r\n tried unsuccessfully to refuse the triumph to the two consuls of 189, M.\r\n Fulvius Nobilior and Cn. Manlius Vulso, the former of whom had gained\r\n none but trifling advantages over the Aetolians, while the latter had\r\n disgraced the Roman name by making war without authorization upon the\r\n Gauls of Asia Minor, and had also suffered a humiliating defeat from some\r\n Thracian robber bands on his homeward march. Not disheartened by ill\r\n success, Cato and his friends determined to strike at higher game. L.\r\n Scipio Asiaticus (or Asiagenus), the brother of Africanus, was asserted\r\n in the senate to have appropriated 3000 talents of public money when in\r\n command against Antiochus. Legal proceedings were taken not only against\r\n Asiaticus, but against Africanus, who behaved with great violence and\r\n arrogance. In the end Africanus withdrew to his country estate, while his\r\n brother was condemned to pay a heavy fine. A death-stroke had been given\r\n to the almost kingly authority of Africanus, who never again showed his\r\n face in Rome. The proceedings \u003c!– Page xvii –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xvii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xvii]\u003c/span\u003e against the Scipios seem to have begun\r\n in 187 and not to have been completed before 185.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eNearly twenty years had passed since the conflict between Cato and\r\n Scipio began, and now it had ended in a complete triumph for Cato.\u003ca id=\"NtA_43\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[43]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e But the new modes of\r\n which Scipio was the chief patron were too strong to be conquered, and\r\n Cato spent the rest of his life in fighting a hopeless battle against\r\n them, though he fought for a time with the strongest weapons that the\r\n constitution supplied. In 184 he was censor along with Flaccus, who seems\r\n to have allowed his colleague full liberty of action. Every portion of\r\n the censor\u0027s duty was carried out on the most severe and \u0027old Roman\u0027\r\n principles. Seven senators were degraded, among them L. Flamininus, an\r\n ex-consul and brother of the \u0027liberator of the Hellenes,\u0027 for serious\r\n misconduct,\u003ca id=\"NtA_44\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[44]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e also\r\n Manilius, an ex-praetor, for no worse offence than that of having kissed\r\n his wife in presence of his daughter. M. Furius Purpurio, who had\r\n actually competed with Cato for the censorship, was punished for\r\n diverting a public aqueduct for his private advantage. Flaccus was named\r\n leader of the senate in the place of Scipio Africanus, now dead.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eOn reviewing the \u003ci\u003eequites\u003c/i\u003e, Cato removed from that body L. Scipio\r\n and many others on various charges: this one had allowed himself to grow\r\n too fat for horsemanship; that had failed to groom his horse properly;\r\n another had neglected his farm; another again had made an untimely jest\r\n on the occasion of the review itself. With the ordinary citizens Cato\r\n dealt just as harshly. In his censorian edict he sharply reproved the\r\n extravagance prevalent at private feasts. All articles of luxury, such as\r\n slaves purchased at fancy prices, luxurious clothing, carriages, statues,\r\n and pictures were rendered liable to heavy taxation. In this way Cato\r\n revenged himself for the repeal of the Oppian law.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page xviii –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xviii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xviii]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn looking after the property and income of the state Cato followed\r\n the same principles he had acted on in Spain. He reduced the expenditure\r\n on public works as far as possible, and took care to sell at the full\r\n price the right to collect the revenue. Encroachments on the property of\r\n the nation were severely punished.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eNot by acts only, but by constant speeches, full at once of grimness\r\n and humor, did Cato struggle against the degeneracy of his time\u003ca id=\"NtA_45\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[45]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. He concluded his\r\n period of office with a self-laudatory harangue, and assumed the title\r\n \u003ci\u003eCensorius\u003c/i\u003e, while his statue was placed in the temple of the\r\n goddess Salus with an inscription affirming that he had reformed the\r\n Roman nation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBut in a very brief time all trace of Cato\u0027s activity as censor was\r\n swept away, except that afforded by the numerous life-long quarrels in\r\n which he had involved himself\u003ca id=\"NtA_46\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[46]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. In less than two years one of his\r\n victims, Purpurio, was employed by the senate on a high political\r\n mission, while another, L. Flamininus, sat among the senators at the\r\n games in defiance of Cato\u0027s sentence. Yet Cato remained by far the most\r\n powerful member of the senate. Titus Flamininus, his only important\r\n rival, quickly passed out of notice. So far as there was any democratic\r\n opposition to the senatorial oligarchy, Cato was the leader of that\r\n opposition for the remainder of his life. But at that period no great\r\n political movements agitated the state within; nearly the whole interest\r\n of the time was centred in the foreign relations of Rome. On matters of\r\n foreign policy Cato offered but little opposition to the prevailing\r\n tendencies of the age, though on particular occasions he exercised great\r\n influence. But his voice was at all times loudly heard on all questions\r\n of morality and public order. He supported the \u003ci\u003elex Furia\u003c/i\u003e and the\r\n \u003ci\u003elex Voconia\u003c/i\u003e, the object of which was to prevent the dissipation of\r\n family property, and the \u003ci\u003elex Orchia\u003c/i\u003e, directed against extravagant\r\n expenditure \u003c!– Page xix –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xix\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xix]\u003c/span\u003e on feasts, also the \u003ci\u003elex Baebia de\r\n ambitu\u003c/i\u003e, the first serious attempt to check bribery. We hear also that\r\n Cato bitterly attacked Lepidus, censor in 180, for erecting a permanent\r\n theatre in place of the movable booths before used. The building was\r\n actually pulled down. We are told that from time to time he denounced the\r\n misdoings of provincial governors. In 171 he was one of a commission of\r\n five for bringing to justice three ex-praetors who had practised all\r\n manner of corruption in Spain. Almost the last act of his life was to\r\n prosecute Galba for cruel misgovernment of the Lusitanians. The titles of\r\n Cato\u0027s speeches show that he played a great part in the deliberations of\r\n the senate concerning foreign affairs, but as his fighting days were over\r\n and he was unfitted for diplomacy, we have little explicit evidence of\r\n his activity in this direction. At the end of the third Macedonian war he\r\n successfully opposed the annexation of Macedonia. He also saved from\r\n destruction the Rhodians, who during the war had plainly desired the\r\n victory of Perseus, and in the early days, when the Roman commanders had\r\n ill success, had deeply wounded the whole Roman nation by an offer to\r\n mediate between them and the king of Macedon.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCato had all his life retained his feeling of enmity to the\r\n Carthaginians, whom Scipio, he thought, had treated too tenderly. In 150\r\n he was one of an embassy sent to Carthage, and came back filled with\r\n alarm at the prosperity of the city. It is said that whatever was the\r\n subject on which he was asked for his opinion in the senate, he always\r\n ended his speech with \u0027\u003ci\u003eceterum censeo delendam esse Carthaginem\u003c/i\u003e\u0027\r\n P. Scipio Nasica, the son-in-law of Africanus, and the representative of\r\n his policy, always shouted out the opposite opinion, thinking that the\r\n fear of Carthage had a salutary effect on the Roman populace at large.\r\n But the ideas of Cato prevailed, and a cruel policy, carried out with\r\n needless brutality, led to the extinction of Rome\u0027s greatest rival. Cato\r\n did not live to see the conclusion of the war; he died in 149, at the age\r\n of 84 or 85 years, having retained his mental and physical vigor to the\r\n last. He had two sons, one by his first wife, and one by his second wife,\r\n born when Cato was 80 \u003c!– Page xx –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xx\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xx]\u003c/span\u003e years of age. The elder son, to whom many\r\n of Cato\u0027s works were addressed, died as praetor-elect, before his\r\n father\u003ca id=\"NtA_47\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[47]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The other\r\n was grandfather of Cato Uticensis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe literary activity of the old censor was great, though his leisure\r\n was small.\u003ca id=\"NtA_48\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_48\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[48]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e In\r\n Cicero\u0027s time a collection of 150 speeches was still extant. The titles\r\n of about 90 are still known to us, and of some we possess a few\r\n fragments. Cato\u0027s greatest work, however, was his \u003ci\u003eOrigines\u003c/i\u003e, the\r\n first real historical work written in Latin. His predecessors had been\r\n merely compilers of chronicles. The work was founded on laborious\r\n investigations, and comprised the history of Rome from the earliest times\r\n perhaps down to 150 B.C.\u003ca id=\"NtA_49\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_49\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[49]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, as well as notices of the history of\r\n other important Italian states. Further, Cato wrote of Agriculture, to\r\n which he was enthusiastically devoted. We still have his \u003ci\u003eDe Re\r\n Rustica\u003c/i\u003e, a collection of maxims loosely strung together. He also\r\n composed works on law; a sort of educational encyclopaedia for his son;\r\n and a collection of witty sayings,\r\n \u003cspan title=\"Apophthegmata\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΑποφθεγματα\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n drawn from Greek as well as from Roman sources.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ePlutarch seems to have known a collected edition of the pungent and\r\n proverbial utterances for which the censor was famous, and for which (not\r\n for any knowledge of philosophy\u003ca id=\"NtA_50\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[50]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e) he received the title of \u003ci\u003esapiens\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (\u0027shrewd\u0027) which he bore at the end of his life. This edition, however,\r\n was not compiled by Cato himself.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn view of Cicero\u0027s treatise, the Cato Maior, it is necessary to say\r\n something of Cato\u0027s relations with the Greeks and Greek literature. The\r\n ancients give us merely vague statements that he only began to learn\r\n Greek \u0027in his old age.\u0027 The expression must be liberally interpreted if,\r\n as seems clear, the whole of his writings showed the influence of Greek\r\n literature. It is certain, however, that he thoroughly detested the Greek\r\n nation. This hatred was shown in acts more than once. No doubt Cato was\r\n \u003c!– Page xxi –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xxi\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xxi]\u003c/span\u003e at least a consenting party to the\r\n expulsion from Rome of Greek teachers in 161 B.C. When in 155 the famous\r\n embassy came from Athens consisting of Carneades the Academic, Critolaus\r\n the Peripatetic and Diogenes the Stoic, Cato was a prime mover of the\r\n decree by which they were removed from the city. Socrates was one of\r\n Cato\u0027s favorite marks for jests. And this is the man into whose mouth\r\n Cicero puts the utterances, but slightly veiled, of Greek wisdom!\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e(2.) \u003ci\u003eScipio\u003c/i\u003e. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the younger, was no\r\n blood relation of the conqueror of Hannibal, but the adopted son of his\r\n son. It must be remembered, however, that adoption was much more formal\r\n and binding, and produced much closer ties in ancient than in modern\r\n times.\u003ca id=\"NtA_51\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[51]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e The elder\r\n Africanus was unfortunate in his sons. The younger of these attained to\r\n the praetorship in 174, but was immediately driven from the senate by the\r\n censors of that year on account of his disreputable life. The elder was\r\n an invalid, who never held any office except that of augur, and died at\r\n an early age. He adopted the son of L. Aemilius Paulus, the victor of\r\n Pydna; the adopted son bore the name Aemilianus in memory of his origin.\r\n Cato\u0027s son married a daughter of Paulus, so that the censor was brought\r\n into relationship with the Cornelii, whose most illustrious\r\n representative he had hated and attacked.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe young Scipio was born about 185, and when scarce 17 years old\r\n fought with daring bravery at Pydna. While still very young he showed a\r\n great devotion to study, which he retained through life. He was a\r\n thorough partisan of the new Greek learning, and grouped around him in\r\n friendship all the leaders of the Hellenistic movement. Among his dearest\r\n friends were Polybius, the Greek statesman and historian, and later\r\n Panaetius, the Stoic. In 151 B.C. when the consuls found it difficult to\r\n enlist officers and men for service in Spain, where great defeats had\r\n been suffered, Scipio volunteered, and served with great distinction as\r\n military tribune. When the war with Carthage broke out he \u003c!– Page xxii\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xxii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xxii]\u003c/span\u003e held the\r\n same rank, and shone by comparison with his blundering superior officers.\r\n Coming to Rome in 148 he stood for the aedileship, but was elected consul\r\n for the year 147, and again for 146, when he finished the war. He is said\r\n to have grieved over the fate of Carthage, and to have dreaded any\r\n further increase of the Roman territory. In 142 Scipio was censor, and\r\n acted with almost Catonian severity. In 134, though not a candidate, he\r\n was elected to the consulship and put in command of the Roman army then\r\n besieging the city of Numantia in Spain. The war, of which this siege\r\n formed a part, had been going on for some years most disastrously for the\r\n Romans, but Scipio speedily brought it to a conclusion in 133. While\r\n before Numantia he received news of the murder of Ti. Gracchus, whose\r\n sister he had married and whose cousin he had become by adoption, but\r\n whose policy he had on the whole opposed, though he had occasionally\r\n coquetted with the democrats. This course cost him the favor of the\r\n people, and when in 131 he desired to conduct the war against\r\n Aristonicus, only two of the thirty-five tribes voted for his\r\n appointment. In 129, after a violent scene in the senate, where he had\r\n opposed the carrying out of Ti. Gracchus\u0027 agrarian law, he was\r\n triumphantly escorted home by a crowd, composed chiefly of Italians whose\r\n interests had been threatened by the law. Next morning he was found dead\r\n in his bed. Opinion as to the cause of his death was divided at the time\r\n and so remained. In the \u003ci\u003eLaelius\u003c/i\u003e the death is assumed to have been\r\n from natural causes.\u003ca id=\"NtA_52\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[52]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Elsewhere, however, Cicero adopts the\r\n view of many of Scipio\u0027s friends that he was murdered by Carbo.\u003ca id=\"NtA_53\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[53]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Carbo afterwards\r\n lent color to the suspicions by putting himself to death, in order, as\r\n was supposed, to avoid a direct prosecution. In ancient times even C.\r\n Gracchus was suspected of having thus avenged his brother\u0027s death, but no\r\n modern scholar of any rank has countenanced the suspicion.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhether the degree of intimacy between Cato and Scipio, which Cicero\r\n assumes, ever existed or not, cannot be determined.\u003ca id=\"NtA_54\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[54]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003c!– Page xxiii\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xxiii\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xxiii]\u003c/span\u003e There\r\n was much in Scipio that would attract Cato. Unlike the elder Africanus,\r\n he was severe and simple in his outward life, and though a lover of Greek\r\n and Greeks, yet attached to all that was best in the old Roman character\r\n and polity. Though an opponent of revolution, he was far from being a\r\n partisan of the oligarchy. Altogether, of all Romans, he most nearly\r\n deserved the description, \u0027\u003cspan title=\"anêr tetragônos aneu psogou\" lang=\"el\"\u003eανηρ\r\n τετραγωνος\r\n ανευ ψογου\u003c/span\u003e,\u0027 \u0027a\r\n man four-square without reproach.\u0027 In his \u003ci\u003eDe Re Publica\u003c/i\u003e, Cicero\r\n points to Scipio as the ideal statesman, and often elsewhere eulogizes\r\n him as an almost perfect Roman.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e(3.) \u003ci\u003eLaelius\u003c/i\u003e. Gaius Laelius, born about 186, was Scipio\u0027s most\r\n distinguished officer before Carthage, and his most intimate friend\r\n throughout life. The friendship of the two was one of the most famous in\r\n antiquity, and is celebrated in the \u003ci\u003eLaelius\u003c/i\u003e. Laelius was an able\r\n speaker, writer and soldier, and devoted to Greek learning, particularly\r\n to the Stoic philosophy. He is with Cicero the type of a man of\r\n culture.\u003ca id=\"NtA_55\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[55]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e He, too,\r\n is one of the interlocutors in the \u003ci\u003eDe Re Publica\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003ch4\u003e(ii.) SUBJECT-MATTER.\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e1. \u003ci\u003eGeneral View\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cato Maior falls naturally into three parts:—\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ePreliminary, dedication to Atticus, §§ \u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIntroductory Conversation, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCato\u0027s Defence of Old Age, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e Cato continues to express his views on\r\n old age without interruption to the end, and the dialogue thus becomes\r\n really a monologue.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"center\"\u003e2. \u003ci\u003eAnalysis.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreliminary … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCicero, addressing Atticus, states his purpose in writing the book and\r\n the effect of the work on himself (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e), the reasons \u003c!– Page xxiv –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xxiv\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xxiv]\u003c/span\u003e for putting the\r\n sentiments on old age into the mouth of Cato, and the circumstances of\r\n the supposed conversation (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroductory Conversation … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eScipio declares his admiration of Cato\u0027s vigorous and happy old age.\r\n Cato replies that the secret lies in following the guidance of Nature (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e). Laelius then asks Cato to\r\n point out the road to such an old age as his own (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e). This the old man promises to do, but first remarks\r\n that the faults charged against old age are generally due to defects of\r\n character (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e). Laelius suggests that prosperity\r\n makes Cato\u0027s declining years pleasant. Cato admits that there may be some\r\n truth in this, but maintains that right character alone can make old age\r\n tolerable (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCato\u0027s Defence of Old Age … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eA. Introductory argument from fact. Account of celebrated old men\r\n whose lives till death were useful and happy …\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(a). Fabius Maximus … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n (b). Plato; (c). Isocrates; (d). Gorgias … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e13\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n (e). Ennius … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eB. Refutation of charges made against old age … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStatement of the four charges commonly made against old age\u003c/i\u003e: it\r\n withdraws men from active life, it weakens the physical powers, it takes\r\n away capacity for enjoyment, and it involves the anticipation of death\r\n … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eA. Refutation of the first charge, that old age withdraws from active\r\n life.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(a). There are employments suited to old age which\r\n are as necessary to the well-being of society as\r\n those which require greater physical powers … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(b). The special objection that old men have weak\r\n memories is answered by showing that this is\r\n due either to an original defect or to insufficient\r\n exercise … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page xxv –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xxv\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xxv]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(c). Argument from fact: instances of old men in\r\n public and in private life who till death were\r\n actively at work … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eB. Rebuttal of the second charge, that old age weakens the physical\r\n powers.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(a). Old age does not desire nor require the strength\r\n of youth, because it may exert influence\r\n through other means. Instances cited to show\r\n this … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(b). Temperate habits will retain a good measure\r\n of strength till old age (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e); many instances\r\n of weakness in old age may be attributed to\r\n ill-health, which is common to all periods of\r\n life (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e); proper care will greatly retard decay … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eC. Refutation of the third charge, that old age takes away the\r\n capacity for enjoyment\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(a). The pleasures in which youth finds its keenest\r\n enjoyment are in themselves bad, and old age\r\n is beneficent in freeing from their allurements … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(b). Old age has pleasures far more refined and satisfying\r\n than those of sense … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n Such as, those of conversation and literature\r\n (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e); especially those of agriculture (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_61\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e);\r\n and lastly, the exercise of influence, which old\r\n age will always possess if a rightly spent youth\r\n has preceded … (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e62\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(c). The special objection that old men\u0027s tempers\r\n spoil their enjoyments is met by the statement\r\n that this is the fault of character, not of age … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_65\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e65\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eD. Refutation of the fourth charge, that old age is unhappy because it\r\n involves the anticipation of death.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(a). Since the right aim of life is to live not long\r\n but well, death ought not to be dreaded at any\r\n age … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_66\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e66\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page xxvi –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_xxvi\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[xxvi]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(b). Old men, especially those of learning and culture,\r\n ought not to fear death … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_76\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e76\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n Because, that which is according to nature is\r\n good, and it is natural for old men to die (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_73\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e73\u003c/a\u003e);\r\n the process of dying is brief and almost painless\r\n (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e); even young men and those without learning\r\n often set the example of despising death\r\n (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e); and old age, just as the other periods\r\n of life, has finally its season of ripeness and\r\n satiety (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_76\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e76\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e(c). Death is probably the gateway to a happy immortality … \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n Tending towards proof of this are the arguments\r\n stated in Plato; viz. the rapidity of the\r\n mind\u0027s action, its powers of memory and invention,\r\n its self-activity, indivisible nature and pre-existence\r\n (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e); also the arguments, attributed\r\n to Cyrus, based upon the soul\u0027s immateriality,\r\n the posthumous fame of great men and the\r\n likeness of death to sleep (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_79\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e79\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_81\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e81\u003c/a\u003e); the instinctive\r\n belief in immortality, so strong as even to\r\n form an incentive for action (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e); and, finally,\r\n the speaker\u0027s own longing after immortality and\r\n hope of union with those whom he once knew\r\n and loved (\u003ca href=\"#Sect_83\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e83\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eCATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page 1 –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eM. TULLI CICERONIS\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003ch1\u003eCATO MAIOR\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\u003ch3\u003eDE SENECTUTE.\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eO Tite, si quid ego adiuero curamve levasso\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003equae nunc te coquit et versat in pectore fixa,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eecquid erit praemi?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLicet enim mihi versibus isdem affari te, Attice, quibus affatur\r\n Flamininum\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eille vir haud magna cum re, sed plenus fidei,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003equamquam certo scio non, ut Flamininum,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003esollicitari te, Tite, sic noctesque diesque,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003enovi enim moderationem animi tui et aequitatem, teque non cognomen\r\n solum Athenis deportasse, sed humanitatem et prudentiam intellego. Et\r\n tamen te suspicor isdem rebus quibus me ipsum interdum gravius commoveri,\r\n quarum consolatio et maior est et in aliud tempus differenda. Nunc autem\r\n visum est mihi de senectute aliquid ad te conscribere. \u003ca id=\"Sect_2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e Hoc enim onere, quod mihi\r\n commune tecum est, aut iam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis et\r\n te et me ipsum levari volo: etsi te quidem id modice ac sapienter, sicut\r\n omnia, et ferre et laturum esse certo scio. Sed mihi, cum de senectute\r\n vellem aliquid scribere, tu occurrebas \u003c!– Page 2 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 2]\u003c/span\u003e dignus eo munere, quo\r\n uterque nostrum communiter uteretur. Mihi quidem ita iucunda huius libri\r\n confectio fuit, ut non modo omnis absterserit senectutis molestias, sed\r\n effecerit mollem etiam et iucundam senectutem. Numquam igitur laudari\r\n satis digne philosophia poterit cui qui pareat omne tempus aetatis sine\r\n molestia possit degere. \u003ca id=\"Sect_3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e Sed\r\n de ceteris et diximus multa et saepe dicemus: hunc librum ad te de\r\n senectute misimus. Omnem autem sermonem tribuimus non Tithono, ut Aristo\r\n Cius, parum enim esset auctoritatis in fabula, sed M. Catoni seni, quo\r\n maiorem auctoritatem haberet oratio: apud quem Laelium et Scipionem\r\n facimus admirantis, quod is tam facile senectutem ferat, eisque eum\r\n respondentem, qui si eruditius videbitur disputare quam consuevit ipse in\r\n suis libris, attribuito litteris Graecis, quarum constat eum perstudiosum\r\n fuisse in senectute. Sed quid opus est plura? Iam enim ipsius Catonis\r\n sermo explicabit nostram omnem de senectute sententiam.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e SCIPIO. Saepe numero\r\n admirari soleo cum hoc C. Laelio cum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M.\r\n Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, tum vel maxime quod numquam tibi\r\n senectutem gravem esse senserim, quae plerisque senibus sic odiosa est,\r\n ut onus se Aetna gravius dicant sustinere.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCATO. Rem haud sane, Scipio et Laeli, difficilem admirari videmini.\r\n Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum, eis omnis\r\n aetas gravis est: qui autem omnia bona a se ipsi petunt, eis nihil potest\r\n malum videri quod naturae necessitas afferat. Quo in genere est in primis\r\n senectus, quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accusant adeptam:\r\n tanta est stultitiae inconstantia atque perversitas. Obrepere \u003c!– Page 3\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 3]\u003c/span\u003e aiunt eam\r\n citius quam putassent. Primum quis coegit eos falsum putare? Qui enim\r\n citius adulescentiae senectus quam pueritiae adulescentia obrepit? Deinde\r\n qui minus gravis esset eis senectus, si octingentesimum annum agerent,\r\n quam si octogesimum? Praeterita enim aetas quamvis longa, cum\r\n effluxisset, nulla consolatione permulcere posset stultam senectutem. \u003ca id=\"Sect_5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e Quocirca si sapientiam meam\r\n admirari soletis, quae utinam digna esset opinione vestra nostroque\r\n cognomine, in hoc sumus sapientes, quod naturam optimam ducem tamquam\r\n deum sequimur eique paremus: a qua non veri simile est, cum ceterae\r\n partes aetatis bene descriptae sint, extremum actum tamquam ab inerti\r\n poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum et,\r\n tamquam in arborum bacis terraeque fructibus, maturitate tempestiva quasi\r\n vietum et caducum, quod ferundum est molliter sapienti. Quid est enim\r\n aliud Gigantum modo bellare cum dis nisi naturae repugnare?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_6\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e LAELIUS. Atqui, Cato,\r\n gratissimum nobis, ut etiam pro Scipione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam\r\n speramus, volumus quidem certe, senes fieri, multo ante a te didicerimus\r\n quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem aetatem ferre possimus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCATO. Faciam vero, Laeli, praesertim si utrique vestrum, ut dicis,\r\n gratum futurum est.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLAELIUS. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato, tamquam longam aliquam\r\n viam confeceris, quam nobis quoque ingrediundum sit, istuc, quo\r\n pervenisti, videre quale sit.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_7\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e CATO. Faciam ut\r\n potero, Laeli. Saepe enim interfui querellis aequalium meorum, pares\r\n autem vetere \u003c!– Page 4 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 4]\u003c/span\u003e proverbio cum paribus facillime\r\n congregantur, quae C. Salinator, quae Sp. Albinus, homines consulares,\r\n nostri fere aequales, deplorare solebant, tum quod voluptatibus carerent,\r\n sine quibus vitam nullam putarent, tum quod spernerentur ab eis, a quibus\r\n essent coli soliti; qui mihi non id videbantur accusare, quod esset\r\n accusandum. Nam si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi usu venirent\r\n reliquisque omnibus maioribus natu, quorum ego multorum cognovi\r\n senectutem sine querella, qui se et libidinum vinculis laxatos esse non\r\n moleste ferrent nec a suis despicerentur. Sed omnium istius modi\r\n querellarum in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. Moderati enim et nec\r\n difficiles nec inhumani senes tolerabilem senectutem agunt, importunitas\r\n autem et inhumanitas omni aetati molesta est.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_8\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e LAELIUS. Est, ut dicis,\r\n Cato; sed fortasse dixerit quispiam tibi propter opes et copias et\r\n dignitatem tuam tolerabiliorem senectutem videri, id autem non posse\r\n multis contingere.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCATO. Est istuc quidem, Laeli, aliquid, sed nequaquam in isto sunt\r\n omnia; ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in iurgio respondisse, cum\r\n ille dixisset non eum sua, sed patriae gloria splendorem assecutum: \u0027nec\r\n hercule\u0027, inquit, \u0027si ego Seriphius essem, nec tu, si Atheniensis, clarus\r\n umquam fuisses\u0027. Quod eodem modo de senectute dici potest; nec enim in\r\n summa inopia levis esse senectus potest, ne sapienti quidem, nec\r\n insipienti etiam in summa copia non gravis. \u003ca id=\"Sect_9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e Aptissima omnino sunt, Scipio et Laeli, arma\r\n senectutis artes exercitationesque virtutum, quae in omni aetate cultae,\r\n cum diu multumque vixeris, mirificos ecferunt fructus, non solum quia\r\n numquam deserunt, ne extremo quidem \u003c!– Page 5 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 5]\u003c/span\u003e tempore aetatis,\r\n quamquam id quidem maximum est, verum etiam quia conscientia bene actae\r\n vitae multorumque bene factorum recordatio iucundissima est.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIV. \u003ca id=\"Sect_10\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e Ego Q. Maximum,\r\n eum qui Tarentum recepit, senem adulescens ita dilexi, ut aequalem. Erat\r\n enim in illo viro comitate condita gravitas, nec senectus mores\r\n mutaverat. Quamquam eum colere coepi non admodum grandem natu, sed tamen\r\n iam aetate provectum. Anno enim post consul primum fuerat quam ego natus\r\n sum, cumque eo quartum consule adulescentulus miles ad Capuam profectus\r\n sum quintoque anno post ad Tarentum. Quaestor deinde quadriennio post\r\n factus sum, quem magistratum gessi consulibus Tuditano et Cethego, cum\r\n quidem ille admodum senex suasor legis Cinciae de donis et muneribus\r\n fuit. Hic et bella gerebat ut adulescens, cum plane grandis esset, et\r\n Hannibalem iuveniliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat; de quo\r\n praeclare familiaris noster Ennius:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eunus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem;\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003enoenum rumores ponebat ante salutem;\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_11\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e11\u003c/a\u003e Tarentum vero qua\r\n vigilantia, quo consilio recepit! Cum quidem me audiente Salinatori, qui\r\n amisso oppido fugerat in arcem, glorianti atque ita dicenti, \u0027mea opera,\r\n Q. Fabi, Tarentum recepisti\u0027, \u0027certe\u0027, inquit ridens, \u0027nam nisi tu\r\n amisisses, numquam recepissem\u0027. Nec vero in armis praestantior quam in\r\n toga; qui consul iterum, Sp. Carvilio collega quiescente, C. Flaminio\r\n tribuno plebis, quoad potuit, restitit agrum Picentem et Gallicum viritim\r\n contra senatus auctoritatem dividenti, \u003c!– Page 6 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_6\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 6]\u003c/span\u003e augurque cum esset,\r\n dicere ausus est optimis auspiciis ea geri, quae pro rei publicae salute\r\n gererentur; quae contra rem publicam ferrentur, contra auspicia ferri. \u003ca id=\"Sect_12\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e Multa in eo viro praeclara\r\n cognovi, sed nihil admirabilius quam quo modo ille mortem fili tulit,\r\n clari viri et consularis. Est in manibus laudatio, quam cum legimus, quem\r\n philosophum non contemnimus? Nec vero ille in luce modo atque in oculis\r\n civium magnus, sed intus domique praestantior. Qui sermo, quae praecepta!\r\n Quanta notitia antiquitatis, scientia iuris auguri! Multae etiam, ut in\r\n homine Romano, litterae: omnia memoria tenebat non domestica solum, sed\r\n etiam externa bella. Cuius sermone ita tum cupide fruebar, quasi iam\r\n divinarem, id quod evenit, illo exstincto fore unde discerem neminem.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eV. \u003ca id=\"Sect_13\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e13\u003c/a\u003e Quorsus igitur haec\r\n tam multa de Maximo? Quia profecto videtis nefas esse dictu miseram\r\n fuisse talem senectutem. Nec tamen omnes possunt esse Scipiones aut\r\n Maximi, ut urbium expugnationes, ut pedestris navalisve pugnas, ut bella\r\n a se gesta, ut triumphos recordentur. Est etiam quiete et pure atque\r\n eleganter actae aetatis placida ac lenis senectus, qualem accepimus\r\n Platonis, qui uno et octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus, qualem\r\n Isocrati, qui eum librum, qui Panathenaicus inscribitur, quarto\r\n nonagesimo anno scripsisse dicit vixitque quinquennium postea; cuius\r\n magister Leontinus Gorgias centum et septem complevit annos, neque umquam\r\n in suo studio atque opere cessavit. Qui, cum ex eo quaereretur cur tam\r\n diu vellet esse in vita, \u0027nihil habeo,\u0027 inquit, \u0027quod accusem\r\n senectutem\u0027. Praeclarum responsum et docto homine dignum! \u003ca id=\"Sect_14\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e Sua enim vitia insipientes\r\n et suam culpam in senectutem \u003c!– Page 7 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_7\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 7]\u003c/span\u003e conferunt, quod non faciebat is, cuius\r\n modo mentionem feci, Ennius:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003esic ut fortis ecus, spatio qui saepe supremo\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003evicit Olumpia, nunc senio confectus quiescit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eEqui fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam; quem quidem probe\r\n meminisse potestis; anno enim undevicesimo post eius mortem hi consules,\r\n T. Flamininus et M\u0027. Acilius, facti sunt; ille autem Caepione et Philippo\r\n iterum consulibus mortuus est, cum ego quinque et sexaginta annos natus\r\n legem Voconiam magna voce et bonis lateribus suasissem. Annos septuaginta\r\n natus, tot enim vixit Ennius, ita ferebat duo quae maxima putantur,\r\n onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis paene delectari videretur.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_15\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e Etenim, cum complector\r\n animo, quattuor reperio causas cur senectus misera videatur: unam, quod\r\n avocet a rebus gerendis; alteram, quod corpus faciat infirmius; tertiam,\r\n quod privet omnibus fere voluptatibus; quartam, quod haud procul absit a\r\n morte. Earum, si placet, causarum quanta quamque sit iusta una quaeque\r\n videamus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eVI. A rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An eis, quae\r\n iuventute geruntur et viribus? Nullaene igitur res sunt seniles, quae vel\r\n infirmis corporibus animo tamen administrentur? Nihil ergo agebat Q.\r\n Maximus, nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, socer optimi viri fili mei? Ceteri\r\n senes, Fabricii Curii Coruncanii, cum rem publicam consilio et\r\n auctoritate defendebant, nihil agebant? \u003ca id=\"Sect_16\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e16\u003c/a\u003e Ad Appi Claudi senectutem accedebat etiam ut\r\n caecus esset; tamen is, cum sententia senatus inclinaret \u003c!– Page 8\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_8\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 8]\u003c/span\u003e ad pacem cum\r\n Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non dubitavit dicere illa, quae versibus\r\n persecutus est Ennius:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003equo vobis mentes, rectae quae stare solebant\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eantehac, dementis sese flexere viai?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eceteraque gravissime, notum enim vobis carmen est, et tamen ipsius\r\n Appi exstat oratio. Atque haec ille egit septemdecim annis post alterum\r\n consulatum, cum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent censorque\r\n ante superiorem consulatum fuisset, ex quo intellegitur Pyrrhi bello\r\n grandem sane fuisse, et tamen sic a patribus accepimus. \u003ca id=\"Sect_17\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_17\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e17\u003c/a\u003e Nihil igitur afferunt qui in\r\n re gerenda versari senectutem negant, similesque sunt ut si qui\r\n gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos scandant,\r\n alii per foros cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant, ille clavum tenens\r\n quietus sedeat in puppi, non faciat ea, quae iuvenes. At vero multo\r\n maiora et meliora facit. Non viribus aut velocitate aut celeritate\r\n corporum res magnae geruntur, sed consilio auctoritate sententia, quibus\r\n non modo non orbari, sed etiam augeri senectus solet; \u003ca id=\"Sect_18\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e nisi forte ego vobis, qui et\r\n miles et tribunus et legatus et consul versatus sum in vario genere\r\n bellorum, cessare nunc videor, cum bella non gero. At senatui quae sint\r\n gerenda praescribo et quo modo; Carthagini male iam diu cogitanti bellum\r\n multo ante denuntio, de qua vereri non ante desinam quam illam exscisam\r\n esse cognovero. \u003ca id=\"Sect_19\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e19\u003c/a\u003e Quam\r\n palmam utinam di immortales, Scipio, tibi reservent, ut avi relliquias\r\n persequare, cuius a morte tertius hic et tricesimus annus est, sed\r\n memoriam illius viri omnes excipient anni consequentes. Anno ante me\r\n censorem mortuus est, \u003c!– Page 9 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 9]\u003c/span\u003e novem annis post meum consulatum, cum\r\n consul iterum me consule creatus esset. Num igitur, si ad centesimum\r\n annum vixisset, senectutis eum suae paeniteret? Nec enim excursione nec\r\n saltu, nec eminus hastis aut comminus gladiis uteretur, sed consilio\r\n ratione sententia, quae nisi essent in senibus, non summum consilium\r\n maiores nostri appellassent senatum. \u003ca id=\"Sect_20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e Apud Lacedaemonios quidem ei, qui amplissimum\r\n magistratum gerunt, ut sunt, sic etiam nominantur senes. Quod si legere\r\n aut audire voletis externa, maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus\r\n labefactatas, a senibus sustentatas et restitutas reperietis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCedo qui vestram rem publicam tantam amisistis tam cito?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003esic enim percontantur in Naevi poetae Ludo. Respondentur et alia et\r\n hoc in primis:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eproveniebant oratores novi, stulti adulescentuli.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eTemeritas est videlicet florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eVII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_21\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e At memoria\r\n minuitur. Credo, nisi eam exerceas, aut etiam si sis natura tardior.\r\n Themistocles omnium civium perceperat nomina; num igitur censetis eum,\r\n cum aetate processisset, qui Aristides esset Lysimachum salutare solitum?\r\n Equidem non modo eos novi qui sunt, sed eorum patres etiam et avos, nec\r\n sepulcra legens vereor, quod aiunt, ne memoriam perdam; his enim ipsis\r\n legendis in memoriam redeo mortuorum. Nec vero quemquam senem audivi\r\n oblitum, quo loco thesaurum obruisset. Omnia quae curant meminerunt,\r\n vadimonia constituta, quis sibi, cui ipsi debeant. \u003ca id=\"Sect_22\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e Quid iuris consulti, quid\r\n pontifices, quid augures, quid philosophi \u003c!– Page 10 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_10\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 10]\u003c/span\u003e senes? Quam multa\r\n meminerunt! Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria,\r\n neque ea solum claris et honoratis viris, sed in vita etiam privata et\r\n quieta. Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit; quod propter\r\n studium cum rem neglegere familiarem videretur, a filiis in iudicium\r\n vocatus est, ut, quem ad modum nostro more male rem gerentibus patribus\r\n bonis interdici solet, sic illum quasi desipientem a re familiari\r\n removerent iudices. Tum senex dicitur eam fabulam quam in manibus habebat\r\n et proxime scripserat, Oedipum Coloneum, recitasse iudicibus quaesisseque\r\n num illud carmen desipientis videretur, quo recitato sententiis iudicum\r\n est liberatus. \u003ca id=\"Sect_23\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e Num igitur\r\n hunc, num Homerum Hesiodum Simoniden Stesichorum, num quos ante dixi\r\n Isocraten Gorgian, num philosophorum principes, Pythagoran Democritum,\r\n num Platonem Xenocraten, num postea Zenonem Cleanthen, aut eum, quem vos\r\n etiam vidistis Romae, Diogenen Stoicum coegit in suis studiis obmutiscere\r\n senectus? An in omnibus studiorum agitatio vitae aequalis fuit? \u003ca id=\"Sect_24\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e Age, ut ista divina studia\r\n omittamus, possum nominare ex agro Sabino rusticos Romanos, vicinos et\r\n familiaris meos, quibus absentibus numquam fere ulla in agro maiora opera\r\n fiunt, non serendis, non percipiendis, non condendis fructibus. Quamquam\r\n in aliis minus hoc mirum est, nemo enim est tam senex qui se annum non\r\n putet posse vivere; sed idem in eis elaborant, quae sciunt nihil ad se\r\n omnino pertinere:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eserit arbores, quae alteri saeclo prosint,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eut ait Statius noster in Synephebis. \u003ca id=\"Sect_25\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_25\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e25\u003c/a\u003e Nec vero dubitat agricola, quamvis sit senex,\r\n quaerenti cui serat respondere: \u003c!– Page 11 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_11\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 11]\u003c/span\u003e \u0027dis immortalibus, qui me non accipere\r\n modo haec a maioribus voluerunt, sed etiam posteris prodere\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eVIII. Et melius Caecilius de sene alteri saeculo prospiciente, quam\r\n illud idem:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eedepol, senectus, si nil quicquam aliud viti\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eadportes tecum, cum advenis, unum id sat est,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003equod diu vivendo multa quae non volt videt.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eEt multa fortasse quae volt, atque in ea, quae non volt, saepe etiam\r\n adulescentia incurrit. Illud vero idem Caecilius vitiosius:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003etum equidem in senecta hoc deputo miserrimum,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003esentire ea aetate eumpse esse odiosum alteri.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_26\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e Iucundum potius quam\r\n odiosum! Ut enim adulescentibus bona indole praeditis sapientes senes\r\n delectantur, leviorque fit senectus eorum qui a iuventute coluntur et\r\n diliguntur, sic adulescentes senum praeceptis gaudent, quibus ad virtutum\r\n studia ducuntur, nec minus intellego me vobis quam mihi vos esse\r\n iucundos. Sed videtis, ut senectus non modo languida atque iners non sit,\r\n verum etiam sit operosa et semper agens aliquid et moliens, tale\r\n scilicet, quale cuiusque studium in superiore vita fuit. Quid, qui etiam\r\n addiscunt aliquid, ut et Solonem versibus gloriantem videmus, qui se\r\n cotidie aliquid addiscentem dicit senem fieri, et ego feci, qui litteras\r\n Graecas senex didici, quas quidem sic avide arripui quasi diuturnam sitim\r\n explere cupiens, ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent, quibus me nunc exemplis uti\r\n videtis. Quod cum fecisse Socraten in fidibus audirem, vellem equidem\r\n etiam illud, discebant enim fidibus antiqui, sed in litteris certe\r\n elaboravi.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page 12 –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_12\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 12]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIX. \u003ca id=\"Sect_27\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e Ne nunc quidem\r\n viris desidero adulescentis, is enim erat locus alter de vitiis\r\n senectutis, non plus quam adulescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam.\r\n Quod est, eo decet uti et quidquid agas agere pro viribus. Quae enim vox\r\n potest esse contemptior quam Milonis Crotoniatae? Qui cum iam senex esset\r\n athletasque se exercentis in curriculo videret, aspexisse lacertos suos\r\n dicitur illacrimansque dixisse, \u0027at hi quidem mortui iam sunt\u0027. Non vero\r\n tam isti, quam tu ipse, nugator, neque enim ex te umquam es nobilitatus,\r\n sed ex lateribus et lacertis tuis. Nihil Sex. Aelius tale, nihil multis\r\n annis ante Ti. Coruncanius, nihil modo P. Crassus, a quibus iura civibus\r\n praescribebantur, quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta\r\n prudentia. \u003ca id=\"Sect_28\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e28\u003c/a\u003e Orator metuo\r\n ne languescat senectute: est enim munus eius non ingeni solum, sed\r\n laterum etiam et virium. Omnino canorum illud in voce splendescit etiam\r\n nescio quo pacto in senectute, quod equidem adhuc non amisi, et videtis\r\n annos. Sed tamen est decorus seni sermo quietus et remissus, facitque\r\n persaepe ipsa sibi audientiam diserti senis composita et mitis oratio,\r\n quam si ipse exsequi nequeas, possis tamen Scipioni praecipere et Laelio.\r\n Quid enim est iucundius senectute stipata studiis iuventutis? \u003ca id=\"Sect_29\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e An ne illas quidem viris\r\n senectuti relinquimus, ut adulescentis doceat, instituat, ad omne offici\r\n munus instruat? Quo quidem opere quid potest esse praeclarius? Mihi vero\r\n et Cn. et P. Scipiones et avi tui duo L. Aemilius et P. Africanus\r\n comitatu nobilium iuvenum fortunati videbantur, nec ulli bonarum artium\r\n magistri non beati putandi, quamvis consenuerint vires atque defecerint.\r\n Etsi ipsa ista defectio virium adulescentiae vitiis efficitur saepius\r\n quam senectute; libidinosa enim et intemperans adulescentia \u003c!– Page 13\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_13\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 13]\u003c/span\u003e effetum\r\n corpus tradit senectuti. \u003ca id=\"Sect_30\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e\r\n Cyrus quidem apud Xenophontem eo sermone, quem moriens habuit, cum\r\n admodum senex esset, negat se umquam sensisse senectutem suam\r\n imbecilliorem factam quam adulescentia fuisset. Ego L. Metellum memini\r\n puer, qui, cum quadriennio post alterum consulatum pontifex maximus\r\n factus esset, viginti et duos annos ei sacerdotio praefuit, ita bonis\r\n esse viribus extremo tempore aetatis, ut adulescentiam non requireret.\r\n Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere, quamquam est id quidem senile\r\n aetatique nostrae conceditur. X. \u003ca id=\"Sect_31\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e31\u003c/a\u003e Videtisne, ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de\r\n virtutibus suis praedicet? Tertiam enim aetatem hominum videbat, nec erat\r\n ei verendum ne vera praedicans de se nimis videretur aut insolens aut\r\n loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex eius lingua melle dulcior fluebat\r\n oratio; quam ad suavitatem nullis egebat corporis viribus. Et tamen dux\r\n ille Graeciae nusquam optat ut Aiacis similis habeat decem, sed ut\r\n Nestoris, quod si sibi acciderit, non dubitat quin brevi sit Troia\r\n peritura. \u003ca id=\"Sect_32\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e Sed redeo ad\r\n me. Quartum ago annum et octogesimum: vellem equidem idem posse gloriari\r\n quod Cyrus, sed tamen hoc queo dicere, non me quidem eis esse viribus,\r\n quibus aut miles bello Punico aut quaestor eodem bello aut consul in\r\n Hispania fuerim aut quadriennio post, cum tribunus militaris depugnavi\r\n apud Thermopylas M\u0027. Glabrione consule; sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non\r\n plane me enervavit, non afflixit senectus: non curia viris meas\r\n desiderat, non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nec enim\r\n umquam sum assensus veteri illi laudatoque proverbio, quod monet mature\r\n fieri senem, si diu velis senex esse. Ego vero me minus diu senem esse\r\n mallem quam esse \u003c!– Page 14 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_14\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 14]\u003c/span\u003e senem ante quam essem. Itaque nemo\r\n adhuc convenire me voluit cui fuerim occupatus. \u003ca id=\"Sect_33\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e At minus habeo virium quam vestrum utervis. Ne vos\r\n quidem T. Ponti centurionis viris habetis: num idcirco est ille\r\n praestantior? Moderatio modo virium adsit et tantum quantum potest\r\n quisque nitatur, ne ille non magno desiderio tenebitur virium. Olympiae\r\n per stadium ingressus esse Milo dicitur, cum umeris sustineret bovem:\r\n utrum igitur has corporis an Pythagorae tibi malis viris ingeni dari?\r\n Denique isto bono utare, dum adsit, cum absit, ne requiras: nisi forte\r\n adulescentes pueritiam, paulum aetate progressi adulescentiam debent\r\n requirere. Cursus est certus aetatis et una via naturae eaque simplex,\r\n suaque cuique parti aetatis tempestivitas est data, ut et infirmitas\r\n puerorum et ferocitas iuvenum et gravitas iam constantis aetatis et\r\n senectutis maturitas naturale quiddam habet, quod suo tempore percipi\r\n debeat. \u003ca id=\"Sect_34\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e Audire te\r\n arbitror, Scipio, hospes tuus avitus Masinissa quae faciat hodie\r\n nonaginta natus annos: cum ingressus iter pedibus sit, in equum omnino\r\n non ascendere; cum autem equo, ex equo non descendere; nullo imbri, nullo\r\n frigore adduci ut capite operto sit; summam esse in eo corporis\r\n siccitatem, itaque omnia exsequi regis officia et munera. Potest igitur\r\n exercitatio et temperantia etiam in senectute conservare aliquid pristini\r\n roboris.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXI. Ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a\r\n senectute. Ergo et legibus et institutis vacat aetas nostra muneribus eis\r\n quae non possunt sine viribus sustineri. Itaque non modo quod non\r\n possumus, sed ne quantum possumus quidem cogimur. \u003ca id=\"Sect_35\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e At multi ita sunt imbecilli\r\n senes, ut nullum offici aut \u003c!– Page 15 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_15\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 15]\u003c/span\u003e omnino vitae munus exsequi possint. At\r\n id quidem non proprium senectutis vitium est, sed commune valetudinis.\r\n Quam fuit imbecillus P. Africani filius, is qui te adoptavit, quam tenui\r\n aut nulla potius valetudine! Quod ni ita fuisset, alterum illud\r\n exstitisset lumen civitatis; ad paternam enim magnitudinem animi doctrina\r\n uberior accesserat. Quid mirum igitur in senibus, si infirmi sunt\r\n aliquando, cum id ne adulescentes quidem effugere possint? Resistendum,\r\n Laeli et Scipio, senectuti est, eiusque vitia diligentia compensanda\r\n sunt, pugnandum tamquam contra morbum sic contra senectutem, \u003ca id=\"Sect_36\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_36\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e36\u003c/a\u003e habenda ratio valetudinis,\r\n utendum exercitationibus modicis, tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut\r\n reficiantur vires, non opprimantur. Nec vero corpori solum subveniendum\r\n est, sed menti atque animo multo magis. Nam haec quoque, nisi tamquam\r\n lumini oleum instilles, exstinguuntur senectute. Et corpora quidem\r\n exercitationum defetigatione ingravescunt, animi autem exercitando\r\n levantur. Nam quos ait Caecilius \u0027comicos stultos senes,\u0027 hos significat\r\n credulos obliviosos dissolutos, quae vitia sunt non senectutis, sed\r\n inertis ignavae somniculosae senectutis. Ut petulantia, ut libido magis\r\n est adulescentium quam senum, nec tamen omnium adulescentium, sed non\r\n proborum, sic ista senilis stultitia, quae deliratio appellari solet,\r\n senum levium est, non omnium. \u003ca id=\"Sect_37\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_37\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e37\u003c/a\u003e Quattuor robustos filios, quinque filias, tantam\r\n domum, tantas clientelas Appius regebat et caecus et senex; intentum enim\r\n animum tamquam arcum habebat nec languescens succumbebat senectuti.\r\n Tenebat non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam imperium in suos: metuebant\r\n servi, verebantur liberi, carum omnes habebant; vigebat in illo animus\r\n patrius \u003c!– Page 16 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_16\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg\r\n 16]\u003c/span\u003e et disciplina. \u003ca id=\"Sect_38\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e\r\n Ita enim senectus honesta est, si se ipsa defendit, si ius suum retinet,\r\n si nemini emancipata est, si usque ad ultimum spiritum dominatur in suos.\r\n Ut enim adulescentem in quo est senile aliquid, sic senem in quo est\r\n aliquid adulescentis probo, quod qui sequitur, corpore senex esse\r\n poterit, animo numquam erit. Septimus mihi liber Originum est in manibus;\r\n ommia antiquitatis monumenta colligo; causarum illustrium, quascunque\r\n defendi, nunc cum maxime conficio orationes; ius augurium pontificium\r\n civile tracto; multum etiam Graecis litteris utor, Pythagoriorumque more,\r\n exercendae memoriae gratia, quid quoque die dixerim audierim egerim\r\n commemoro vesperi. Hae sunt exercitationes ingeni, haec curricula mentis;\r\n in his desudans atque elaborans corporis viris non magno opere desidero.\r\n Adsum amicis, venio in senatum frequens ultroque affero res multum et diu\r\n cogitatas easque tueor animi, non corporis viribus. Quas si exsequi\r\n nequirem, tamen me lectulus meus oblectaret ea ipsa cogitantem, quae iam\r\n agere non possem; sed ut possim facit acta vita. Semper enim in his\r\n studiis laboribusque viventi non intellegitur quando obrepat senectus:\r\n ita sensim sine sensu aetas senescit nec subito frangitur, sed\r\n diuturnitate exstinguitur.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_39\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e Sequitur tertia\r\n vituperatio senectutis, quod eam carere dicunt voluptatibus. O praeclarum\r\n munus aetatis, si quidem id aufert a nobis, quod est in adulescentia\r\n vitiosissimum! Accipite enim, optimi adulescentes, veterem orationem\r\n Archytae Tarentini, magni in primis et praeclari viri, quae mihi tradita\r\n est cum essem adulescens Tarenti cum Q. Maximo. Nullam capitaliorem\r\n pestem quam voluptatem corporis hominibus \u003c!– Page 17 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_17\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 17]\u003c/span\u003e dicebat a natura\r\n datam, cuius voluptatis avidae libidines temere et ecfrenate ad potiendum\r\n incitarentur. Hinc patriae proditiones, \u003ca id=\"Sect_40\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_40\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e40\u003c/a\u003e hinc rerum publicarum eversiones, hinc cum\r\n hostibus clandestina colloquia nasci; nullum denique scelus, nullum malum\r\n facinus esse ad quod suscipiendum non libido voluptatis impelleret;\r\n stupra vero et adulteria et omne tale flagitium nullis excitari aliis\r\n illecebris nisi voluptatis; cumque homini sive natura sive quis deus\r\n nihil mente praestabilius dedisset, huic divino muneri ac dono nihil tam\r\n esse inimicum quam voluptatem. \u003ca id=\"Sect_41\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e41\u003c/a\u003e Nec enim libidine dominante temperantiae locum\r\n esse, neque omnino in voluptatis regno virtutem posse consistere. Quod\r\n quo magis intellegi posset, fingere animo iubebat tanta incitatum aliquem\r\n voluptate corporis, quanta percipi posset maxima: nemini censebat fore\r\n dubium quin tam diu, dum ita gauderet, nihil agitare mente, nihil\r\n ratione, nihil cogitatione consequi posset. Quocirca nihil esse tam\r\n detestabile tamque pestiferum quam voluptatem, si quidem ea, cum maior\r\n esset atque longior, omne animi lumen exstingueret. Haec cum C. Pontio\r\n Samnite, patre eius, a quo Caudino proelio Sp. Postumius T. Veturius\r\n consules superati sunt, locutum Archytam Nearchus Tarentinus hospes\r\n noster, qui in amicitia populi Romani permanserat, se a maioribus natu\r\n accepisse dicebat, cum quidem ei sermoni interfuisset Plato Atheniensis,\r\n quem Tarentum venisse L. Camillo Ap. Claudio consulibus reperio. \u003ca id=\"Sect_42\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e42\u003c/a\u003e Quorsus hoc? Ut\r\n intellegeretis, si voluptatem aspernari ratione et sapientia non\r\n possemus, magnam esse habendam senectuti gratiam, quae efficeret ut id\r\n non liberet quod non oporteret. Impedit enim consilium voluptas, rationi\r\n inimica est, mentis ut \u003c!– Page 18 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_18\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 18]\u003c/span\u003e ita dicam praestringit oculos, nec\r\n habet ullum cum virtute commercium. Invitus feci ut fortissimi viri T.\r\n Flaminini fratrem L. Flamininum e senatu eicerem septem annis post quam\r\n consul fuisset, sed notandam putavi libidinem. Ille enim cum esset consul\r\n in Gallia exoratus in convivio a scorto est ut securi feriret aliquem\r\n eorum qui in vinculis essent, damnati rei capitalis. Hic Tito fratre suo\r\n censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat, elapsus est, mihi vero et Flacco\r\n neutiquam probari potuit tam flagitiosa et tam perdita libido, quae cum\r\n probro privato coniungeret imperi dedecus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXIII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_43\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e43\u003c/a\u003e Saepe audivi e\r\n maioribus natu, qui se porro pueros a senibus audisse dicebant, mirari\r\n solitum C. Fabricium quod, cum apud regem Pyrrhum legatus esset, audisset\r\n a Thessalo Cinea esse quendam Athenis qui se sapientem profiteretur,\r\n eumque dicere omnia quae faceremus ad voluptatem esse referenda. Quod ex\r\n eo audientis M\u0027. Curium et Ti. Coruncanium optare solitos ut id\r\n Samnitibus ipsique Pyrrho persuaderetur, quo facilius vinci possent cum\r\n se voluptatibus dedissent. Vixerat M\u0027. Curius cum P. Decio, qui\r\n quinquennio ante eum consulem se pro re publica quarto consulatu\r\n devoverat: norat eundem Fabricius, norat Coruncanius, qui cum ex sua vita\r\n tum ex eius quem dico. Deci facto iudicabant esse profecto aliquid natura\r\n pulchrum atque praeclarum, quod sua sponte expeteretur quodque spreta et\r\n contempta voluptate optimus quisque sequeretur. \u003ca id=\"Sect_44\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e Quorsum igitur tam multa de voluptate? Quia non\r\n modo vituperatio nulla, sed etiam summa laus senectutis est, quod ea\r\n voluptates nullas magno opere desiderat. Caret epulis exstructisque\r\n mensis et frequentibus poculis. Caret ergo etiam vinulentia et \u003c!– Page\r\n 19 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_19\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 19]\u003c/span\u003e\r\n cruditate et insomniis. Sed si aliquid dandum est voluptati, quoniam eius\r\n blanditiis non facile obsistimus, divine enim Plato escam malorum\r\n appellat voluptatem quod ea videlicet homines capiantur ut pisces,\r\n quamquam immoderatis epulis caret senectus, modicis tamen conviviis\r\n delectari potest. C. Duellium M. F., qui Poenos classe primus devicerat,\r\n redeuntem a cena senem saepe videbam puer; delectabatur cereo funali et\r\n tibicine, quae sibi nullo exemplo privatus sumpserat: tantum licentiae\r\n dabat gloria. \u003ca id=\"Sect_45\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e Sed quid\r\n ego alios? Ad me ipsum iam revertar. Primum habui semper\r\n sodalis—sodalitates autem me quaestore constitutae sunt sacris\r\n Idaeis Magnae Matris acceptis—epulabar igitur cum sodalibus, omnino\r\n modice, sed erat quidam fervor aetatis, qua progrediente omnia fiunt in\r\n dies mitiora. Neque enim ipsorum conviviorum delectationem voluptatibus\r\n corporis magis quam coetu amicorum et sermonibus metiebar; bene enim\r\n maiores accubitionem epularem amicorum, quia vitae coniunctionem haberet,\r\n convivium nominaverunt, melius quam Graeci, qui hoc idem tum\r\n compotationem, tum concenationem vocant, ut, quod in eo genere minimum\r\n est, id maxime probare videantur.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXIV. \u003ca id=\"Sect_46\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e Ego vero propter\r\n sermonis delectationem tempestivis quoque conviviis delector, nec cum\r\n aequalibus solum, qui pauci admodum restant, sed cum vestra etiam aetate\r\n atque vobiscum, habeoque senectuti magnam gratiam, quae mihi sermonis\r\n aviditatem auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit. Quod si quem etiam ista\r\n delectant, ne omnino bellum indixisse videar voluptati, cuius est\r\n fortasse quidam naturalis modus, non intellego ne in istis quidem ipsis\r\n voluptatibus carere sensu senectutem. \u003c!– Page 20 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 20]\u003c/span\u003e Me vero et\r\n magisteria delectant a maioribus instituta et is sermo, qui more maiorum\r\n a summo adhibetur in poculo, et pocula sicut in Symposio Xenophontis est,\r\n minuta atque rorantia, et refrigeratio aestate et vicissim aut sol aut\r\n ignis hibernus. Quae quidem etiam in Sabinis persequi soleo conviviumque\r\n vicinorum cotidie compleo, quod ad multam noctem quam maxime possumus\r\n vario sermone producimus. \u003ca id=\"Sect_47\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e\r\n At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Credo, sed ne\r\n desideratio quidem; nihil autem est molestum quod non desideres. Bene\r\n Sophocles, cum ex eo quidam iam affecto aetate quaereret, utereturne\r\n rebus veneriis, \u0027di meliora!\u0027 inquit; \u0027ego vero istinc sicut a domino\r\n agresti ac furioso profugi.\u0027 Cupidis enim rerum talium odiosum fortasse\r\n et molestum est carere, satiatis vero et expletis iucundius est carere\r\n quam frui; quamquam non caret is, qui non desiderat; ergo hoc non\r\n desiderare dico esse iucundius. \u003ca id=\"Sect_48\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_48\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e48\u003c/a\u003e Quod si istis ipsis voluptatibus bona aetas\r\n fruitur libentius, primum parvulis fruitur rebus, ut diximus, deinde eis,\r\n quibus senectus, etiam si non abunde potitur, non omnino caret. Ut\r\n Turpione Ambivio magis delectatur qui in prima cavea spectat, delectatur\r\n tamen etiam qui in ultima, sic adulescentia voluptates propter intuens\r\n magis fortasse laetatur, sed delectatur etiam senectus, procul eas\r\n spectans, tantum quantum sat est. \u003ca id=\"Sect_49\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_49\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e49\u003c/a\u003e At illa quanti sunt, animum tamquam emeritis\r\n stipendiis libidinis ambitionis, contentionum inimicitiarum, cupiditatum\r\n omnium secum esse secumque, ut dicitur, vivere! Si vero habet aliquod\r\n tamquam pabulum studi atque doctrinae, nihil est otiosa senectute\r\n iucundius. Videbamus in studio dimetiendi paene caeli atque terrae Gallum\r\n familiarem \u003c!– Page 21 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_21\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 21]\u003c/span\u003e patris tui, Scipio. Quotiens ilium lux\r\n noctu aliquid describere ingressum, quotiens nox oppressit cum mane\r\n coepisset! Quam delectabat eum defectiones solis et lunae multo ante\r\n nobis praedicere! \u003ca id=\"Sect_50\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e Quid in\r\n levioribus studiis, sed tamen acutis? Quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico\r\n Naevius, quam Truculento Plautus, quam Pseudolo! Vidi etiam senem Livium,\r\n qui, cum sex annis ante quam ego natus sum fabulam docuisset Centone\r\n Tuditanoque consulibus, usque ad adulescentiam meam processit aetate.\r\n Quid de P. Licini Crassi et pontifici et civilis iuris studio loquar aut\r\n de huius P. Scipionis, qui his paucis diebus pontifex maximus factus est?\r\n Atque eos omnis, quos commemoravi, his studiis flagrantis senes vidimus.\r\n M. vero Cethegum, quem recte suadae medullam dixit Ennius, quanto studio\r\n exerceri in dicendo videbamus etiam senem! Quae sunt igitur epularum aut\r\n ludorum aut scortorum voluptates cum his voluptatibus comparandae? Atque\r\n haec quidem studia doctrinae, quae quidem prudentibus et bene institutis\r\n pariter cum aetate crescunt, ut honestum illud Solonis sit, quod ait\r\n versiculo quodam, ut ante dixi, senescere se multa in dies addiscentem,\r\n qua voluptate animi nulla certe potest esse maior.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXV. \u003ca id=\"Sect_51\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e Venio nunc ad\r\n voluptates agricolarum, quibus ego incredibiliter delector, quae nec ulla\r\n impediuntur senectute et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxime videntur\r\n accedere. Habent enim rationem cum terra, quae numquam recusat imperium\r\n nec umquam sine usura reddit quod accepit, sed alias minore, plerumque\r\n maiore cum faenore; quamquam me quidem non fructus modo, sed etiam ipsius\r\n terrae vis ac natura delectat. Quae cum gremio mollito ac subacto sparsum\r\n semen excepit, \u003c!– Page 22 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_22\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 22]\u003c/span\u003e primum id occaecatum cohibet, ex quo\r\n occatio quae hoc efficit nominata est; deinde tepefactum vapore et\r\n compressu suo diffundit et elicit herbescentem ex eo viriditatem, quae\r\n nixa fibris stirpium sensim adolescit culmoque erecta geniculato vaginis\r\n iam quasi pubescens includitur; e quibus cum emersit, fundit frugem spici\r\n ordine structam et contra avium minorum morsus munitur vallo aristarum.\r\n \u003ca id=\"Sect_52\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e52\u003c/a\u003e Quid ego vitium ortus\r\n satus incrementa commemorem? Satiari delectatione non possum, ut meae\r\n senectutis requietem oblectamentumque noscatis. Omitto enim vim ipsam\r\n omnium quae generantur e terra, quae ex fici tantulo grano aut ex acini\r\n vinaceo aut ex ceterarum frugum aut stirpium minutissimis seminibus\r\n tantos truncos ramosque procreet; malleoli plantae sarmenta viviradices\r\n propagines nonne efficiunt ut quemvis cum admiratione delectent? Vitis\r\n quidem quae natura caduca est et, nisi fulta est, fertur ad terram,\r\n eadem, ut se erigat, claviculis suis quasi manibus quidquid est nacta\r\n complectitur, quam serpentem multiplici lapsu et erratico, ferro amputans\r\n coercet ars agricolarum, ne silvescat sarmentis et in omnis partis nimia\r\n fundatur. \u003ca id=\"Sect_53\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e Itaque ineunte\r\n vere in eis quae relicta sunt exsistit tamquam ad articulos sarmentorum\r\n ea quae gemma dicitur, a qua oriens uva se ostendit, quae et suco terrae\r\n et calore solis augescens primo est peracerba gustatu, dein maturata\r\n dulcescit vestitaque pampinis nec modico tepore caret et nimios solis\r\n defendit ardores: qua quid potest esse cum fructu laetius, tum aspectu\r\n pulchrius? Cuius quidem non utilitas me solum, ut ante dixi, sed etiam\r\n cultura et natura ipsa delectat: adminiculorum ordines, capitum iugatio,\r\n religatio et propagatio vitium, sarmentorum ea, \u003c!– Page 23 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_23\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 23]\u003c/span\u003e quam dixi, aliorum\r\n amputatio, aliorum immissio. Quid ego irrigationes, quid fossiones agri\r\n repastinationesque proferam quibus fit multo terra fecundior? \u003ca id=\"Sect_54\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e Quid de utilitate loquar\r\n stercorandi? Dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi. De qua\r\n doctus Hesiodus ne verbum quidem fecit, cum de cultura agri scriberet. At\r\n Homerus, qui multis, ut mihi videtur, ante saeculis fuit, Laerten\r\n lenientem desiderium, quod capiebat e filio, colentem agrum et eum\r\n stercorantem facit. Nec vero segetibus solum et pratis et vineis et\r\n arbustis res rusticae laetae sunt, sed hortis etiam et pomariis, tum\r\n pecudum pastu, apium examinibus, florum omnium varietate. Nec consitiones\r\n modo delectant, sed etiam insitiones, quibus nihil invenit agri cultura\r\n sollertius.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXVI. \u003ca id=\"Sect_55\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e Possum persequi\r\n permulta oblectamenta rerum rusticarum, sed ea ipsa quae dixi sentio\r\n fuisse longiora. Ignoscetis autem, nam et studio rerum rusticarum\r\n provectus sum, et senectus est natura loquacior, ne ab omnibus eam vitiis\r\n videar vindicare. Ergo in hac vita M\u0027. Curius, cum de Samnitibus, de\r\n Sabinis, de Pyrrho triumphavisset, consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis;\r\n cuius quidem ego villam contemplans, abest enim non longe a me, admirari\r\n satis non possum vel hominis ipsius continentiam vel temporum\r\n disciplinam. Curio ad focum sedenti magnum auri pondus Samnites cum\r\n attulissent, repudiati sunt; non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri\r\n dixit, sed eis qui haberent aurum imperare. \u003ca id=\"Sect_56\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e Poteratne tantus animus efficere non iucundam\r\n senectutem? Sed venio ad agricolas, ne a me ipso recedam. In agris erant\r\n tum senatores, id est senes, si quidem aranti L. Quinctio Cincinnato\r\n nuntiatum est eum dictatorem esse factum, cuius dictatoris \u003c!– Page 24\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_24\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 24]\u003c/span\u003e iussu\r\n magister equitum C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum appetentem\r\n occupatum interemit. A villa in senatum arcessebatur et Curius et ceteri\r\n senes, ex quo qui eos arcessebant viatores nominati sunt. Num igitur\r\n horum senectus miserabilis fuit, qui se agri cultione oblectabant? Mea\r\n quidem sententia haud scio an nulla beatior possit esse, neque solum\r\n officio, quod hominum generi universo cultura agrorum est salutaris, sed\r\n et delectatione quam dixi, et saturitate copiaque rerum omnium, quae ad\r\n victum hominum, ad cultum etiam deorum pertinent, ut, quoniam haec quidam\r\n desiderant, in gratiam iam cum voluptate redeamus. Semper enim boni\r\n assiduique domini referta cella vinaria, olearia, etiam penaria est,\r\n villaque tota locuples est, abundat porco haedo agno gallina, lacte caseo\r\n melle. Iam hortum ipsi agricolae succidiam alteram appellant. Conditiora\r\n facit haec supervacaneis etiam operis aucupium atque venatio. \u003ca id=\"Sect_57\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_57\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e57\u003c/a\u003e Quid de pratorum viriditate\r\n aut arborum ordinibus aut vinearum olivetorumve specie plura dicam? Brevi\r\n praecidam. Agro bene culto nihil potest esse nec usu uberius nec specie\r\n ornatius, ad quem fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiam invitat\r\n atque allectat senectus. Ubi enim potest illa aetas aut calescere vel\r\n apricatione melius vel igni, aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari\r\n salubrius? \u003ca id=\"Sect_58\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_58\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e58\u003c/a\u003e Sibi habeant\r\n igitur arma, sibi equos, sibi hastas, sibi clavam et pilam, sibi\r\n venationes atque cursus, nobis senibus ex lusionibus multis talos\r\n relinquant et tesseras; id ipsum ut lubebit, quoniam sine eis beata esse\r\n senectus potest.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXVII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_59\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e Multas ad res\r\n perutiles Xenophontis libri sunt, quos legite quaeso studiose, ut\r\n facitis. Quam \u003c!– Page 25 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_25\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 25]\u003c/span\u003e copiose ab eo agri cultura laudatur in\r\n eo libro, qui est de tuenda re familiari, qui Oeconomicus inscribitur!\r\n Atque ut intellegatis nihil ei tam regale videri quam studium agri\r\n colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobulo Cyrum minorem\r\n Persarum regem, praestantem ingenio atque imperi gloria, cum Lysander\r\n Lacedaemonius, vir summae virtutis, venisset ad eum Sardis eique dona a\r\n sociis attulisset, et ceteris in rebus communem erga Lysandrum atque\r\n humanum fuisse et ei quendam consaeptum agrum diligenter consitum\r\n ostendisse. Cum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates arborum et\r\n directos in quincuncem ordines et humum subactam atque puram et\r\n suavitatem odorum qui afflarentur ex floribus, tum eum dixisse mirari se\r\n non modo diligentiam sed etiam sollertiam eius a quo essent illa dimensa\r\n atque discripta; et Cyrum respondisse \u0027atqui ego ista sum omnia dimensus,\r\n mei sunt ordines, mea discriptio; multae etiam istarum arborum mea manu\r\n sunt satae.\u0027 Tum Lysandrum, intuentem purpuram eius et nitorem corporis\r\n ornatumque Persicum multo auro multisque gemmis, dixisse \u0027recte vero te,\r\n Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna coniuncta est!\u0027 \u003ca id=\"Sect_60\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_60\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e Hac igitur fortuna frui\r\n licet senibus, nec aetas impedit quo minus et ceterarum rerum et in\r\n primis agri colendi studia teneamus usque ad ultimum tempus senectutis.\r\n M. quidem Valerium Corvinum accepimus ad centesimum annum perduxisse, cum\r\n esset acta iam aetate in agris eosque coleret, cuius inter primum et\r\n sextum consulatum sex et quadraginta anni interfuerunt. Ita quantum\r\n spatium aetatis maiores ad senectutis initium esse voluerunt, tantus illi\r\n cursus honorum fuit; atque huius extrema aetas hoc beatior quam media,\r\n quod auctoritatis \u003c!– Page 26 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_26\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 26]\u003c/span\u003e habebat plus, laboris minus; apex est\r\n autem senectutis auctoritas. \u003ca id=\"Sect_61\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_61\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e Quanta fuit in L. Caecilio Metello, quanta in A.\r\n Atilio Calatino! In quem illud elogium:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ehunc unum plurimae consentiunt gentes\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003epopuli primarium fuisse virum.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eNotum est totum carmen incisum in sepulcro. Iure igitur gravis, cuius\r\n de laudibus omnium esset fama consentiens. Quem virum nuper P. Crassum,\r\n pontificem maximum, quem postea M. Lepidum eodem sacerdotio praeditum\r\n vidimus! Quid de Paulo aut Africano loquar, aut, ut iam ante, de Maximo?\r\n Quorum non in sententia solum, sed etiam in nutu residebat auctoritas.\r\n Habet senectus, honorata praesertim, tantam auctoritatem, ut ea pluris\r\n sit quam omnes adulescentiae voluptates.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXVIII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_62\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e62\u003c/a\u003e Sed in omni\r\n oratione mementote eam me senectutem laudare, quae fundamentis\r\n adulescentiae constituta sit. Ex quo efficitur id, quod ego magno quondam\r\n cum assensu omnium dixi, miseram esse senectutem quae se oratione\r\n defenderet. Non cani nec rugae repente auctoritatem arripere possunt, sed\r\n honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. \u003ca id=\"Sect_63\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_63\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e63\u003c/a\u003e Haec enim ipsa sunt\r\n honorabilia, quae videntur levia atque communia, salutari appeti decedi\r\n assurgi deduci reduci consuli, quae et apud nos et in aliis civitatibus,\r\n ut quaeque optime morata est, ita diligentissime observantur. Lysandrum\r\n Lacedaemonium, cuius modo feci mentionem, dicere aiunt solitum\r\n Lacedaemonem esse honestissimum domicilium senectutis; nusquam enim\r\n tantum tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior. Quin etiam\r\n memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis ludis quidam in theatrum grandis natu\r\n venisset, magno \u003c!– Page 27 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_27\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 27]\u003c/span\u003e consessu locum nusquam ei datum a suis\r\n civibus, cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati cum essent\r\n certo in loco considerant, consurrexisse omnes illi dicuntur et senem\r\n sessum recepisse; \u003ca id=\"Sect_64\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e quibus\r\n cum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex eis\r\n quendam Atheniensis scire quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. Multa in\r\n nostro collegio praeclara, sed hoc de quo agimus, in primis, quod, ut\r\n quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet, neque solum\r\n honore antecedentibus, sed eis etiam, qui cum imperio sunt, maiores natu\r\n augures anteponuntur. Quae sunt igitur voluptates corporis cum\r\n auctoritatis praemiis comparandae? Quibus qui splendide usi sunt, ei mihi\r\n videntur fabulam aetatis peregisse nec tamquam inexercitati histriones in\r\n extremo actu corruisse.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_65\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_65\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e65\u003c/a\u003e At sunt morosi et\r\n anxii et iracundi et difficiles senes. Si quaerimus, etiam avari; sed\r\n haec morum vitia sunt, non senectutis. Ac morositas tamen et ea vitia,\r\n quae dixi, habent aliquid excusationis, non illius quidem iustae, sed\r\n quae probari posse videatur: contemni se putant, despici, illudi;\r\n praeterea in fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est; quae tamen omnia\r\n dulciora fiunt et moribus bonis et artibus, idque cum in vita tum in\r\n scaena intellegi potest ex eis fratribus qui in Adelphis sunt. Quanta in\r\n altero diritas, in altero comitas! Sic se res habet: ut enim non omne\r\n vinum, sic non omnis natura vetustate coacescit. Severitatem in senectute\r\n probo, sed eam, sicut alia, modicam; acerbitatem nullo modo; \u003ca id=\"Sect_66\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_66\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e66\u003c/a\u003e avaritia vero senilis quid\r\n sibi velit, non intellego. Potest enim quicquam esse absurdius quam, quo\r\n viae minus restet, eo plus viatici quaerere?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXIX. Quarta restat causa, quae maxime angere atque \u003c!– Page 28\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_28\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 28]\u003c/span\u003e sollicitam\r\n habere nostram aetatem videtur, appropinquatio mortis, quae certe a\r\n senectute non potest esse longe. O miserum senem, qui mortem contemnendam\r\n esse in tam longa aetate non viderit! Quae aut plane neglegenda est, si\r\n omnino exstinguit animum, aut etiam optanda, si aliquo eum deducit ubi\r\n sit futurus aeternus. Atqui tertium certe nihil inveniri potest. \u003ca id=\"Sect_67\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e Quid igitur timeam, si aut\r\n non miser post mortem, aut beatus etiam futurus sum? Quamquam quis est\r\n tam stultus, quamvis sit adulescens, cui sit exploratum se ad vesperum\r\n esse victurum? Quin etiam aetas illa multo pluris quam nostra casus\r\n mortis habet: facilius in morbos incidunt adulescentes, gravius\r\n aegrotant, tristius curantur. Itaque pauci veniunt ad senectutem; quod ni\r\n ita accideret, melius et prudentius viveretur. Mens enim et ratio et\r\n consilium in senibus est, qui si nulli fuissent, nullae omnino civitates\r\n fuissent. Sed redeo ad mortem impendentem. Quod est istud crimen\r\n senectutis, cum id ei videatis cum adulescentia esse commune? \u003ca id=\"Sect_68\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_68\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e68\u003c/a\u003e Sensi ego in optimo filio,\r\n tu in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitatem fratribus, Scipio, mortem\r\n omni aetati esse communem. At sperat adulescens diu se victurum, quod\r\n sperare idem senex non potest. Insipienter sperat; quid enim stultius\r\n quam incerta pro certis habere, falsa pro veris? At senex ne quod speret\r\n quidem habet. At est eo meliore condicione quam adulescens, quoniam id\r\n quod ille sperat hic consecutus est: ille volt diu vivere, hic diu vixit.\r\n \u003ca id=\"Sect_69\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e Quamquam, o di boni, quid\r\n est in hominis natura diu? Da enim supremum tempus, exspectemus\r\n Tartessiorum regis aetatem: fuit enim, ut scriptum video, Arganthonius\r\n quidam Gadibus, qui octoginta regnaverat annos, centum viginti\r\n vixerat.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c!– Page 29 –\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_29\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 29]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSed mihi ne diuturnum quidem quicquam videtur, in quo est aliquid\r\n extremum; cum enim id advenit, tum illud quod praeteriit, effluxit;\r\n tantum remanet, quod virtute et recte factis consecutus sis. Horae quidem\r\n cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nec praeteritum tempus umquam\r\n revertitur nec quid sequatur sciri potest. Quod cuique temporis ad\r\n vivendum datur, eo debet esse contentus. \u003ca id=\"Sect_70\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e Neque enim histrioni, ut placeat, peragenda fabula\r\n est, modo in quocunque fuerit actu probetur; neque sapientibus usque ad\r\n \u0027plaudite\u0027 veniendum est, breve enim tempus aetatis satis longum est ad\r\n bene honesteque vivendum; sin processerit longius, non magis dolendum\r\n est, quam agricolae dolent praeterita verni temporis suavitate aestatem\r\n autumnumque venisse. Ver enim tamquam adulescentia significat ostenditque\r\n fructus futuros; reliqua autem tempora demetendis fructibus et\r\n percipiendis accommodata sunt. \u003ca id=\"Sect_71\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e Fructus autem senectutis est, ut saepe dixi, ante\r\n partorum bonorum memoria et copia. Omnia autem, quae secundum naturam\r\n fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis; quid est autem tam secundum naturam quam\r\n senibus emori? Quod idem contingit adulescentibus adversante et\r\n repugnante natura. Itaque adulescentes mihi mori sic videntur, ut cum\r\n aquae multitudine flammae vis opprimitur, senes autem sic, ut cum sua\r\n sponte, nulla adhibita vi, consumptus ignis exstinguitur, et quasi poma\r\n ex arboribus, cruda si sunt, vix evelluntur, si matura et cocta,\r\n decidunt, sic vitam adulescentibus vis aufert, senibus maturitas; quae\r\n quidem mihi tam iucunda est, ut, quo propius ad mortem accedam, quasi\r\n terram videre videar aliquandoque in portum ex longa navigatione esse\r\n venturus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXX. \u003ca id=\"Sect_72\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e72\u003c/a\u003e Senectutis autem\r\n nullus est certus terminus, \u003c!– Page 30 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_30\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 30]\u003c/span\u003e recteque in ea vivitur, quoad munus\r\n offici exsequi et tueri possit mortemque contemnere, ex quo fit ut\r\n animosior etiam senectus sit quam adulescentia et fortior. Hoc illud est,\r\n quod Pisistrato tyranno a Solone responsum est, cum illi quaerenti qua\r\n tandem re fretus sibi tam audaciter obsisteret respondisse dicitur\r\n \u0027senectute.\u0027 Sed vivendi est finis optimus, cum integra mente certisque\r\n sensibus opus ipsa suum eadem quae coagmentavit natura dissolvit. Ut\r\n navem, ut aedificium idem destruit facillime qui construxit, sic hominem\r\n eadem optime quae conglutinavit natura dissolvit. Iam omnis conglutinatio\r\n recens aegre, inveterata facile divellitur. Ita fit ut illud breve vitae\r\n reliquum nec avide appetendum senibus nec sine causa deserendum sit;\r\n vetatque Pythagoras iniussu imperatoris, id est dei, de praesidio et\r\n statione vitae decedere. \u003ca id=\"Sect_73\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_73\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e73\u003c/a\u003e\r\n Solonis quidem sapientis est elogium, quo se negat velle suam mortem\r\n dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare. Volt, credo, se esse carum suis. Sed\r\n haud scio an melius Ennius:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003enemo me lacrumis decoret, neque funera fletu\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003efaxit\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_74\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e Non censet lugendam\r\n esse mortem, quam immortalitas consequatur. Iam sensus moriendi aliquis\r\n esse potest, isque ad exiguum tempus, praesertim seni: post mortem quidem\r\n sensus aut optandus aut nullus est. Sed hoc meditatum ab adulescentia\r\n debet esse, mortem ut neglegamus; sine qua meditatione tranquillo animo\r\n esse nemo potest. Moriendum enim certe est, et incertum an hoc ipso die.\r\n Mortem igitur omnibus horis impendentem timens qui poterit animo\r\n consistere? \u003ca id=\"Sect_75\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e De qua non\r\n ita longa disputatione opus esse videtur, cum recorder \u003c!– Page 31\r\n –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_31\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 31]\u003c/span\u003e non L.\r\n Brutum, qui in liberanda patria est interfectus, non duos Decios, qui ad\r\n voluntariam mortem cursum equorum incitaverunt, non M. Atilium, qui ad\r\n supplicium est profectus ut fidem hosti datam conservaret non duos\r\n Scipiones, qui iter Poenis vel corporibus suis obstruere voluerunt, non\r\n avum tuum L. Paulum, qui morte luit collegae in Cannensi ignominia\r\n temeritatem, non M. Marcellum, cuius interitum ne crudelissimus quidem\r\n hostis honore sepulturae carere passus est, sed legiones nostras, quod\r\n scripsi in Originibus, in eum locum saepe profectas alacri animo et\r\n erecto, unde se redituras numquam arbitrarentur. Quod igitur\r\n adulescentes, et ei quidem non solum indocti sed etiam rustici\r\n contemnunt, id docti senes extimescent? \u003ca id=\"Sect_76\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_76\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e76\u003c/a\u003e Omnino, ut mihi quidem videtur, rerum omnium\r\n satietas vitae facit satietatem. Sunt pueritiae studia certa: num igitur\r\n ea desiderant adulescentes? Sunt ineuntis adulescentiae: num ea constans\r\n iam requirit aetas, quae media dicitur? Sunt etiam eius aetatis: ne ea\r\n quidem quaeruntur in senectute. Sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis:\r\n ergo, ut superiorum aetatum studia occidunt, sic occidunt etiam\r\n senectutis; quod cum evenit, satietas vitae tempus maturum mortis\r\n affert.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXXI. \u003ca id=\"Sect_77\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e Non enim video,\r\n cur, quid ipse sentiam de morte, non audeam vobis dicere, quod eo cernere\r\n mihi melius videor, quo ab ea propius absum. Ego vestros patres, P.\r\n Scipio tuque, C. Laeli, viros clarissimos mihique amicissimos, vivere\r\n arbitror et eam quidem vitam, quae est sola vita nominanda. Nam dum sumus\r\n inclusi in his compagibus corporis, munere quodam necessitatis et gravi\r\n opere perfungimur; est enim animus caelestis ex altissimo domicilio\r\n depressus et quasi demersus \u003c!– Page 32 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_32\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 32]\u003c/span\u003e in terram, locum divinae naturae\r\n eternitatique contrarium. Sed credo deos immortalis sparsisse animos in\r\n corpora humana, ut essent qui terras tuerentur quique caelestium ordinem\r\n contemplantes imitarentur eum vitae modo atque constantia. Nec me solum\r\n ratio ac disputatio impulit ut ita crederem, sed nobilitas etiam summorum\r\n philosophorum et auctoritas.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_78\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e Audiebam Pythagoran\r\n Pythagoriosque, incolas paene nostros, qui essent Italici philosophi\r\n quondam nominati numquam dubitasse quin ex universa mente divina\r\n delibatos animos haberemus. Demonstrabantur mihi praeterea quae Socrates\r\n supremo vitae die de immortalitate animorum disseruisset, is qui esset\r\n omnium sapientissimus oraculo Apollinis iudicatus. Quid multa? Sic mihi\r\n persuasi, sic sentio, cum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria\r\n praeteritorum futurorumque prudentia, tot artes tantae scientiae, tot\r\n inventa, non posse eam naturam, quae res eas contineat, esse mortalem;\r\n cumque semper agitetur animus nec principium motus habeat, quia se ipse\r\n moveat, ne finem quidem habiturum esse motus, quia numquam se ipse sit\r\n relicturus; et cum simplex animi natura esset neque haberet in se\r\n quicquam admixtum dispar sui atque dissimile, non posse eum dividi, quod\r\n si non posset, non posse interire; magnoque esse argumento homines scire\r\n pleraque ante quam nati sint, quod iam pueri, cum artis difficilis\r\n discant, ita celeriter res innumerabilis arripiant, ut eas non tum primum\r\n accipere videantur, sed reminisci et recordari. Haec Platonis fere. XXII.\r\n \u003ca id=\"Sect_79\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_79\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e79\u003c/a\u003e Apud Xenophontem autem\r\n moriens Cyrus maior haec dicit: \u0027nolite arbitrari, o mihi carissimi\r\n filii, me, cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nec enim, dum\r\n eram vobiscum, animum \u003c!– Page 33 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_33\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 33]\u003c/span\u003e meum videbatis, sed eum esse in hoc\r\n corpora ex eis rebus quas gerebam intellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse\r\n creditote, etiam si nullum videbitis. \u003ca id=\"Sect_80\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_80\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e80\u003c/a\u003e Nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores\r\n permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent, quo diutius\r\n memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi quidem numquam persuaderi potuit animos dum\r\n in corporibus essent mortalibus vivere, cum excessissent ex eis emori;\r\n nec vero tum animum esse insipientem cum ex insipienti corpore evasisset,\r\n sed cum omni admixtione corporis liberatus purus et integer esse\r\n coepisset, tum esse sapientem. Atque etiam, cum hominis natura morte\r\n dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum est quo quaeque discedat, abeunt\r\n enim illuc omnia, unde orta sunt; animus autem solus nec cum adest nec\r\n cum discessit apparet. Iam vero videtis nihil esse morti tam simile quam\r\n somnum. \u003ca id=\"Sect_81\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_81\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e81\u003c/a\u003e Atqui dormientium\r\n animi maxime declarant divinitatem suam; multa enim, cum remissi et\r\n liberi sunt, futura prospiciunt; ex quo intellegitur quales futuri sint,\r\n cum se plane corporis vinculis relaxaverint. Qua re, si haec ita sunt,\r\n sic me colitote,\u0027 inquit, \u0027ut deum, sin una est interiturus animus cum\r\n corpore, vos tamen, deos verentes, qui hanc omnem pulchritudinem tuentur\r\n et regunt, memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis.\u0027\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eXXIII. \u003ca id=\"Sect_82\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e Cyrus quidem\r\n haec moriens; nos, si placet, nostra videamus. Nemo umquam mihi, Scipio,\r\n persuadebit aut patrem tuum Paulum, aut duos avos Paulum et Africanum,\r\n aut Africani patrem aut patruum, aut multos praestantis viros, quos\r\n enumerare non est necesse, tanta esse conatos quae ad posteritatis\r\n memoriam pertinerent, nisi animo cernerent posteritatem ad ipsos\r\n pertinere. Anne censes, ut de me ipse aliquid more \u003c!– Page 34 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_34\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 34]\u003c/span\u003e senum glorier, me\r\n tantos labores diurnos nocturnosque domi militiaeque suscepturum fuisse,\r\n si isdem finibus gloriam meam quibus vitam essem terminaturus? Nonne\r\n melius multo fuisset otiosam et quietam aetatem sine ullo labore et\r\n contentione traducere? Sed nescio quo modo animus erigens se posteritatem\r\n ita semper prospiciebat, quasi, cum excessisset e vita, tum denique\r\n victurus esset. Quod quidem ni ita se haberet ut animi immortales essent,\r\n haud optimi cuiusque animus maxime ad immortalitatis gloriam niteretur.\r\n \u003ca id=\"Sect_83\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_83\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e83\u003c/a\u003e Quid quod sapientissimus\r\n quisque aequissimo animo moritur, stultissimus iniquissimo, nonne vobis\r\n videtur is animus, qui plus cernat et longius, videre se ad meliora\r\n proficisci, ille autem, cuius obtusior sit acies, non videre? Equidem\r\n efferor studio patres vestros quos colui et dilexi videndi, neque vero\r\n eos solum convenire aveo, quos ipse cognovi, sed illos etiam, de quibus\r\n audivi et legi et ipse conscripsi; quo quidem me proficiscentem haud sane\r\n quid facile retraxerit, nec tamquam Pelian recoxerit. Et si quis deus\r\n mihi largiatur ut ex hac aetate repuerascam et in cunis vagiam, valde\r\n recusem, nec vero velim quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce\r\n revocari. \u003ca id=\"Sect_84\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_84\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e84\u003c/a\u003e Quid habet enim\r\n vita commodi? Quid non potius laboris? Sed habeat sane; habet certe tamen\r\n aut satietatem aut modum. Non libet enim mihi deplorare vitam, quod multi\r\n et ei docti saepe fecerunt, neque me vixisse paenitet, quoniam ita vixi,\r\n ut non frustra me natum existimem, et ex vita ita discedo tamquam ex\r\n hospitio, non tamquam e domo; commorandi enim natura divorsorium nobis,\r\n non habitandi dedit. O praeclarum diem cum in illud divinum animorum\r\n concilium coetumque proficiscar cumque ex hac turba et colluvione\r\n discedam! Proficiscar \u003c!– Page 35 –\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pagenum\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Page_35\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e[pg 35]\u003c/span\u003e enim non ad eos solum viros, de quibus\r\n ante dixi, verum etiam ad Catonem meum, quo nemo vir melior natus est,\r\n nemo pietate praestantior, cuius a me corpus est crematum, quod contra\r\n decuit ab illo meum, animus vero non me deserens sed respectans, in ea\r\n profecto loca discessit quo mihi ipsi cernebat esse veniendum. Quem ego\r\n meum casum fortiter ferre visus sum, non quo aequo animo ferrem, sed me\r\n ipse consolabar existimans non longinquum inter nos digressum et\r\n discessum fore.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"Sect_85\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Snot_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e His mihi rebus,\r\n Scipio, id enim te cum Laelio admirari solere dixisti, levis est\r\n senectus, nec solum non molesta, sed etiam iucunda. Quod si in hoc erro,\r\n qui animos hominum immortalis esse credam, libenter erro nec mihi hunc\r\n errorem, quo delector, dum vivo, extorqueri volo; sin mortuus, ut quidam\r\n minuti philosophi censent, nihil sentiam, non vereor ne hunc errorem meum\r\n philosophi mortui irrideant. Quod si non sumus immortales futuri, tamen\r\n exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est. Nam habet natura, ut aliarum\r\n omnium rerum, sic vivendi modum. Senectus autem aetatis est peractio\r\n tamquam fabulae, cuius defetigationem fugere debemus, praesertim adiuncta\r\n satietate.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHaec habui de senectute quae dicerem, ad quam utinam veniatis, ut ea,\r\n quae ex me audistis, re experti probare possitis!\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003ch2\u003eNOTES TO CATO MAIOR.\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eCATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE (CATO THE ELDER ON OLD AGE). CATO MAIOR was\r\n probably intended by Cicero as the principal title. He twice gives the\r\n work this name, in Laelius 4 and Att. 14, 21, 1. In the former passage he\r\n adds the descriptive words, addressed to Atticus, \u003ci\u003equi est scriptus ad\r\n te de senectute.\u003c/i\u003e In a third notice, De Div. 2, 3, he gives the\r\n description without the title, \u003ci\u003eliber is quem ad nostrum Atticum de\r\n senectute misimus.\u003c/i\u003e It is likely that Cicero intended the essay to be\r\n known as the CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE, the full title corresponding with\r\n LAELIUS DE AMICITIA. The word \u003ci\u003emaior\u003c/i\u003e was necessary to distinguish\r\n the book from Cicero\u0027s eulogy of the younger Cato (Uticensis), which\r\n seems to have gone by the name of CATO simply.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1.\u003c/a\u003e O Tite\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the lines are a quotation from the\r\n \u003ci\u003eAnnales\u003c/i\u003e of Q. Ennius (born at Rudiae in Calabria 239 B.C., died\r\n 169), an epic poem in hexameter verse, the first great Latin poem in that\r\n metre, celebrating the achievements of the Roman nation from the time of\r\n Aeneas to the poet\u0027s own days. The incident alluded to in Ennius\u0027 verses\r\n is evidently the same as that narrated by Livy 32, cc. 9, 10. Titus\r\n Quinctius Flamininus, who commanded in 198 B.C. the Roman army opposed to\r\n Philip of Macedon, found the king strongly posted on the mountains\r\n between Epirus and Thessaly. For forty days Flamininus lingered, hoping\r\n to find some path which would give him access to the enemy\u0027s quarters. A\r\n shepherd who knew every nook of the mountains came before the general,\r\n and promised to lead the Roman soldiers to the ground above Philip\u0027s\r\n camp. This was done, and Flamininus drove the Macedonians into\r\n Thessaly. It is the shepherd who in the first line addresses Flamininus\r\n by his first name Titus. Cicero here cleverly applies the lines to his\r\n life-long friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. He several times takes the two\r\n words \u003ci\u003e\u0027O Tite\u0027\u003c/i\u003e to designate the whole treatise; cf. Att. 16, 11, 3\r\n \u003ci\u003e\u0027O Tite\u0027 tibi prodesse laetor\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equid\u003c/b\u003e: accusative of\r\n respect or extent; so \u003ci\u003enihil\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e,\r\n \u003ci\u003ealiquid\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e. A.\u003ca id=\"NtA_56\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Nt_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[56]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 240, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 331, 3; H. 378, 2.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eadiŭero\u003c/b\u003e: for \u003ci\u003eadiūvero,\u003c/i\u003e the long vowel\r\n having become short after the falling out of the \u003ci\u003ev\u003c/i\u003e between the two\r\n vowels. Catullus 66, 18 has \u003ci\u003eiŭerint\u003c/i\u003e at the end of a\r\n pentameter verse, and the same scanning is found in Plautus and Terence.\r\n A. 128, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 151, 1; H. 235. — \u003cb\u003elevasso\u003c/b\u003e: a form of\r\n \u003ci\u003elevavero,\u003c/i\u003e which was originally \u003ci\u003elevaveso\u003c/i\u003e. For the formation\r\n of this class of future-perfects see Peile, \u003ci\u003eIntroduction to Greek and\r\n Latin Etymology,\u003c/i\u003e p. 295, ed. 3; also Roby, \u003ci\u003eGram.\u003c/i\u003e 1, p. 199,\r\n who has a list of examples; he supports a different view from that given\r\n above; cf. A. 128, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e, 3; G. 191, 5; H. 240, 4. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecoquit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027vexes.\u0027 This metaphorical use of \u003ci\u003ecoquere\u003c/i\u003e occurs in\r\n poetry and late prose; cf. Plaut. Trin. 225 \u003ci\u003eegomet me coquo et macero\r\n et defetigo\u003c/i\u003e; Verg. Aen. 7, 345 \u003ci\u003equam … femineae ardentem curaeque\r\n iraeque coquebant\u003c/i\u003e; Quint. 12, 10, 77 \u003ci\u003esollititudo oratorem macerat\r\n et coquit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eversāt\u003c/b\u003e: we have here the original\r\n quantity of the vowel preserved, as in \u003ci\u003eponebāt\u003c/i\u003e below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e; the \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ci\u003eversat\u003c/i\u003e was originally as\r\n long as the \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ci\u003eversās\u003c/i\u003e. Plautus has some parallels to\r\n this scanning (see Corssen, Aussprache 11², 488), but it is rarely\r\n imitated by poets of the best period. Horace, however, has\r\n \u003ci\u003earāt\u003c/i\u003e, Odes 3, 16, 26. A. 375, \u003ci\u003eg\u003c/i\u003e, 5; H. 580, III n. 2.\r\n — \u003cb\u003epraemi\u003c/b\u003e: the genitive in \u003ci\u003eĭ-ī\u003c/i\u003e from nouns in\r\n \u003ci\u003eium\u003c/i\u003e only began to come into use at the end of the Republic. A. 40,\r\n \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 29, Rem. 1; H. 51, 5. — \u003cb\u003eisdem\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero may have\r\n written \u003ci\u003eisdem\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eeisdem\u003c/i\u003e (two syllables), but he probably\r\n did not write the form most commonly found in our texts, \u003ci\u003eiisdem.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n H. p. 74, foot-note 2. — \u003cb\u003eFlamininum\u003c/b\u003e: T. Quinctius\r\n Flaminīnus first served against Hannibal during the Second Punic\r\n War. He was present at the capture of Tarentum in 209 B. c., and in 208\r\n was military tribune under Marcellus. After being employed on minor\r\n business of state, he became quaestor in 199, and, immediately after his\r\n year of office, consul, passing over the aedileship and praetorship, and\r\n attaining the consulship at the extraordinarily early age of 30. In 197\r\n he won the victory of Cynoscephalae over the\r\n Macedonians, which ended the war. At the Isthmian games in the spring of\r\n 196 Flamininus made his famous proclamation of freedom to all the Greeks.\r\n He returned to Rome in 194 to enjoy a splendid triumph. For the rest of\r\n his life was employed chiefly on diplomatic business concerning Greece\r\n and the East. One of his embassies was to Prusias, king of Bithynia, call\r\n on him to surrender Hannibal, who was living at his court in advanced old\r\n age; this led to Hannibal\u0027s suicide. Flamininus was censor in 189 (see\r\n below, 42), and lived on till some time after 167, in which year he\r\n became augur; but the date of his death is unknown. He was a man of\r\n brilliant ability both as general and as diplomat, and also possessed\r\n much culture and was a great admirer of Greek literature. — \u003cb\u003eille\r\n vir\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the shepherd mentioned in n. on line 1. Livy\r\n 32, II, 4 says that Flamininus sent to the master of the shepherd,\r\n Charopus, an Epirote prince, to ask how far he might be trusted. Charopus\r\n replied that Flamininus might trust him, but had better keep a close\r\n watch on the operations himself. — \u003cb\u003ehaud magna cum re\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027of no\r\n great property\u0027; \u003ci\u003ere\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003ere familiari\u003c/i\u003e, as is often the case\r\n elsewhere in both verse and prose. Cf. pro Caelio 78 \u003ci\u003ehominem sine re.\r\n Cum\u003c/i\u003e is literally \u0027attended by\u0027; it is almost superfluous here, since\r\n \u003ci\u003evir haud magna re\u003c/i\u003e would have had just the same meaning. Madvig,\r\n Gram. § 258 has similar examples. — \u003cb\u003eplenus\u003c/b\u003e: final \u003ci\u003es\u003c/i\u003e\r\n was so lightly pronounced that the older poets felt justified in\r\n neglecting it in their scanning. It was probably scarcely pronounced at\r\n all by the less educated Romans, since it is often wholly omitted in\r\n inscriptions, and has been lost in modern Italian. Cicero, Orator 161,\r\n says that the neglect to pronounce final \u003ci\u003es\u003c/i\u003e is \u0027somewhat boorish\u0027\r\n (\u003ci\u003esubrusticum\u003c/i\u003e), though formerly thought \u0027very refined\u0027\r\n (\u003ci\u003epolitius\u003c/i\u003e). Even Lucretius sometimes disregards it in his\r\n scanning. In the ordinary literary Latin a large number of words has lost\r\n an original \u003ci\u003es\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e all the nouns of the \u003ci\u003e-a\u003c/i\u003e\r\n declension. A. 375, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 722; H. 608, 1, n. 3. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efidēi\u003c/b\u003e: this form of the genitive of \u003ci\u003efides\u003c/i\u003e is found\r\n also in Plautus, Aulularia 575, and Lucretius 5, 102. \u003ci\u003eFidĕi\u003c/i\u003e\r\n as genitive seems only to occur in late poets, but as dative it is found\r\n in a fragment of Ennius. \u003ci\u003eFidē\u003c/i\u003e as genitive occurs in Horace\r\n and Ovid. H. 585, III. 1; Roby, 357, (c). — \u003cb\u003equamquam\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 2\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eetsi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esollicitari\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n Cicero probably has not quoted the line as Ennius wrote it. The word\r\n \u003ci\u003esic\u003c/i\u003e, at least, is evidently inserted on purpose to correspond with\r\n \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e before \u003ci\u003eFlamininum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enoctesque diesque\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n use of \u003ci\u003eque … que\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003eet … et\u003c/i\u003e is almost entirely\r\n poetical, Sallust being the only prose writer of the best period in whose\r\n works the usage is beyond doubt. \u003ci\u003eNoctes\u003c/i\u003e is put before \u003ci\u003edies\u003c/i\u003e\r\n here, as in \u003ci\u003enoctes diesque\u003c/i\u003e (Verr. 5, 112), \u003ci\u003enoctes et dies\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (Brut. 308 \u003ci\u003eetc.\u003c/i\u003e), \u003ci\u003enodes ac dies\u003c/i\u003e (Arch. 29); cf. also Verg.\r\n Aen. 6, 127; and \u003cspan title=\"nuktas te kai êmar\" lang=\"el\"\u003eνυκτας τε\r\n και ημαρ\u003c/span\u003e in Iliad 5,\r\n 490; but the collocations \u003ci\u003edies noctesque\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003edies et noctes\u003c/i\u003e\r\n are far commoner in Cicero. Madvig (Emend. Liv. p. 487 n., ed 2) says that\r\n in writers of Livy\u0027s time and earlier, when an action is mentioned which\r\n continues throughout a number of days and nights, either \u003ci\u003edies et\r\n noctes\u003c/i\u003e and the like phrases are used, or \u003ci\u003edie et nocte\u003c/i\u003e and the\r\n like, but not \u003ci\u003ediem noctemque\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003ediem et noctem,\u003c/i\u003e which\r\n expression, he says, would imply that the action continued only\r\n throughout \u003ci\u003eone\u003c/i\u003e day and \u003ci\u003eone\u003c/i\u003e night. But Madvig has overlooked\r\n De Or. 2, 162 \u003ci\u003eeandem incu dem diem noctemque tundentibus;\u003c/i\u003e also\r\n three passages of Caesar: viz. Bell. Gall. 7, 42, 6 and 7, 77, 11; Bell.\r\n Civ. 1, 62, 1; to which add a passage in the Bell. Hisp. 38. Though\r\n \u003ci\u003ediem noctemque\u003c/i\u003e does often mean \u0027throughout \u003ci\u003eone\u003c/i\u003e day and\r\n \u003ci\u003eone\u003c/i\u003e night\u0027 (as \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e in Nep. Them. 8, 7), yet it would seem\r\n that the other sense cannot be excluded. — \u003cb\u003emoderationem …\r\n aequitatem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the self-control and even balance of your mind\u0027.\r\n \u003ci\u003eModeratio\u003c/i\u003e is in Cic. a common translation of\r\n \u003cspan title=\"sôphrosynê\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσωφροσυνη\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n \u003ci\u003eAequitas\u003c/i\u003e is not used here in its commonest sense of\r\n \u0027reasonableness\u0027 or \u0027equity\u0027, but as the noun corresponding to\r\n \u003ci\u003eaequus\u003c/i\u003e in the ordinary phrase \u003ci\u003eaequus animus\u003c/i\u003e (Horace,\r\n \u0027\u003ci\u003eaequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem\u003c/i\u003e\u0027), cf. Tusc. 1, 97\r\n \u003ci\u003ehanc maximi animi aequitatem in ipsa morte.\u003c/i\u003e said of Theramenes\u0027\r\n undisturbed composure before his execution. — \u003cb\u003eanimi tui\u003c/b\u003e: for\r\n the position of these words between \u003ci\u003emoderationem\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003eaequitatem\u003c/i\u003e, to both of which nouns they refer (a form of speech\r\n called by the Latin grammarians \u003ci\u003econiunctio\u003c/i\u003e), see note on Laelius 8\r\n \u003ci\u003ecum summi viri tum amicissimi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecognomen\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the name \u003ci\u003eAtticus\u003c/i\u003e, which Cicero\u0027s friend did not\r\n inherit, but adopted. For the word \u003ci\u003ecognomen\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edeportasse\u003c/b\u003e: it should be noted\r\n that the verb \u003ci\u003edeportare\u003c/i\u003e is nearly always in the best writers used\r\n of bringing things from the provinces to Italy or Rome, and not \u003ci\u003evice\r\n versa\u003c/i\u003e, the Romans using \u0027down\u0027 (\u003ci\u003ede\u003c/i\u003e) of motion towards the\r\n capital. \u003ci\u003eItalia deportare\u003c/i\u003e occurs in Tacitus and late writers, but\r\n only in the sense of banishing a person (cf. Ann 14, 45). So \u003ci\u003edecedere\r\n de provincia\u003c/i\u003e is common, but not \u003ci\u003eRoma decedere\u003c/i\u003e. As to the form\r\n \u003ci\u003edeportasse\u003c/i\u003e, it may be remarked that Cic. in the vast majority of\r\n instances uses the contracted and not the full forms of the infinitives\r\n corresponding to perfects in -\u003ci\u003eavi\u003c/i\u003e. So \u003ci\u003eputassent\u003c/i\u003e in 4. An\r\n extensive collection of examples of this and similar contractions may be\r\n found in Frohwein, Die Perfectbildungen auf -vi bei Cicero; Gera, 1874.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ehumanitatem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027culture\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e learning resulting\r\n in gentleness and refinement of character. — \u003cb\u003eprudentiam\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003cspan title=\"phronêsin\" lang=\"el\"\u003eφρονησιν\u003c/span\u003e or practical wisdom.\r\n Corn. Nepos (or his imitator) in his life of Atticus 17, 3 says of him\r\n \u003ci\u003eprincipum philosophorum ita percepta habuit praecepta ut his ad vitam\r\n agendam non ad ostentationem uteretur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eisdem rebus\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the state of public affairs at the time, see \u003ca href=\"#Page_vi\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equibus me ipsum\u003c/b\u003e: strictly speaking the construction is inaccurate,\r\n since \u003ci\u003esuspicor commoveri\u003c/i\u003e must be supplied, and Cicero does not\r\n really mean to say that he merely \u003ci\u003econjectures\u003c/i\u003e himself to be\r\n seriously affected by the state of public affairs; \u003ci\u003eego ipse\r\n commoveor\u003c/i\u003e would have accurately expressed his meaning. The accusative\r\n is due to the attraction of \u003ci\u003ete\u003c/i\u003e above. — \u003cb\u003emaior\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003ci\u003edifficilior\u003c/i\u003e as often; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Lael. 29 \u003ci\u003equod maius est\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003evisum est mihi conscribere\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eplacuit mihi\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027I have\r\n determined to write\u0027. The best writers rarely use the impersonal\r\n \u003ci\u003evidetur etc.\u003c/i\u003e followed by an infinitive. When the usage occurs\r\n \u003ci\u003evidetur mihi etc.\u003c/i\u003e generally have the meaning (as here) of\r\n \u003cspan title=\"dokei moi k.t.l.\" lang=\"el\"\u003eδοκει μοι κ\r\n τ λ\u003c/span\u003e = \u0027I have made up my mind\u0027. Cf. Tusc. 5, 12 \u003ci\u003eNon\r\n mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 5, 22 (a\r\n curious passage) \u003ci\u003emihi enim non videbatur quisquam esse beatus posse\r\n cum esset in malis; in malis autem sapientem esse posse\u003c/i\u003e; Off 3, 71\r\n \u003ci\u003emalitia quae volt illa quidem videri se esse prudentiam\u003c/i\u003e (\u0027craft\r\n which desires that people should believe it to be wisdom\u0027); Liv. 1, 10, 7\r\n \u003ci\u003edis visum nec irritam conditoris templi vocem esse\u003c/i\u003e … (\u0027the gods\r\n decided that the word of the founder of the shrine should not remain of\r\n no effect\u0027). It would be difficult, if not impossible, to find a passage\r\n in a writer before silver Latin times where the best texts still exhibit\r\n anything like \u003ci\u003evidetur eum facere\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003eis videtur facere\u003c/i\u003e. H\r\n 534, 1, n. 1; Roby, 1353. — \u003cb\u003ealiquid ad te\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027some work\r\n dedicated to you\u0027; so below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e; cf. also Lael. 4\r\n \u003ci\u003eut de amicitia scriberem aliquid\u003c/i\u003e; ib. \u003ci\u003eCatone maiore qui est\r\n scriptus ad te de senectute\u003c/i\u003e; Div. 2, 3 \u003ci\u003eliber is quem ad nostrum\r\n Atticum de senectute misimus.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2.\u003c/a\u003e aut … aut\r\n certe\u003c/b\u003e: so often in Cic.; \u003ci\u003ecerte\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027at any rate\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esenectutis\u003c/b\u003e: at the time the words were written Cic. was 62 years\r\n old, Atticus three years older. For the meaning of \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003elevari volo\u003c/b\u003e: the best Latin\r\n writers frequently use the passive infinitive after verbs expressing\r\n desire, where moderns would incline to the active; here Cic. instead of\r\n saying \u0027I wish to relieve yourself and me of the\r\n burden\u0027 says \u0027I wish yourself and me to be relieved\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eetsi\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003cspan title=\"kaitoi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκαιτοι\u003c/span\u003e \u0027and yet\u0027.\r\n This use of \u003ci\u003eetsi\u003c/i\u003e to introduce a clause correcting the preceding\r\n clause, though not uncommon (\u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e below \u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e;\r\n Tusc. 1, 99; 3, 17; 4, 63; 5, 55), is far less common than that of\r\n \u003ci\u003equamquam\u003c/i\u003e, which we have in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ete\r\n quidem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027you at all events\u0027, \u0027you for one\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emodice ac\r\n sapienter\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003emodice\u003c/i\u003e recalls \u003ci\u003emoderationem\u003c/i\u003e above\r\n (\u003ci\u003emodice\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003emoderate\u003c/i\u003e are used with exactly the same sense\r\n by Cic.), while \u003ci\u003esapienter\u003c/i\u003e recalls \u003ci\u003eaequitatem\u003c/i\u003e, since\r\n \u003ci\u003esapientia\u003c/i\u003e produces stability and an even balance of the mind. In\r\n De Or. 1, 132 we have \u003ci\u003emodice et scienter\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esicut\r\n omnia\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Fin. 1, 7 \u003ci\u003efacete is quidem sicut alia\u003c/i\u003e; also below,\r\n 65 \u003ci\u003esicut alia\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eet ferre et laturum esse\u003c/b\u003e: Tischer\r\n rightly remarks that when a verb is repeated thus with a variation of\r\n tense Cic. very nearly always uses \u003ci\u003eet … et\u003c/i\u003e, and not a single\r\n \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e merely. The contrast between the two tenses is thus made more\r\n pointed. Cf. 3 \u003ci\u003eet diximus et dicemus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecerto scio\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n one of the best MSS., followed by some editors, has here \u003ci\u003ecerte\r\n scio\u003c/i\u003e. The latter phrase would mean \u0027I am sure that I know\u0027(a sense\r\n which seems out of place here); the former \u0027I have certain or sure\r\n knowledge\u0027. Observe that \u003ci\u003ecerte\u003c/i\u003e may be used with all verbs, while\r\n \u003ci\u003ecerto\u003c/i\u003e is only used with \u003ci\u003escire\u003c/i\u003e. A. 151, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esed\u003c/b\u003e: the idea implied is, \u0027but though I well know you do not need\r\n such consolation, I have yet resolved to address my book to you\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eoccurrebas dignus\u003c/b\u003e: a condensed construction for \u003ci\u003eoccurrebat te\r\n digmim esse\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e — munere … uteretur\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a gift\r\n such as we both might make use of in company\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emihi\r\n quidem\u003c/b\u003e: this forms a correction upon \u003ci\u003euterque nostrum\u003c/i\u003e above:\r\n \u0027whatever you may think of the work, \u003ci\u003eI at least\u003c/i\u003e have found the\r\n writing of it pleasant\u0027. — \u003cb\u003econfectio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027composition\u0027;\r\n \u0027completion\u0027; a word scarcely found in the classical Latin except in\r\n Cicero\u0027s writings. Cf. De Or. 2, 52 \u003ci\u003eannalium confectio;\u003c/i\u003e pro. Font.\r\n 3 \u003ci\u003econfectio tabularum\u003c/i\u003e (\u0027account-books\u0027). — \u003cb\u003efuit ut\r\n absterserit\u003c/b\u003e: the sequence of tenses \u003ci\u003efuit ut abstergeret\u003c/i\u003e would\r\n have been equally admissible, but the meaning would have been slightly\r\n different. With the perfect the sense is \u0027was so pleasant that it\r\n \u003ci\u003ehas\u003c/i\u003e wiped away\u0027; with the imperfect \u0027was so pleasant that it\r\n \u003ci\u003edid\u003c/i\u003e (while I was writing) wipe away\u0027. The metaphor in\r\n \u003ci\u003eabsterserit\u003c/i\u003e is common: \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Tusc. 3, 43 \u003ci\u003eluctum omnem\r\n absterseris\u003c/i\u003e. With this statement of Cicero\u0027s concerning the effect\r\n the work had on himself contrast Att. 14, 21, 3 \u003ci\u003elegendus mihi saepius\r\n est Cato maior ad te missus. Amariorem enim me senectus facit. Stomachor\r\n omnia\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eomnis\u003c/b\u003e: acc. pl. A. 55, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n G. 60, 1; H. 67. — \u003cb\u003eeffecerit mollem\u003c/b\u003e: so 56 \u003ci\u003epoteratne\r\n tantus animus efficere non iucundam senectutem\u003c/i\u003e; but 56 \u003ci\u003econditiora\r\n facit haec aucupium\u003ci\u003e. \u003c/i\u003eEfficio\u003c/i\u003e gives more emphatically than\r\n \u003ci\u003efacio\u003c/i\u003e the idea of the completion of the action. Cf. Lael. 73\r\n \u003ci\u003eefficere aliquem consulem\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027to carry through a man\u0027s election as\r\n consul\u0027; \u003ci\u003efacere aliquem consulem\u003c/i\u003e being merely \u0027to vote for a man\u0027s\r\n election to the consulship\u0027. — \u003cb\u003esatis digne\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027as she\r\n deserves\u0027, lit. \u0027in a sufficiently worthy manner.\u0027 Some editors have\r\n thought \u003ci\u003edigne\u003c/i\u003e superfluous and wished to cast it out but we have\r\n \u003ci\u003esatis digne\u003c/i\u003e elsewhere, as in Verr. Act. II. 1, 82; cf. also Sex.\r\n Rosc. 33 \u003ci\u003epro dignitate laudare satis commode\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equi\r\n pareat … degere\u003c/b\u003e: a conditional sentence of irregular form\r\n (\u003ci\u003equi\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003esiquis\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ci\u003ecui\u003c/i\u003e simply connective, = \u003ci\u003eet\r\n ei\u003c/i\u003e). Cf. Div. 1, 127 \u003ci\u003equi enim teneat causas rerum futurarum, idem\r\n necesse est omnia teneat quae futura sint\u003c/i\u003e; also the examples in\r\n Roby\u0027s Grammar, 1558. A. 310, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, 307, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 594, 1, 598; H.\r\n 507, II. and III. 2. Some, however, make \u003ci\u003epossit\u003c/i\u003e a subjunctive of\r\n characteristic or of cause with \u003ci\u003ecui\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003epareat\u003c/i\u003e a\r\n subjunctive by attraction. — \u003cb\u003eomne tempus aetatis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027every\r\n season of life\u0027; so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eextremum tempus\r\n aetatis\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ebreve tempus aetatis.\u003c/i\u003e The\r\n opposite phrase \u003ci\u003eaetas temporis\u003c/i\u003e is very rare; it occurs in\r\n Propertius 1, 4, 7.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3.\u003c/a\u003e ceteris\u003c/b\u003e: neuter\r\n adjective used as a noun, equivalent to \u003ci\u003eceteris rebus\u003c/i\u003e \u0027the other\r\n matters\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the political troubles hinted at above. The best\r\n writers do not often use the neuter adjective as noun in the\r\n \u003ci\u003eoblique\u003c/i\u003e cases unless there is something in the context to show the\r\n gender clearly, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ealiis … eis\r\n quae\u003c/i\u003e; we have, however, below in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ci\u003eisto\u003c/i\u003e\r\n = \u003ci\u003eista re\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e72\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ci\u003ereliquum\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ci\u003ecaelestium\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003ererum caelestium\u003c/i\u003e; and\r\n in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ci\u003epraeteritorum futurorumque\u003c/i\u003e; see\r\n other instances in n. on Lael. 50 \u003ci\u003esimilium\u003c/i\u003e. The proleptic or\r\n anticipatory use of \u003ci\u003eceteris\u003c/i\u003e should also be noticed; its sense is\r\n not fully seen till we come to \u003ci\u003ehunc librum\u003c/i\u003e; the same use occurs\r\n below in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_60\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e; so \u003ci\u003ealiis\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e; cf. also n. on Lael. 7 \u003ci\u003ereliqua\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ediximus … dicemus\u003c/b\u003e: when a clause or phrase consists of four\r\n parts, which go in pairs (as here \u003ci\u003ediximus\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003edicemus\u003c/i\u003e on one\r\n side, and \u003ci\u003emulta\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003esaepe\u003c/i\u003e on the other), the Latins frequently\r\n arrange the words so as to put one pair between the two members of the\r\n other pair, as here. This usage is called by grammarians \u003ci\u003echiasmus\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Thus if we denote the four parts by \u003ci\u003eAA\u0027 BB\u0027, chiasmus\u003c/i\u003e requires the\r\n order \u003ci\u003eABB\u0027A\u0027\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eBAA\u0027B\u0027\u003c/i\u003e. See examples in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e. For the more\r\n complicated forms of chiasmus consult Nägelsbach, Stil. §§ 167, 169. A.\r\n 344, \u003ci\u003ef\u003c/i\u003e; G. 684; H. 562. — \u003cb\u003elibrum … misimus\u003c/b\u003e: observe\r\n the omission of a particle at the beginning of the clause; the\r\n contrast between \u003ci\u003eceteris\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ehunc librum\u003c/i\u003e is made stronger\r\n by the omission. For this \u003ci\u003easyndeton adversativum\u003c/i\u003e see n. on Lael. 5\r\n \u003ci\u003eLaelium … putes\u003c/i\u003e. For tense of \u003ci\u003emisimus\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027I send\u0027 see A.\r\n 282; G. 244, H. 472, 1. — \u003cb\u003eomnem\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 62\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etribuimus\u003c/b\u003e: perfect tense like \u003ci\u003emisimus\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eTithono … Aristo\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Page_viii\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eCius\u003c/b\u003e: Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"Keios\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΚειος\u003c/span\u003e (a native of Ceos), not to\r\n be confused with \u003cspan title=\"Chios\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΧιος\u003c/span\u003e(a native of Chios),\r\n or \u003cspan title=\"Kôos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΚωος\u003c/span\u003e (a native of Cos). Cicero\r\n generally denotes the Greek diphthong \u003cspan title=\"ei\" lang=\"el\"\u003eει\u003c/span\u003e by \u003ci\u003ei\u003c/i\u003e\r\n not \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e. This Aristo was a Peripatetic. — \u003cb\u003eparum …\r\n auctoritatis\u003c/b\u003e: observe how often Cicero takes trouble to separate\r\n words which are, grammatically, closely connected. So above, \u003ci\u003eomnis …\r\n molestias\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003emultorum … senectutem\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003emirificos … fructus\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ecivium … nomina\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eminus … virium\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003emulto … fecundior\u003c/i\u003e; etc. etc. See also \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 15\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equam sit iusta\u003c/i\u003e. A. 344, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; H.\r\n 561, III. — \u003cb\u003eesset\u003c/b\u003e: condition omitted. A. 311; G. 602; H.\r\n 510. — \u003cb\u003emaiorem auctoritatem\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Lael. 4. — \u003cb\u003eapud\r\n quem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027at whose house\u0027; so \u003ca href=\"#Sect_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ea me\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u0027from my house\u0027. A. 153; G. 417; H. 446, n. 4. — \u003cb\u003eLaelium …\r\n Scipionem\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Page_xi\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efacimus admirantis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027we\r\n represent as expressing astonishment\u0027. For \u003ci\u003efacere\u003c/i\u003e, in this sense,\r\n Cic. more often uses \u003ci\u003einducere\u003c/i\u003e \u0027to bring on the stage\u0027, as in Lael.\r\n 4 \u003ci\u003eCatonem induxi senem disputantem\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. however \u003ca href=\"#Sect_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eHomerus Laerten colentem agrum facit\u003c/i\u003e; also\r\n Brut. 218; Orat 85. Instead of \u003ci\u003efacimus\u003c/i\u003e we might have expected\r\n either \u003ci\u003efecimus\u003c/i\u003e to correspond with \u003ci\u003emisimus\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003etribuimus\u003c/i\u003e above, or \u003ci\u003efaciemus\u003c/i\u003e to correspond with\r\n \u003ci\u003evidebitur\u003c/i\u003e below. On the use of the participle see A. 292,\r\n \u003ci\u003eq\u003c/i\u003e; G. 536; H 535, I. 4. — \u003cb\u003eeruditius disputare\u003c/b\u003e: Cic.\r\n not infrequently in his dialogues makes people talk with more learning\r\n than they really possessed. He several times confesses this as regards\r\n Lucullus and Catulus in the Academica, and as regards Antonius in the De\r\n Oratore. — \u003cb\u003eferat\u003c/b\u003e: subjunctive because embodying the\r\n sentiment of Laelius and Scipio. Roby, 1744; Madvig, 357; H. 516, 11.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esuis libris\u003c/b\u003e etc.: for the allusions here to Cato\u0027s life,\r\n works, and opinions see \u003ca href=\"#Page_iv\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equid opus est plura?\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003esc. dicere\u003c/i\u003e. cf. the elliptic phrases \u003ci\u003equid multa? sc. dicam\u003c/i\u003e\r\n in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e; also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003epraeclare\u003c/i\u003e. A 206, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; H. 368, 3, n. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4.\u003c/a\u003e saepe numero\r\n soleo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027it is my frequent custom\u0027. \u003ci\u003eNumero\u003c/i\u003e is literally \u0027by the\r\n count or reckoning\u0027, and in \u003ci\u003esaepe numero\u003c/i\u003e had originally the same\r\n force as in \u003ci\u003equadraginta numero\u003c/i\u003e and the like; but the phrase came\r\n to be used merely as a slight strengthening of \u003ci\u003esaepe\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecum hoc … cum ceterarum\u003c/b\u003e: the use of \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e in different\r\n senses in the same clause, which seems awkward, is not uncommon; cf.\r\n below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e. The spelling\r\n \u003ci\u003equum\u003c/i\u003e was certainly not used by Cicero, and probably by no other\r\n Latin writer of the best period. H. 311, foot-note 4. It is worth\r\n remarking that \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e the conjunction and \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e the preposition,\r\n though spelt alike, are by origin quite distinct. The former is derived\r\n from the pronominal stem \u003ci\u003eka\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003ekva\u003c/i\u003e, and is cognate with\r\n \u003ci\u003equi\u003c/i\u003e; the latter comes from the root \u003ci\u003esak\u003c/i\u003e \u0027to follow\u0027, and is\r\n cognate with Gk. \u003cspan title=\"syn\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσυν\u003c/span\u003e, Lat \u003ci\u003esequor\u003c/i\u003e, etc. See\r\n Vanicek, Etymologisches Worterbuch, pp. 96, 984. — \u003cb\u003ererum …\r\n sapientiam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027wisdom \u003ci\u003ein\u003c/i\u003e affairs\u0027; the objective genitive.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eexcellentem\u003c/b\u003e: in sense much stronger than our \u0027excellent\u0027;\r\n \u003ci\u003eexcellentem perfectamque\u003c/i\u003e \u0027pre-eminent and indeed faultless\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equod … senserim\u003c/b\u003e: this clause takes the place of an\r\n object to \u003ci\u003eadmirari\u003c/i\u003e. The subjunctive is used because the speaker\r\n reports his own reason for the wonder, formerly felt, as if according to\r\n the views of another person, and without affirming his holding the same\r\n view at the time of speaking. Madvig, 357, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, Obs. 1. A 341,\r\n \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e, Rem. — \u003cb\u003eodiosa\u003c/b\u003e: this word is not so strong as our\r\n \u0027hateful\u0027, but rather means \u0027wearisome\u0027, \u0027annoying\u0027. In Plautus the\r\n frequent expression \u003ci\u003eodiosus es\u003c/i\u003e means, in colloquial English, \u0027you\r\n bore me\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eodiosum et molestum\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_65\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e65\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eodiosa offensio\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eonus Aetna\r\n gravius\u003c/b\u003e: a proverbial expression with an allusion to Enceladus, who,\r\n after the defeat of the Giants by Juppiter, was said to have been\r\n imprisoned under Mt. Aetna. Cf. Eurip. Hercules Furens, 637; also\r\n Longfellow\u0027s poem, Enceladus. — \u003cb\u003ehaud sane difficilem\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027surely far from difficult\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_83\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e83\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ehaud sane\r\n facile\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equibus\u003c/b\u003e: a \u003ci\u003edativus commodi\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027those for\r\n whom there is no aid in themselves\u0027. Cf. Lael. 79 \u003ci\u003equibus in ipsis\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ebene beateque vivendum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a virtuous and happy life\u0027;\r\n \u0027virtue and happiness\u0027; so \u003ci\u003ebene honesteque\u003c/i\u003e below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equi … petunt\u003c/b\u003e: these are the\r\n \u003cspan title=\"autarkeis\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαυταρκεις\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n men sufficient for themselves, \u0027\u003ci\u003ein se toti teretes atque rotundi\u003c/i\u003e\u0027.\r\n We have here a reminiscence of the Stoic doctrine about the wise man,\r\n whose happiness is quite independent of everything outside himself, and\r\n is caused solely by his own virtue. Cicero represents the same Stoic\r\n theory in Lael. 7. Cf. Juv. Sat. 10, 357-362; also Seneca, De Cons. Sap.\r\n VIII, De Prov. I. 5. — \u003cb\u003ea se ipsi\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027themselves from\r\n themselves,\u0027 so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ese ipse moveat … se\r\n ipse relucturus sit\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_84\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e84\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eme ipse\r\n consolabar\u003c/i\u003e. Expressions like \u003ci\u003ea se ipsis\u003c/i\u003e are quite uncommon in\r\n Cicero. Cf. n. on Lael. 5 \u003ci\u003ete ipse cognosces\u003c/i\u003e; also see below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ese ipsa\u003c/i\u003e \u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ese\r\n ipse\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enaturae necessitas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the inevitable conditions\r\n of nature.\u0027 Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equid est tam secundum naturam\r\n quam senibus emori?\u003c/i\u003e — \u003cb\u003eafferat\u003c/b\u003e: subjunctive because\r\n \u003ci\u003enihil quod\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003enihil tale ut\u003c/i\u003e. A 320, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 633,\r\n 634; H. 503, I. — \u003cb\u003equo in genere\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. rerum\u003c/i\u003e; with this\r\n phrase the defining genitive is commonly omitted by Cicero. So below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ein eo genere\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eut …\r\n adeptam\u003c/b\u003e: notice the chiasmus. — \u003cb\u003eeandem\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eidem\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n used in the same way, to mark an emphatic contrast in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e52\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_68\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e68\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eadeptam\u003c/b\u003e: this is probably the only example in Cicero of the\r\n passive use of \u003ci\u003eadeptus\u003c/i\u003e, which occurs in Sallust, Ovid, Tacitus,\r\n etc.; and in this passage the use cannot be looked on as certain, since\r\n one of the very best and several of the inferior MSS. read \u003ci\u003eadepti\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Cicero, however, uses a good many deponent participles in a passive sense\r\n (cf. below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edimensa\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003emeditatum\u003c/i\u003e; see also a list, Roby, 734), and\r\n some of them occur very rarely. Thus \u003ci\u003epericlitatus, arbitratus,\r\n depastus\u003c/i\u003e as passives are found each in only one passage. —\r\n \u003cb\u003einconstantia\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027instability\u0027, \u0027inconsistency\u0027. \u003ci\u003eConstantia\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n unwavering firmness and consistency, is the characteristic of the wise\r\n man; cf. Acad. 2, 23 \u003ci\u003esapientia … quae ex sese habeat\r\n constantiam\u003c/i\u003e; also Lael. 8 and 64.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e — aiunt\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. stulti\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eputassent\u003c/b\u003e: the subjunctive is due to the indirect\r\n discourse. Where we say \u0027I should not have thought,\u0027 the Latins say, in\r\n direct narration, \u0027\u003ci\u003enon putaram\u003c/i\u003e,\u0027 \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027I never had thought\u0027\r\n (so Off. 1, 81 and often in Cicero\u0027s letters). Translate, \u0027more quickly\r\n than they had ever expected\u0027. Cf. Att. 6, 1, 6 \u003ci\u003eaccipiam equidem\r\n dolorem mihi ilium irasci sed multo maiorem non esse eum talem qualem\r\n putassem\u003c/i\u003e. See Zumpt, Gram., 518. — \u003cb\u003efalsum putare\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027to\r\n form a mistaken judgment\u0027. For \u003ci\u003efalsum\u003c/i\u003e as noun equivalent to\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pseudos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eψευδος\u003c/span\u003e, cf. 6\r\n \u003ci\u003egratissimum\u003c/i\u003e; also \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eceteris\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equi citius\u003c/b\u003e: lit. \u0027in what way quicker\u0027; cf. Tusc. 5, 89\r\n \u003ci\u003equi melius\u003c/i\u003e. H. 188, II. 2. — \u003cb\u003eadulescentia … senectus\r\n … pueritia\u003c/b\u003e: babyhood was generally at Rome supposed to last till\r\n the 17th year (the time for assuming the \u003ci\u003etoga virilis\u003c/i\u003e and for\r\n beginning military service). \u003ci\u003eIuventus\u003c/i\u003e is usually the age from 17\r\n to 45, during which men were liable to be called on for active service.\r\n Ordinarily, in colloquial language, \u003ci\u003eadulescentia\u003c/i\u003e is the earlier\r\n portion of \u003ci\u003eiuventus\u003c/i\u003e, say the years from 17 to 30 (cf. 33), but\r\n Cicero seems here to make \u003ci\u003eadulescentia\u003c/i\u003e co-extensive with\r\n \u003ci\u003eiuventus\u003c/i\u003e. From 45 to 60 is the \u003ci\u003eaetas seniorum\u003c/i\u003e, the period\r\n during which citizens in early Rome might be called out for the defence\r\n of the city, but not for active service. \u003ci\u003eSenectus\u003c/i\u003e was commonly\r\n reckoned as beginning at 60; but in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_60\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e Cicero\r\n includes in \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e the \u003ci\u003eaetas seniorum\u003c/i\u003e, and probably\r\n intended to include it here. In Tusc. 1, 34 Cic. reckons three ages\r\n \u003ci\u003epueritia adulescentia senectus\u003c/i\u003e as here; below in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e, four periods, or five. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equamvis\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003equantumvis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eeffluxisset\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n subjunctive because the mood of \u003ci\u003eposset\u003c/i\u003e, to which it stands in\r\n subordinate relation \u003ci\u003eCum\u003c/i\u003e here is purely temporal. See Roby, 1778;\r\n A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. — \u003cb\u003eposset\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e on \u003ci\u003eesset\u003c/i\u003e above, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5.\u003c/a\u003e si … soletis …\r\n sumus\u003c/b\u003e: the apodosis and protasis do not exactly correspond; the sense\r\n really required is \u0027if that wisdom for which you admire me does exist, it\r\n lies in this\u0027, etc. — \u003cb\u003eutinam … esset\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eesset\u003c/i\u003e here\r\n gives a greater appearance of modesty than would been expressed by\r\n \u003ci\u003esit\u003c/i\u003e: \u0027would it were, as it certainly is not\u0027. A. 267; G. 253; H.\r\n 483, 2. — \u003cb\u003ecognomine\u003c/b\u003e: Cato bore the title \u003ci\u003esapiens\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n even in his lifetime; see \u003ca href=\"#Page_xx\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ci\u003eCognomen\u003c/i\u003e is used in good Latin\r\n to denote both the family name and the acquired by-name; in late Latin\r\n this latter is denoted by \u003ci\u003eagnomen\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ein hoc\r\n sapientes\u003c/b\u003e: but above, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ererum\r\n sapientiam\u003c/i\u003e, not \u003ci\u003ein rebus\u003c/i\u003e. The genitive construction is not\r\n found with \u003ci\u003esapiens\u003c/i\u003e used as noun or adjective till late Latin\r\n times. — \u003cb\u003enaturam ducem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: Cato\u0027s claim to the title of\r\n \u003ci\u003esapiens\u003c/i\u003e does not rest on any deep knowledge of philosophy, but on\r\n practical wisdom or common sense and experience in affairs. Cf. Lael. 6\r\n and 19. In this passage Cicero has put into Cato\u0027s mouth phrases borrowed\r\n from the Stoic philosophy, which declared the life of virtue to be life\r\n in accordance with nature (\u003ci\u003enaturae convenienter vivere\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003cspan title=\"homologoumenôs tê physei zên\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ομολογουμενως\r\n τη φυσει\r\n ζην\u003c/span\u003e). Cf.\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Snot_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e on \u003ci\u003esecundum\r\n naturam\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etamquam deum\u003c/b\u003e: observe \u003ci\u003edeum\u003c/i\u003e not\r\n \u003ci\u003edeam\u003c/i\u003e, because nature is compared with, and not identified with, a\r\n divine being. Cf. Fin. 5, 43 \u003ci\u003eeam (rationem) quasi deum ducem\r\n subsequens\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaetatis\u003c/b\u003e: here = \u003ci\u003evitae\u003c/i\u003e, life as a\r\n whole. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eomne tempus aetatis\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#Snot_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e; also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e13\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eaetatis …\r\n senectus\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edescriptae\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027composed\u0027; literally\r\n \u0027written out\u0027. The reading \u003ci\u003ediscriptae\u003c/i\u003e, which many editions give,\r\n does not so well suit the passage. \u003ci\u003eDiscribere\u003c/i\u003e is to map out, plan,\r\n arrange, put in order (see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ediscripta\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003ediscriptio\u003c/i\u003e); the point here lies, however, not in the due\r\n arrangement of the different scenes of a play, but in the careful working\r\n out of each scene. \u003ci\u003eAb ea\u003c/i\u003e must be supplied after \u003ci\u003edescriptae\u003c/i\u003e\r\n from \u003ci\u003ea qua\u003c/i\u003e above. — \u003cb\u003eactum\u003c/b\u003e: the common comparison of\r\n life with a drama is also found in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003einerti\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n the sense of \u0027ignorant\u0027 \u0027inartistic\u0027 (\u003ci\u003ein, ars\u003c/i\u003e), has been given to\r\n this by some editors (cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 126 \u003ci\u003epraetulerim scriptor\r\n delirus inersque videri\u003c/i\u003e, and Cic. Fin. 2, 115 \u003ci\u003eartes, quibus qui\r\n carebant, inertes a maioribus nominabantur\u003c/i\u003e), but the meaning\r\n \u0027inactive\u0027, \u0027lazy\u0027, \u0027slovenly\u0027 seems to suit \u003ci\u003eneglectum\u003c/i\u003e better.\r\n — \u003cb\u003epoeta\u003c/b\u003e: nature is here the dramatist, the drama is life,\r\n the actors are human beings. — \u003cb\u003esed tamen\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027but\r\n for all that it was inevitable that there should be something with the\r\n nature of an end\u0027. So \u003ca href=\"#Sect_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ein quo est aliquid\r\n extremum\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e43\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ealiquid pulchrum\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003earborum bacis\u003c/b\u003e: the word \u003ci\u003ebaca\u003c/i\u003e (the spelling \u003ci\u003ebacca\u003c/i\u003e has\r\n little or no authority) is applied to all fruits growing on bushes or\r\n trees, cf. Tusc. 1, 31 \u003ci\u003earbores seret diligens agricola, quarum aspiciet\r\n bacam ipse numquam\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eterraeque fructibus\u003c/b\u003e: here = cereals,\r\n roots, vegetables and small fruits. No sharp distinction can be drawn\r\n between \u003ci\u003efruges\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003efructus\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e in Div. 1, 116 we\r\n have \u003ci\u003efruges terrae bacasve arborum\u003c/i\u003e) though \u003ci\u003efructus\u003c/i\u003e as\r\n commonly used is the more general word of the two. — \u003cb\u003ematuritate\r\n caducum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a time of senility, so to speak and readiness to drop, that\r\n comes of a seasonable ripeness\u0027. \u003ci\u003eVietus\u003c/i\u003e is literally \u0027twisted\u0027 or\r\n bent\u0027, being originally the passive participle of \u003ci\u003eviere\u003c/i\u003e. The\r\n comparison of old age with the ripeness of fruit recurs in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e. Cf. Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 5 \u003ci\u003enon tam aetatis maturitate\r\n quam vitae\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eferundum\u003c/b\u003e: the form in \u003ci\u003eundus\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n archaic, and generally used by Cic. in quoting or imitating passages of\r\n laws, sacred formulae, and the like. H 239. — \u003cb\u003emolliter\u003c/b\u003e: here\r\n \u0027gently\u0027, \u0027with resignation\u0027, though \u003ci\u003emolliter ferre\u003c/i\u003e often has\r\n another meaning, viz. to bear pain or trouble in an \u003ci\u003eunmanly\u003c/i\u003e\r\n fashion. Cf. \u003ci\u003efacillime ferre\u003c/i\u003e below. — \u003cb\u003equid est aliud\u003c/b\u003e\r\n etc. The words perhaps imply the rationalistic explanation of myths which\r\n the Greeks had begun to teach to the Romans during Cato\u0027s lifetime. Trans\r\n \u0027what else but resistance to nature is equivalent to warring against the\r\n gods, and \u003ci\u003enot\u003c/i\u003e \u0027what else does warring with the gods mean but to\r\n resist nature.\u0027 In comparisons of this sort the Latins generally put the\r\n things compared in a different order from that required by English idiom.\r\n Thus in Div. 2, 78 \u003ci\u003equid est aliud nolle moneri a Iove nisi efficere ut\r\n aut ne fieri possit auspicium aut, si fiat, videri\u003c/i\u003e, S. Rosc. 54 \u003ci\u003equid\r\n est aliud iudicio ac legibus ac maiestate vestra abuti ad quaestum ac\r\n libidinem nisi hoc modo accusare\u003c/i\u003e. Phil. 1, 22, 2, 7, 5, 5, 10, 5.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eGigantum modo\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eAetna\r\n gravius\u003c/i\u003e — \u003cb\u003edis\u003c/b\u003e: for the form \u003ci\u003edis\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_25\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 25\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_6\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6.\u003c/a\u003e atqui\u003c/b\u003e: in the best\r\n Latin \u003ci\u003eatqui\u003c/i\u003e does not introduce a statement \u003ci\u003econtradicting\u003c/i\u003e\r\n the preceding statement, but one that \u003ci\u003esupplements\u003c/i\u003e it. Here it may\r\n be translated \u0027True, but\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_66\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e66\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_81\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e81\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003egratissimum\u003c/b\u003e: equivalent to \u003ci\u003erem\r\n gratissimam\u003c/i\u003e. With the thought cf. Rep. 1, 34 \u003ci\u003egratum feceris si\r\n explicaris\u003c/i\u003e. Lael. 16 \u003ci\u003epergratum feceris si disputaris\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eut pollicear\u003c/b\u003e: so Acad. 1, 33 \u003ci\u003enos vero volumus ut pro Attico\r\n respondeam\u003c/i\u003e. Brut. 122 \u003ci\u003enobis vero placet, ut pro Bruto etiam\r\n respondeam\u003c/i\u003e; Lael. 32 \u003ci\u003etu vero perge, pro hoc enim\r\n respondeo\u003c/i\u003e A 317, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e, H 499, 2, n. — \u003cb\u003esenes fieri\u003c/b\u003e: if\r\n the infinitive had depended on \u003ci\u003esperamus\u003c/i\u003e alone and \u003ci\u003evolumus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n had not intervened, Cicero would probably have written \u003ci\u003enos futuros\r\n esse senes\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emulto ante\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. quam id factum erit\u003c/i\u003e\r\n so Balb 41 \u003ci\u003ere denique multo ante (sc. quam factum est) audita\u003c/i\u003e, and\r\n very often in Cicero. — \u003cb\u003edidicerimus\u003c/b\u003e: as this corresponds with\r\n \u003ci\u003efeceris,\u003c/i\u003eit would have been formally correct to write here \u003ci\u003enos\r\n docueris\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equibus possimus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027what considerations will\r\n enable us most easily to support the growing burden of age\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efuturum est\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003cspan title=\"mellei einai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eμελλει\r\n ειναι\u003c/span\u003e this form of the future is used in\r\n preference to the simple \u003ci\u003eerit\u003c/i\u003e because it is desired to represent\r\n the event as \u003ci\u003eon the very point of fulfilment\u003c/i\u003e, and therefore sure\r\n of fulfilment. \u003ci\u003eErit\u003c/i\u003e would have implied much less certainty. Trans.\r\n \u0027I will do so if my action \u003ci\u003eis going to give\u003c/i\u003e you pleasure\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ebeatus futurus sum\u003c/i\u003e, also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_81\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e81\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e. See Roby, 1494. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enisi molestum est\u003c/b\u003e: a common expression of courtesy, like \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enisi alienum putas, si placet\u003c/i\u003e, cf. Hor. Sat.\r\n 2, 8, 4 \u003ci\u003esi grave non est\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etamquam longam viam\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero\r\n here puts into Laelius\u0027 mouth almost the very words addressed by Socrates\r\n to the aged Cephalus in the introduction to Plato\u0027s Republic, 328 E.\r\n Observe the succession of similar sounds in t\u003ci\u003eam\u003c/i\u003equ\u003ci\u003eam\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n aliqu\u003ci\u003eam\u003c/i\u003e, long\u003ci\u003eam\u003c/i\u003e, vi\u003ci\u003eam\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eviam confeceris\u003c/b\u003e\r\n so pro Quint. 79 \u003ci\u003econficere\u003c/i\u003e DCC \u003ci\u003emilia passuum, conficere iter\u003c/i\u003e\r\n a common phrase. For mood see A 312, G 604, H 513, II. — \u003cb\u003equam\r\n … ingrediundum sit\u003c/b\u003e: this construction, the neuter of the gerundive\r\n with \u003ci\u003eest\u003c/i\u003e followed by an accusative case, is exceedingly rare\r\n excepting in two writers, Lucretius and Varro. See the full list of\r\n examples given by Roby, Gram., Pref. to vol. 2, p LXXII. A 294, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e, H\r\n 371, I. 2, 2, n. The best texts of Cicero now give only one example of a\r\n construction at all resembling this, viz. pro Scauro 13 \u003ci\u003eobliviscendum\r\n vobis putatis matrum in liberos, virorum in uxores scelera?\u003c/i\u003e The\r\n supposition of some scholars, that in this passage Cic. used the\r\n construction in imitation of the archaic style of Cato, is not likely to\r\n be true, seeing that in Cato\u0027s extant works the construction does not\r\n once occur. For the form \u003ci\u003eundum\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eferundum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eistuc\u003c/b\u003e: not adverb, but neuter pronoun, as\r\n in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e. The kind of construction, \u003ci\u003eistuc videre\r\n quale sit\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003evidere quale istuc sit\u003c/i\u003e, is especially common in\r\n Cicero.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_7\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7.\u003c/a\u003e faciam ut potero\u003c/b\u003e\r\n \u0027I will do it as well as I can.\u0027 Observe the future \u003ci\u003epotero\u003c/i\u003e where\r\n English idiom would require a present. So Rep. 1, 38 \u003ci\u003ehic Scipio, faciam\r\n quod voltis, ut potero\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esaepe enim\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eenim\u003c/i\u003e\r\n introduces a reason, not for the words \u003ci\u003eut potero\u003c/i\u003e, but for\r\n \u003ci\u003efaciam\u003c/i\u003e — \u0027I will grant your request because I have often\r\n heard complaints about old age and therefore have thought of the matter.\u0027\r\n — \u003cb\u003epares autem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: parenthetical. — \u003cb\u003evetere\r\n proverbio\u003c/b\u003e: the saying is as old as Homer, Od. 17, 218 as\r\n \u003cspan title=\"hôs aiei ton homoion agei theos hôs ton homoion\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ως αιει\r\n τον ‛ομοιον\r\n αγει θεος\r\n ‛ως τον\r\n ‛ομοιον\u003c/span\u003e; cf. also Plat., Rep. 329\r\n A, Symp. 195 B, Phaedr. 240 C.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e — facillime\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027most\r\n cheerfully\u0027, \u0027most eagerly\u0027; a common meaning of the word in Cic.,\r\n \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Fam. 2, 16, 2 \u003ci\u003ein maritimis facillime sum\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n \u0027I find most pleasure in staying by the sea\u0027. — \u003cb\u003equae\u003c/b\u003e: a kind\r\n of explanation of \u003ci\u003equerellis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u0027lamentations, viz. such\r\n utterances as\u0027 etc.; see n. on Lael. 14 \u003ci\u003equae\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Fam. 2, 8, 2\r\n \u003ci\u003esermonibus de re publica … quae nec possunt scribi nec scribenda\r\n sunt\u003c/i\u003e. A. 199, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 616, 3, I.; H. 445, 5. — \u003cb\u003eC.\r\n Salinator\u003c/b\u003e: probably C. Livius Salinator, praetor in 191 B.C. (Livy\r\n 35, 24), who was entrusted with the equipment of the Roman fleets during\r\n the war against Antiochus. He was born about 230, and was therefore a\r\n little younger than Cato; cf. \u003ci\u003efere aequales\u003c/i\u003e below. Salinator was\r\n consul in 188, and died in 170. For the name Salinator cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 11\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eSp. Albinus\u003c/b\u003e: Sp. Postumius\r\n Albinus was consul in 186, and was with his colleague appointed to\r\n investigate the great Bacchanalian conspiracy of that year (Livy 39, CC.\r\n 1 seq.). Albinus died in 180. He was probably a little younger than\r\n Salinator. He can scarcely have been fifty years of age at his death.\r\n — \u003cb\u003etum … tum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027now … again\u0027; so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecarerent\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eferat\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evitam nullam putarent\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027they\r\n considered life to be not life at all\u0027. For \u003ci\u003evitam nullam\u003c/i\u003e cf. Lael.\r\n 86 \u003ci\u003esine amicitia vitam esse nullam\u003c/i\u003e; also the Greek phrase\r\n \u003cspan title=\"bios abiôtos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eβιος\r\n αβιωτος\u003c/span\u003e; and below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evitam quae est sola vita nominanda\u003c/i\u003e; also\r\n 82. A. 239; H. 373, 1, n. 2. \u003ci\u003ePutarent\u003c/i\u003e = \u0027thought, as they said\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eid quod esset accusandum\u003c/b\u003e: the subjunctive \u003ci\u003eesset\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n used because a \u003ci\u003eclass\u003c/i\u003e of things is referred to, \u0027nothing of a\r\n nature to deserve complaint\u0027; \u003ci\u003eid quod erat\u003c/i\u003e, etc. would have meant\r\n merely \u0027that one thing which was matter for complaint\u0027. A. 320; G. 634,\r\n Rem. 1; H. 503, I. — \u003cb\u003eusu venirent\u003c/b\u003e: the phrase \u003ci\u003eusu\r\n venire\u003c/i\u003e differs very little in meaning from \u003ci\u003eaccidere\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n \u003ci\u003eUsu\u003c/i\u003e is commonly explained as an ablative (\u0027in practice\u0027, \u0027in\r\n experience\u0027), but is quite as likely to be a dative of the sort generally\r\n called predicative (\u0027to come as matter of experience\u0027); cf. Verg. Aen. 1,\r\n 22 \u003ci\u003evenire excidio\u003c/i\u003e; Plin. N.H. 28, 106 \u003ci\u003eodio\u003c/i\u003e; Caes. B.G. 5,\r\n 27 \u003ci\u003esubsidio\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equorum … multorum\u003c/b\u003e: the first\r\n genitive is dependent on the second, so that \u003ci\u003equorum = e quibus\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Notice the separation of \u003ci\u003equorum\u003c/i\u003e from \u003ci\u003emultorum\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n of \u003ci\u003emultorum\u003c/i\u003e from \u003ci\u003esenectutem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esine querella\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n attribute of \u003ci\u003esenectutem\u003c/i\u003e. A. 217, Rem.; H. 359, n. 1, 4), and n. 3.\r\n This form of attributive phrase, consisting of a preposition with a noun,\r\n is common; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eex agro Sabino rusticos\r\n Romanos\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_40\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e40\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ecum hostibus clandestina\r\n colloquia\u003c/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eQuerella\u003c/i\u003e is better spelling than \u003ci\u003equerela\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n See Roby, 177, 2. — \u003cb\u003equi\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027men of such nature as to …\u0027\r\n — \u003cb\u003eet … nec\u003c/b\u003e: Roby 2241. The reason for the departure from\r\n the ordinary sequence of particles lies in the words \u003ci\u003enon moleste\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n \u003ci\u003eNec …et \u003c/i\u003e is common; see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003elibidinum vinculis\u003c/b\u003e etc.: Cic. is\r\n here thinking of the conversation between Socrates and Cephalus in Plato,\r\n Rep. 329 D, for which see \u003ca href=\"#Page_viii\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emoderati\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027self-controlled\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003emoderationem\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n \u003ci\u003edifficiles\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027peevish\u0027; \u003ci\u003einhumani\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027unkindly\u0027;\r\n \u003ci\u003eimportunitas\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027perversity\u0027. \u003ci\u003eImportunitas\u003c/i\u003e seems to be used\r\n as the substantive corresponding in sense with the adjective\r\n \u003ci\u003edifficilis\u003c/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eDifficultas\u003c/i\u003e, in the sense of \u0027peevishness\u0027,\r\n probably occurs only in Mur. 19.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_8\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8.\u003c/a\u003e dixerit quispiam\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027some one will say presently\u0027; a gentle way of introducing one\u0027s own\r\n objection. The mood of \u003ci\u003edixerit\u003c/i\u003e is probably indicative, not\r\n subjunctive; see the thorough discussion in Roby, Gram., Vol. 2, Pref.,\r\n p. CIV. \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eopes et copias\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027resources and\r\n means\u0027. \u003ci\u003eOpes\u003c/i\u003e has a wider meaning than \u003ci\u003ecopias\u003c/i\u003e (mere material\r\n wealth) and includes all sources of power, influence, and authority as\r\n well as wealth. Thus in Lael. 22 the end of \u003ci\u003edivitiae\u003c/i\u003e is said to be\r\n enjoyment; of \u003ci\u003eopes\u003c/i\u003e, worship (\u003ci\u003eopes ut colare\u003c/i\u003e).\r\n \u003ci\u003eDignitas\u003c/i\u003e is social position. — \u003cb\u003eid\u003c/b\u003e: remark the\r\n singular pronoun, which indicates that the preceding clause is now taken\r\n as conveying one idea. Trans. \u0027such fortune\u0027. — \u003cb\u003econtingere\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027to fall to one\u0027s lot\u0027 is the phrase in English which most closely\r\n represents \u003ci\u003econtingere\u003c/i\u003e. This verb is not, as is often assumed, used\r\n merely of \u003ci\u003egood\u003c/i\u003e fortune; it implies in itself nothing concerning\r\n the \u003ci\u003echaracter\u003c/i\u003e of events, whether they be good or bad, but simply\r\n that the events take place \u003ci\u003enaturally\u003c/i\u003e and were to be expected. See\r\n n. on Lael. 8, where the word is distinctly used in connection with\r\n \u003ci\u003ebad\u003c/i\u003e fortune, as it is, strikingly, in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e\r\n below. — \u003cb\u003eest … omnia\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027your statement indeed amounts to\r\n something, but it by no means comprises every consideration\u0027. The phrase\r\n \u003ci\u003eesse aliquid\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027to be of some importance\u0027, is often used by Cic.\r\n both of things and of persons; cf. Tusc. 5, 104 \u003ci\u003eeos aliquid esse\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n also \u003ca href=\"#Snot_17\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 17\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enihil afferunt\u003c/i\u003e. So \u003ci\u003eesse\r\n aliquis\u003c/i\u003e of persons, as in the well-known passage of Iuvenal, 1, 72\r\n \u003ci\u003eaude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum si vis esse\r\n aliquis\u003c/i\u003e. For the general sense cf. Tusc. 3, 52 \u003ci\u003eest id quidem\r\n magnum, sed non sunt in hoc omnia\u003c/i\u003e; so De Or. 2, 215;\r\n ib. 3, 221; Leg. 2, 24 \u003ci\u003ein quo sunt omnia\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eisto\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n use of the neuter pronoun in the oblique case as substantive is\r\n noticeable. — \u003cb\u003eThemistocles etc.\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero borrows the story\r\n from Plato (Rep. 329 E \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e.), but it was first told by\r\n Herodotus, 8, 125 who gave a somewhat different version. Themistocles had\r\n received great honors at Sparta when Athenian ambassador there; an\r\n envious man declaring that the honors were paid really to Athens and not\r\n to Themistocles, the statesman answered \u003cspan title=\"out an egô, eôn Belbinitês\" lang=\"el\"\u003eουτ αν\r\n εγω, εων\r\n Βελβινιτης\u003c/span\u003e\r\n (\u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e an inhabitant of the small island of Belbina lying to the S.\r\n of Cape Sunium) \u003cspan title=\"etimêthên outô pros Spartiêreôn, out an su, anthrôpe, eôn Athênaios\" lang=\"el\"\u003eετιμηθην\r\n ουτω προς\r\n Σπαρτιηρεων,\r\n ουτ αν συ,\r\n ανθρωπε, εων\r\n Αθηναιος\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eSeriphio\u003c/b\u003e: Seriphus is a small island belonging to the Cyclad group\r\n and lying almost due N. of Melos, and due E. of the Scyllaean promontory.\r\n Seriphus is often taken by ancient writers as a specimen of an\r\n insignificant community (\u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Aristoph. Acharn. 542; Cic. N.D. 1,\r\n 88), but it had the honor of being one of the three island states which\r\n refused to give earth and water to the Persian envoys, the other two\r\n being the adjacent islands of Melos and Siphnus (Herodotus, 8, 46).\r\n — \u003cb\u003eiurgio\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eiurgium\u003c/i\u003e is a quarrel which does not go\r\n beyond words; \u003ci\u003erixa\u003c/i\u003e a quarrel where the disputants come to blows.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esi ego\u003c/b\u003e: but further on, \u003ci\u003etu si\u003c/i\u003e. The contrast would\r\n certainly be more perfect if \u003ci\u003eego si\u003c/i\u003e were read, as has been\r\n proposed, in place of \u003ci\u003esi ego\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equod eodem modo …\r\n dici\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. commonly says \u003ci\u003equod ita dicendum\u003c/i\u003e and the like; see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 35\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equod ni ita fuisset\u003c/i\u003e. Cato means\r\n that just as Themistocles\u0027 success was due to two things, his own\r\n character and his good fortune, so two things are necessary to make old\r\n age endurable, viz. moderate fortune and wisdom. He then in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e insists that of these two conditions wisdom is far\r\n the more important. — \u003cb\u003enec … levis … nec … non gravis\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n notice the chiasmus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9.\u003c/a\u003e omnino\u003c/b\u003e: here =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pantapasi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπανταπασι\u003c/span\u003e \u0027undoubtedly\u0027,\r\n in a strongly affirmative sense, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_76\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e76\u003c/a\u003e; but in\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e28\u003c/a\u003e (where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e) it is\r\n concessive. — \u003cb\u003ecum diu multumque vixeris\u003c/b\u003e: literally \u0027when you\r\n have lived long and much\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e when you have not only had a long\r\n life but have done a great deal in the course of it. The phrases \u003ci\u003ediu\r\n multumque, multum et diu\u003c/i\u003e are common in Cic., as below, 38; Acad. 1,\r\n 4; Div. 2, 1; Off 1, 118; Leg. Agr. 2, 88; De Or. 1, 152. For mood see A.\r\n 309, a; H. 518, 2. — \u003cb\u003eecferunt\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eecferunt\u003c/i\u003e for\r\n \u003ci\u003eefferunt\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eec\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003eex\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003eecs\u003c/i\u003e; so\r\n \u003cspan title=\"ek\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεκ\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan title=\"ex\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεξ\u003c/span\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"eks\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεκς\u003c/span\u003e) was old-fashioned in Cicero\u0027s time, but\r\n forms of the sort, as below, 39 \u003ci\u003eecfrenate\u003c/i\u003e, according to the\r\n evidence of the best MSS., occur in a good many passages. See Neue,\r\n Formenlehre, Vol. 2, pp. 766 seq., ed. 2. — \u003cb\u003enumquam\r\n deserunt\u003c/b\u003e: the omission of the object after \u003ci\u003edeserunt\u003c/i\u003e is not\r\n common. With the general sense of this passage cf. Arch. 16 \u003ci\u003elitterarum\r\n studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant,\r\n adversis perfugium ac solarium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt\r\n foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_10\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10.\u003c/a\u003e Q. Maximum\u003c/b\u003e: the famous Q. Fabius Maximus\r\n Verrucosus Ovicula Cunctator, hero of the Second Punic War. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eeum … recepit\u003c/b\u003e: this clause has often been suspected to be an\r\n insertion of the writers of MSS. But (1) the capture of Tarentum in 209\r\n B.C. was Fabius\u0027 crowning achievement, and \u0027captor of Tarentum\u0027 was often\r\n added to his name as a title of honor; see De Orat. 2, 273; and (2) there\r\n were several other persons of distinction bearing the name Q. Maximus\r\n about the same time, so that some special mark was wanted for the sake of\r\n clearness. Notice \u003ci\u003erecepit\u003c/i\u003e \u0027recovered\u0027, Tarentum having been lost\r\n by the Romans to Hannibal in 212 B.C. — \u003cb\u003esenem adulescens\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n observe the emphasis given by placing close together the two words of\r\n opposite meaning. — \u003cb\u003eerat … gravitas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027that hero possessed\r\n dignity tempered by courtesy\u0027. Expressions like \u003ci\u003eerat in illo\r\n gravitas\u003c/i\u003e are common in Cicero; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Mur. 58 \u003ci\u003eerat in Cotta\r\n summa eloquentia.\u003c/i\u003e The metaphor in \u003ci\u003econdīta\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027seasoned\u0027, is\r\n also common; cf. Lael. 66 \u003ci\u003econdimentum amicitiae\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equamquam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027though indeed\u0027, introducing a necessary correction of\r\n the last words \u003ci\u003enec senectus mores mutaverat.\u003c/i\u003e For this corrective\r\n \u003ci\u003equamquam\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 2\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econsul\r\n primum\u003c/b\u003e: B.C. 233. — \u003cb\u003egrandem natu\u003c/b\u003e: although the phrases\r\n \u003ci\u003emaior, maximus, parvus, minor, minimus natu\u003c/i\u003e are of frequent\r\n occurrence, yet \u003ci\u003emagnus natu\u003c/i\u003e is not Latin, \u003ci\u003egrandis natu\u003c/i\u003e\r\n being always used instead. The historians sometimes use \u003ci\u003emagno natu\r\n esse\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003ein magno natu esse\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eanno post\u003c/b\u003e: the word\r\n \u003ci\u003eunus\u003c/i\u003e is not usually attached to \u003ci\u003eannus\u003c/i\u003e except where there is\r\n a strong contrast between one and a larger number of years. \u003ci\u003eAnno\r\n post\u003c/i\u003e must not be translated \u0027during the year after\u0027; but either \u0027a\r\n year after\u0027, \u003ci\u003eanno\u003c/i\u003e being regarded as the ablative of measure or\r\n excess, literally \u0027later by a year\u0027, or \u0027at the end of a year\u0027, the\r\n ablative being one of limitation, and \u003ci\u003efuerat\u003c/i\u003e being equivalent to\r\n \u003ci\u003efactus erat\u003c/i\u003e \u0027had been elected\u0027. So \u003ci\u003equinto anno\u003c/i\u003e below, \u0027at\r\n the end of the fifth year\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027five years after\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eadulescentulus miles\u003c/b\u003e: See \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003equemquam senem.\u003c/i\u003e Translate \u0027when quite a youth I marched with him\r\n to Capua as a private soldier\u0027. G. 324; H. 363, 3, 2). \u003ci\u003eMiles\u003c/i\u003e here\r\n = \u003ci\u003egregarius miles\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equem\r\n magistratum\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. quaesturam\u003c/i\u003e, to be understood from\r\n \u003ci\u003equaestor\u003c/i\u003e Cf. Mur. 18 \u003ci\u003equaesturam una petiit et sum ego factus\r\n (sc. quaestor) prior\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eTuditano et Cethego\u003c/b\u003e: when the\r\n \u003ci\u003epraenomina\u003c/i\u003e of the consuls are given the names generally stand side\r\n by side without \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e; when they are omitted \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e is generally\r\n inserted. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 50\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eCentone Tuditanoque,\r\n etc.\u003c/i\u003e — \u003cb\u003ecum quidem\u003c/b\u003e: the \u003ci\u003equidem\u003c/i\u003e simply adds a\r\n slight emphasis to \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e; \u0027at the very time when\u0027,\r\n \u003cspan title=\"epeidê ge\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεπειδη γε\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esuasor\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esuasor legis\u003c/i\u003e was any person who publicly\r\n (\u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e before the senate or people in \u003ci\u003econtio\u003c/i\u003e assembled)\r\n spoke in favor of a measure, \u003ci\u003edissuasor\u003c/i\u003e any one who spoke against\r\n it. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esuasissem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003elegis\r\n Cinciae\u003c/b\u003e: a law passed in 204 B.C. by M. Cincius Alimentus, a plebeian\r\n tribune, whereby advocates were forbidden to take fees from their\r\n clients, and certain limitations were placed on gifts of property by\r\n private persons. — \u003cb\u003ecum … esset\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027\u003ci\u003ethough\u003c/i\u003e he was\u0027; so\r\n below \u003ca href=\"#Sect_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e11\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e, etc. —\r\n \u003cb\u003egrandis\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003egrandis natu\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eiuveniliter\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Hannibal was 29 years of age when he entered Italy in 218. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eexsultantem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027wildly roaming\u0027. The word in its literal sense is\r\n used of a horse galloping at its own will over a plain. The metaphorical\r\n use is common in Cicero; cf. Acad. 2, 112 \u003ci\u003ecum sit campus in quo\r\n exsultare possit oratio, cur eam tantas in angustias compellimus?\u003c/i\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003epatientia\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027endurance\u0027, \u0027persistence\u0027; it is not\r\n equivalent to our \u0027patience\u0027. — \u003cb\u003epraeclare\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. dicit\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 3\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efamiliaris\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Page_xiii\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eunus homo\u003c/b\u003e etc.: these lines were famous, and were not only\r\n often quoted with the name of Ennius attached (as in Off. 1, 84; Livy 30,\r\n 26), but also imitated or adapted without mention of his name, as, being\r\n too familiar to need it; cf. Att. 2, 19, 2; Ovid, Fast. 2, 241; Verg.\r\n Aen. 6, 846; Suet. Tib. 21. — \u003cb\u003ecunctando\u003c/b\u003e: Cf. Polybius 3,\r\n 105, 8. On Fabius\u0027 military policy consult Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, Bk.\r\n III. ch. 5. — \u003cb\u003erem\u003c/b\u003e: here = \u003ci\u003erem publicam\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enoenum\u003c/b\u003e: the older form from which \u003ci\u003enon\u003c/i\u003e is an abbreviation; =\r\n \u003ci\u003ene-oinom\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003en-oinom\u003c/i\u003e, literally \u0027not one thing\u0027; cf.\r\n \u003ci\u003enihil\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003ene-hilum\u003c/i\u003e \u0027not a whit\u0027, also the rare word\r\n \u003ci\u003eningulus\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003ene oinculus\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027not even a little one\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003erumores\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027fame\u0027, \u0027public opinion\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eponebāt\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n for the long vowel cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e, l. 2 \u003ci\u003eversat\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eplusque\u003c/b\u003e: MSS. \u003ci\u003epostque\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ci\u003eplusque\u003c/i\u003eis the\r\n emendation of Bernays. \u003ci\u003ePlusque magisque\u003c/i\u003e is a variation upon the\r\n ordinary phrases \u003ci\u003eplus plusque\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003emagis magisque\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_11\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e11.\u003c/a\u003e Salinatori\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n there can be no doubt that Cicero is guilty of a blunder here, and in De\r\n Or. 2, 273 where the story also occurs. Livy (27, 34, 7) gives M. Livius\r\n Macatus as the name of the Roman commander who held the citadel\r\n of Tarentum while Hannibal was in possession of the town. Cicero probably\r\n found the commander described by the annalists merely as M. Livius (so in\r\n Livy 24, 20, 13; 26, 39, 1), and then jumped to tne conclusion that he\r\n was the famous M. Livius Salinator. This man, the father of the Salinator\r\n mentioned in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e, was consul in 219 and subdued the\r\n Illyrians, but was condemned for misappropriation of public moneys and\r\n went into exile. In 210 he was induced to return by the desire of the\r\n senate. In 207 he became consul with C. Claudius Nero, and defeated\r\n Hasdrubal in the great battle of the Metaurus. In 204 Livius was censor\r\n with Nero as his colleague, and won his name \u003ci\u003eSalinator\u003c/i\u003e by imposing\r\n a tax on salt. The title was bestowed in ridicule, but clung to the family.\r\n Salinator was a relative of M. Livius Macatus. See Liv 27, 34, 7. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eita dicenti\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the anecdote is told by Livy, 27, 25, 5 and\r\n Plutarch, Fab. 23. Both, however, refer the story not to the time at\r\n which Tarentum was taken, but to the year after, when altercations about\r\n it took place in the senate. — \u003cb\u003etoga\u003c/b\u003e: here put for \u0027civil\r\n life\u0027, the \u003ci\u003etoga\u003c/i\u003e being replaced in time of war by the \u003ci\u003esagum\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Cf. in Pisonem 73 \u003ci\u003epacis est insigne et oti toga, contra autem arma\r\n tumultus atque belli;\u003c/i\u003e De Or. 3, 167 \u003ci\u003e\u0027togam\u0027, pro \u0027pace\u0027, \u0027arma\u0027,\r\n ac \u0027tela\u0027, pro \u0027bello\u0027.\u003c/i\u003e We have the same contrast between \u003ci\u003earma\u003c/i\u003e\r\n and \u003ci\u003etoga\u003c/i\u003e in Cicero\u0027s own much-derided verse, \u003ci\u003ecedant arma togae,\r\n concedat laurea laudi\u003c/i\u003e, which is defended by him, in Pis. 73 and Off.\r\n 1, 77. — \u003cb\u003econsul iterum\u003c/b\u003e etc.: as the second consulship of\r\n Fabius was in 228 B.C., while the law of Flaminius was passed in 232\r\n (according to Polybius), it is very difficult to understand the statement\r\n here made. It is possible that Flaminius was one of the commissioners for\r\n executing his own law, and that its execution lasted over the time of\r\n Fabius\u0027 second consulship. The Flaminius here mentioned is the same who\r\n fell as consul in 217 at the battle of lake Trasimenus. He held large and\r\n statesman-like views on the policy of securing Italy by planting Romans\r\n and Latins in the territory then recently taken from the Gauls, in the\r\n neighborhood of Ariminum. This particular measure was carried against the\r\n will of the senate, and was the first law passed, since the \u003ci\u003elex\r\n Hortensia\u003c/i\u003e of 287, in defiance of its wishes. It was also the first\r\n agrarian law since the Licinio-Sextian law of 367. Polybius dates the\r\n decline of the Roman constitution from the passing of the \u003ci\u003elex\r\n Flaminia\u003c/i\u003e. Cf.\u0027Rheinisches Museum\u0027, 1843, p. 573. — \u003cb\u003eSp.\r\n Carvilio quiescente\u003c/b\u003e: this Sp. Carvilius was consul in 234 when he\r\n conquered the Corsicans and Sardinians. In 228 he was again consul, and\r\n died as augur in 212. He is said, but erroneously, to have been the first\r\n Roman who divorced his wife. In 216, just after the battle of Cannae, he\r\n made a most remarkable proposal, to fill up the gaps which that battle\r\n had made in the numbers of the senate by selecting two members from each\r\n of the Latin communities. It was almost the only occasion in the course\r\n of Roman history when anything like modern representative government was\r\n advocated. Carvilius was not sprung from one of the noble families, who\r\n for the most part monopolized the higher offices of state, it is\r\n therefore not surprising that he should have sympathized with Flaminius.\r\n — \u003cb\u003econtra senatus auctoritatem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027against the expressed wish\r\n of the senate\u0027 \u003ci\u003eSenatus auctoritas\u003c/i\u003e is, strictly speaking, an\r\n opinion of the senate not formally embodied in a decree, \u003ci\u003esenatus\r\n consultum\u003c/i\u003e. Cicero, in Invent. 2, 52 says Flaminius carried his law\r\n \u003ci\u003econtra voluntatem omnium optimatium\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edividenti\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027when he tried to divide\u0027. The participle is here equivalent to\r\n \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e with the imperfect indicative (dividebat). So in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003elenientem\u003c/i\u003e A. 290, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G 668; H 549,\r\n 1.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e — cum esset\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027\u003ci\u003ethough\u003c/i\u003e he\r\n was\u0027. What Fabius declared was reaily that the \u003ci\u003eauspicia\u003c/i\u003e were a\r\n political instrument in the hands of the aristocrats, rather than a part\r\n of religion. Fabius, according to Liv. 30, 26, 7, was augur for 62 years\r\n before his death, and had no doubt had a large experience in the\r\n manipulation of the \u003ci\u003eauspicia\u003c/i\u003e for political purposes. Compare\r\n Homer, Iliad, 12, 243, also Cic. Phil. 11, 28 \u003ci\u003eIuppiter ipse sanxit ut\r\n omnia quae rei publicae salutaria essent legitima et iusta\r\n haberentur\u003c/i\u003e. Consult Mommsen, Hist of Rome, Bk. IV. Ch. 12.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_12\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12.\u003c/a\u003e admirabilius\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027more amazing\u0027. The Latin word has a much stronger meaning than the\r\n English word derived from it. — \u003cb\u003equo modo tulit\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eeum\r\n modum quo tulit\u003c/i\u003e, so that the clause is not really dependent on\r\n \u003ci\u003ecognovi\u003c/i\u003e, nor \u003ci\u003etulit\u003c/i\u003e irregularly put for \u003ci\u003etulerit\u003c/i\u003e. In\r\n Lael. 9 Laelius exclaims, of Cato himself, \u003ci\u003equo modo, ut alia omittam,\r\n mortem fili tulit\u003c/i\u003e. And no doubt Cic. meant here to make Cato allude\r\n to \u003ci\u003ehis\u003c/i\u003e loss, described in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_84\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e84\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efili\u003c/b\u003e: see n. on 1 \u003ci\u003epraemi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econsularis\u003c/b\u003e: the son\r\n of Fabius was consul in 213 with Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. — \u003cb\u003eest\r\n in manibus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027is in every one\u0027s hands\u0027, \u0027is commonly read\u0027. The\r\n expression is common enough in this sense; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Lael. 96 \u003ci\u003ein\r\n manibus est oratio\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003elaudatio\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. funebris\u003c/i\u003e, the\r\n funeral speech. This composition was read in Cicero\u0027s time (see Tusc. 3,\r\n 70; Fam. 4, 6, 1) and existed in the time of\r\n Plutarch. See Plutarch\u0027s life of Fab. 24. — \u003cb\u003equem\r\n philosophum\u003c/b\u003e: many of the ancient philosophers wrote popular treatises\r\n in which the principles of philosophy were applied to the alleviation of\r\n sorrow. The most famous of these in Cicero\u0027s time was Crantor\u0027s\r\n \u003cspan title=\"peri penthous\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπερι\r\n πενθους\u003c/span\u003e, which Cicero used\r\n largely in writing his \u003ci\u003eTusculan Disputations\u003c/i\u003e, and also in his\r\n \u003ci\u003eDe Consolatione\u003c/i\u003e on the death of his daughter. — \u003cb\u003ein luce\r\n … civium\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in public and under the gaze of his fellow-countrymen\u0027.\r\n Do not translate \u003ci\u003ein oculis\u003c/i\u003e by the English phrase \u0027in the eyes of\u0027,\r\n which has another sense. The metaphor in \u003ci\u003elux\u003c/i\u003e is often used by\r\n Cicero, as Qu. Fr. 1, 1, 7 \u003ci\u003ein luce Asiae, in oculis provinciae\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003enotitia\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003enotitia\u003c/i\u003e is general knowledge, often merely\r\n the result of superficial observation; \u003ci\u003escientia\u003c/i\u003e is thorough\r\n knowledge, the result of elaboration and generalization. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emultae litterae\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027great literary attainments.\u0027 In this sense\r\n \u003ci\u003emagnae\u003c/i\u003e could not be used to represent \u0027great\u0027. Note the ellipsis\r\n of \u003ci\u003eerant\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eut in homine Romano\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027considering that he\r\n was a Roman\u0027, or \u0027for a Roman\u0027. On the backwardness of the Romans in\r\n literary pursuits see Teuffel, Hist. of Rom. Lit, § 2; cf. also Ritter,\r\n Hist. of Ancient Philosophy, Vol. IV. pp. 1-13, Eng. ed. In parenthetic\r\n clauses like this, the introductory \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e may convey two very\r\n different meanings according to the context. Thus in Acad. 2, 98 \u003ci\u003ehomo\r\n acutus, ut Poenus\u003c/i\u003e is \u0027a keen witted man, \u003ci\u003eas might be expected\r\n of\u003c/i\u003e a Carthaginian\u0027 (cf. Colum. 1, 3, 8 \u003ci\u003eacutissimam gentem\r\n Poenos\u003c/i\u003e) while Nepos, Epam. 5, 2 \u003ci\u003eexercitatum in dicendo ut\r\n Thebanum\u003c/i\u003e implies that oratory was \u003ci\u003enot\u003c/i\u003e to be expected of a\r\n Theban. — \u003cb\u003edomestica … externa bella\u003c/b\u003e: here the \u003ci\u003edomestica\r\n bella\u003c/i\u003e are those wars which belong to the history of Rome, the\r\n \u003ci\u003eexterna bella\u003c/i\u003e those wars which belong to the history of other\r\n states; but usually \u003ci\u003edomestica bella\u003c/i\u003e are civil wars, \u003ci\u003eexterna\u003c/i\u003e\r\n foreign wars in which Rome is engaged; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Leg. agr. 2, 90\r\n \u003ci\u003eomnibus domesticis externisque bellis\u003c/i\u003e; in Catil 2, 11 \u003ci\u003eomnia\r\n sunt externa unius virtute pacata; domesticum bellum manet, intus\r\n insidiae sunt\u003c/i\u003e. The practice of reading military history was common\r\n among Roman commanders; see for instance Acad. 2, 3 of Lucullus; the\r\n practice is ridiculed by Marius in Sall. Iug. 85. — \u003cb\u003eita\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e does not qualify \u003ci\u003ecupide\u003c/i\u003e, and has not the sense of\r\n \u003ci\u003etam\u003c/i\u003e, it means rather \u0027in this state\u0027, \u0027under these conditions\u0027;\r\n the words from \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e to the end of the sentence really form an\r\n explanation of \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e. This mode of expression is often found,\r\n \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003esic\u003c/i\u003e frequently look on to clauses introduced by\r\n \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003esi\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e etc. Cf. below \u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esic quasi, cupiens\u003c/i\u003e (where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e); Sall. Iug. 85, 19 \u003ci\u003eita aetatem agunt\r\n quasi vestros honores contemnunt, ita hos petunt quasi honeste\r\n vixerint\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edivinarem\u003c/b\u003e: see references on \u003ca href=\"#Snot_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003econfeceris\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eillo exstincto\u003c/b\u003e: Fabius died in 203 B.C.\r\n — \u003cb\u003efore unde discerem neminem\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Acad. 1, 8 \u003ci\u003equae nemo\r\n adhuc docuerat nec erat unde studiosi scire possent. Unde\u003c/i\u003e of persons\r\n (here = \u003ci\u003ea quo\u003c/i\u003e); is common in both verse and prose (so \u003cspan title=\"hothen\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛οθεν\u003c/span\u003e and\r\n \u003cspan title=\"hothenper\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛οθενπερ\u003c/span\u003e, vid. Liddell and\r\n Scott in vv.); cf. Horace 1, 12, 17 \u003ci\u003eunde nil maius generatur ipso\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n 1, 28, 28; Cic. de Or. 1, 67 \u003ci\u003eille ipse unde cognorit\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 2, 285.\r\n So \u003ci\u003eubi = apud quem\u003c/i\u003e in Verr. 4, 29; \u003ci\u003equo = ad quos\u003c/i\u003e below, 83,\r\n and in Verr. 4 38; cf. also \u003ca href=\"#Snot_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e on \u003ci\u003eistinc\u003c/i\u003e in\r\n 47. For mood of \u003ci\u003ediscerem\u003c/i\u003e see A. 320; G.\r\n 634; H. 503, I.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_13\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e13.\u003c/a\u003e quorsus igitur\r\n haec\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. dixi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etam multa\u003c/b\u003e: this takes the place\r\n of \u003ci\u003etot\u003c/i\u003e, which, like \u003ci\u003equot\u003c/i\u003e, cannot be used as a substantive.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eScipiones\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027men like Scipio\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the elder\r\n Africanus; so 15 \u003ci\u003eFabricii Curii Coruncanii\u003c/i\u003e. Cicero has here put\r\n his own opinion of Scipio into the mouth of Cato, who, during a large\r\n part of his life, was a staunch and even bitter opponent of Scipio, and\r\n therefore not likely to couple him with Fabius. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Page_xiii\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eut\r\n … recordentur\u003c/b\u003e: the repetition of \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e with each clause for the\r\n sake of effect may be compared with the repetition of \u003ci\u003enihil\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e41\u003c/a\u003e; of \u003ci\u003enon\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e; of\r\n \u003ci\u003ehinc\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_40\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e40\u003c/a\u003e; of \u003ci\u003esibi\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_58\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e58\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003epedestris\u003c/b\u003e: for \u003ci\u003eterrestris\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n the usage is very common; so in Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pezomachia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπεζομαχια\u003c/span\u003e and\r\n \u003cspan title=\"naumachia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eναυμαχια\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pezomachein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπεζομαχειν\u003c/span\u003e\r\n and \u003cspan title=\"naumachein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eναυμαχειν\u003c/span\u003e are\r\n often contrasted (see Liddell and Scott). It is not recorded by\r\n historians that either Scipio or Fabius took part personally in naval\r\n warfare. — \u003cb\u003erecordentur\u003c/b\u003e: this verb implies the habitual\r\n dwelling of the memory upon the past. — \u003cb\u003equiete et pure atque\r\n eleganter\u003c/b\u003e: the enumeration consists of two branches connected by\r\n \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e, the second branch being subdivided into two members connected\r\n by \u003ci\u003eatque\u003c/i\u003e. Had each of the adverbs been intended to stand on\r\n exactly the same footing Cic. would have written \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e instead of\r\n \u003ci\u003eatque\u003c/i\u003e, or else would have omitted the copula altogether; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 53\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ecapitum iugatio\u003c/i\u003e. In enumerations of\r\n the form A + (B\u003csub\u003el\u003c/sub\u003e + B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), the + outside the bracket\r\n is expressed by \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e, the + inside the bracket generally being\r\n expressed by \u003ci\u003eac\u003c/i\u003e, for which \u003ci\u003eatque\u003c/i\u003e is substituted when the\r\n following word (\u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) begins with a vowel, a\r\n guttural (\u003ci\u003ec, q, g\u003c/i\u003e) or \u003ci\u003eh\u003c/i\u003e, before which \u003ci\u003eac\u003c/i\u003e was very\r\n seldom written. — \u003cb\u003epure atque eleganter\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027sinlessly and\r\n gently\u0027. \u003ci\u003ePure\u003c/i\u003e implies moral stainlessness, \u003ci\u003eeleganter\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n literally \u0027in choice fashion\u0027, implies daintiness combined with\r\n simplicity in regard to the external conditions of life. The same ideas\r\n are put together in Sull. 79 \u003ci\u003ecum summa elegantia atque integritate\r\n vixistis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaetatis\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eplacida ac lenis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027quiet and mild\u0027; \u003ci\u003eplacida\u003c/i\u003e refers\r\n to the external surroundings, \u003ci\u003elenis\u003c/i\u003e to the temper and character.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eaccepimus\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. fuisse\u003c/i\u003e; for the ellipsis of the\r\n infinitive cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 22\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evideretur\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003euno et octogesimo\u003c/b\u003e: but below \u003ci\u003equarto\u003c/i\u003e (not \u003ci\u003equattuor\u003c/i\u003e)\r\n \u003ci\u003enonagesimo\u003c/i\u003e. In the compound \u003ci\u003eordinal\u003c/i\u003e numbers corresponding\r\n to those \u003ci\u003ecardinal\u003c/i\u003e numbers which are made up of one and a multiple\r\n of ten, the Latins use \u003ci\u003eunus\u003c/i\u003e oftener than \u003ci\u003eprimus\u003c/i\u003e, which\r\n would be strictly correct; so in English \u0027one and eightieth\u0027 for\r\n \u0027eighty-first\u0027. The ordinary Grammar rule (Roby, Vol. I, p. 443 \u0027the\r\n \u003ci\u003eordinal\u003c/i\u003e not the \u003ci\u003ecardinal\u003c/i\u003e is used in giving the date\u0027)\r\n requires slight correction. For the position of the words see G. 94, 3;\r\n H. 174, footnote 3. — \u003cb\u003escribens est mortuus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027died while\r\n still engaged upon his works\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enum\r\n Platonem … coegit in suis studiis obmutiscere senectus?\u003c/i\u003e Diog.\r\n Laert. 3, 2 quoting Hermippus (a Greek writer of biography who lived\r\n about the time of the Second Punic war), says that Plato died in the\r\n middle of a marriage-feast at which he was a guest. Val. Max. 8, 7, 3\r\n gives a slightly different account. — \u003cb\u003eIsocrati\u003c/b\u003e: this form of\r\n the genitive of Greek proper names in \u003ci\u003e-es\u003c/i\u003e was probably used by\r\n Cicero rather than the form in \u003ci\u003e-is\u003c/i\u003e; see Madvig on Fin. 1, 14;\r\n Neue, Formenlehre, 1² 332. Isocrates, the greatest teacher of rhetoric of\r\n his time, lived from 436 to 338, when he died by voluntary starvation\r\n owing to his grief at the loss of Greek freedom through the battle of\r\n Chaeronea. Milton, Sonnet X. \u0027That dishonest victory At Chaeronea, fatal\r\n to liberty, Kill\u0027d with report that old man eloquent\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eeum …\r\n inscribitur\u003c/b\u003e: the periphrasis is common, and the verb\r\n \u003ci\u003einscribere\u003c/i\u003e is nearly always in the present tense (in later prose\r\n as well as in Cicero) as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e. This is sometimes\r\n the case even where the neighboring verbs are in past tenses, as in Acad.\r\n 1, 12 \u003ci\u003enec se tenuit quin contra suum doctorem librum etiam ederet qui\r\n Sosus inscribitur\u003c/i\u003e. The present seems to mean that the name mentioned\r\n is continually given to each copy of the book as produced; where the\r\n continuing multiplication of copies is not looked to, we have the\r\n perfect, as Att. 8, 5, 2 \u003ci\u003etu fasciculum\u003c/i\u003e (bundle of letters) \u003ci\u003equi\r\n est inscriptus \u0027des M\u0027. Curio\u0027, velim cures ad eum perferendum\u003c/i\u003e. Cf.\r\n also De Or. 2, 61 \u003ci\u003edeceptus indicibus librorum qui sunt fere\r\n inscripti\u003c/i\u003e (\u0027to which the authors—once for all—have given\r\n the titles\u0027) \u003ci\u003ede virtute, de iustitia\u003c/i\u003e, etc.; so Div. 2, 1 \u003ci\u003eeo\r\n libro qui inscriptus Hortensius\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edicit\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n \u0027Panathenaicus\u0027, an encomium of Athens written for recitation at the\r\n great festival of the Panathenaea, is among the works of\r\n Isocrates which we still possess. In c. 1 Isocrates says\r\n \u003cspan title=\"tois etesi enenêkonta kai tettarsin, hôn egô tynchanô gegonôs\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτοις ετεσι\r\n ενενηκοντα\r\n και\r\n τετταρσιν,\r\n ‛ων εγω\r\n τυγχανω\r\n γεγονως\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evixitque\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027and yet he lived\u0027. The \u003ci\u003eque\u003c/i\u003e here has a slight\r\n adversative force, as is often the case with \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 28\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e43\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_73\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e73\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eGorgias\u003c/b\u003e: the greatest of the\r\n sophists, born at Leontini in Sicily about 485 B.C.; his death took\r\n place, according to the varying accounts, in 380, 378, or 377. In his old\r\n age he lived in Thessaly where Isocrates studied with him; see Or. 176;\r\n Fin. 2, 1. For the adjective \u003ci\u003eLeontinus\u003c/i\u003e placed before the name\r\n rather than after cf. 43 \u003ci\u003eThessalo Cinea\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecentum et\r\n septem annos\u003c/b\u003e: Kennedy, Gram., § 34, vii, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e, says, \u0027in compound\r\n numbers above 100 the larger number, with or without \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e, generally\r\n precedes the smaller\u0027; cf. Roby, Vol. 1 p. 443. — \u003cb\u003ecesso\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n does not correspond in meaning with our \u0027cease\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027\u003ci\u003eto come\r\n to\u003c/i\u003e a standstill\u0027; \u003ci\u003ecesso\u003c/i\u003e is \u0027I am in a state of rest\u0027, \u0027I am\r\n idle\u0027. — \u003cb\u003equaereretur\u003c/b\u003e: the past tense, though the principal\r\n verb \u003ci\u003einquit\u003c/i\u003e, is in the present, because the present is the\r\n \u003ci\u003ehistorical\u003c/i\u003e present and so equivalent to a past tense. Cf. Roby,\r\n 1511-1514; Kennedy 229, 2. A. 287, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G. 511, Rem. 1; H. 495, II.\r\n The idiom by which the imperfect stands where we should expect a tense of\r\n completed action, should be noticed; cf. Tusc. 2, 60 \u003ci\u003equem cum rogaret,\r\n respondit.\u003c/i\u003e The explanation of the imperfect in such cases is that it\r\n marks out, more clearly than the pluperfect would, the fact that the\r\n action of the principal verb and the action of the dependent verb are\r\n practically contemporaneous. In our passage if \u003ci\u003equaesitum esset\u003c/i\u003e had\r\n been written it would have indicated merely that at some quite indefinite\r\n time after the question was put the answer was given. Cf. N.D. 1, 60\r\n \u003ci\u003eauctore … obscurior\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecur … vita\u003c/b\u003e: a hint at\r\n suicide, which the ancients thought a justifiable mode of escape from\r\n troubles, particularly those of ill health or old age. See \u003ca href=\"#Snot_73\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 73\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evetat Pythagoras. Esse in vita\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n stronger than \u003ci\u003evivere\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Qu. Fr. 1, 3, 5. — \u003cb\u003enihil habeo\r\n quod accusem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I have no reason to reproach\u0027. Cf. the common phrase\r\n \u003ci\u003equid est quod …? Quod\u003c/i\u003e, adverbial acc. A. 240, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 331,\r\n R. 3; H. 378, 2. For mood of \u003ci\u003eaccusem\u003c/i\u003e see H. 503, I. n. 2, and\r\n references on \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ediscerem\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003epraeclarum responsum\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eest\u003c/i\u003e is not required, because\r\n \u003ci\u003eresponsum\u003c/i\u003e is in apposition to the last part of the preceding\r\n sentence. Similar appositions occur in Laelius, 67, 71, 79. —\r\n \u003cb\u003edocto\u003c/b\u003e: applied especially to philosophers, but also to poets. The\r\n word implies \u003ci\u003ecultivation\u003c/i\u003e as well as mere \u003ci\u003eknowledge\u003c/i\u003e; \u0027a\r\n learned man\u0027, merely as such, is \u0027\u003ci\u003ehomo litteratus\u003c/i\u003e\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 54\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_14\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14.\u003c/a\u003e cuius … feci\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the aforesaid\u0027 is in good\r\n Latin always expressed by a parenthesis like this and not by a participle\r\n in agreement with the noun. The phrases \u0027\u003ci\u003eante dictus\u003c/i\u003e\u0027, \u0027\u003ci\u003esupra\r\n dictus\u003c/i\u003e\u0027, belong to silver Latin, where they are common. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equos ante dixi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esic ut\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n the lines are from the Annals of Ennius, for which see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eecus\u003c/b\u003e: Ennius did not write\r\n \u003ci\u003euu\u003c/i\u003e, nor most likely did Cicero; the former may have written either\r\n \u003ci\u003eecus, equos,\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eequs\u003c/i\u003e. The last form Vahlen prints in his\r\n edition of Ennius. — \u003cb\u003espatio supremo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027at the end of the\r\n race-course\u0027, \u0027at the goal\u0027, or it may be \u0027at the last turn round the\r\n course\u0027, the race requiring the course to be run round several times; cf.\r\n Homer\u0027s \u003cspan title=\"pymaton dromon\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπυματον\r\n δρομον\u003c/span\u003e in Iliad 23, 768. So \u003ca href=\"#Sect_83\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e83\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edecurso spatio\u003c/i\u003e; Verg. Aen. 5, 327 \u003ci\u003eiamque\r\n fere spatio extreme fessique sub ipsam finem adventabant\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evicit Olumpia\u003c/b\u003e: a direct imitation of the Greek phrase\r\n \u003cspan title=\"nikan Olympia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eνικαν\r\n Ολυμπια\u003c/span\u003e, to win a victory at\r\n an Olympic contest. So Horace Ep. 1, 1, 50 has \u003ci\u003ecoronari Olympia\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"stephanousthai Olympia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eστεφανουσθαι\r\n Ολυμπια\u003c/span\u003e. The editors print\r\n \u003ci\u003eOlympia\u003c/i\u003e, but the use of \u003ci\u003ey\u003c/i\u003e to represent Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"u\" lang=\"el\"\u003eυ\u003c/span\u003e did not come in till long after the time of Ennius.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esenio\u003c/b\u003e: differs from \u003ci\u003esenectute\u003c/i\u003e in implying not\r\n merely old age, but the weakness which usually accompanies it. —\r\n \u003cb\u003econfectus\u003c/b\u003e: for the disregard of the final \u003ci\u003es\u003c/i\u003e in scanning cf.\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e, l. 6. — \u003cb\u003eequi victoris\u003c/b\u003e: for\r\n the almost adjectival use of the substantive \u003ci\u003evictor\u003c/i\u003e, cf. Verg.\r\n Aen. 7, 656 \u003ci\u003evictores equos\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 12, 751 \u003ci\u003evenator canis\u003c/i\u003e; ib.\r\n 10, 891; 11, 89, and Georg. 2, 145 \u003ci\u003ebellator equus\u003c/i\u003e, in Theocritus\r\n 15, 51\r\n \u003cspan title=\"polemistai hippoi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπολεμισται\r\n ‛ιπποι\u003c/span\u003e. The feminine nouns in \u003ci\u003e-trix\u003c/i\u003e\r\n are freely used as adjectives both in verse and in prose. A. 88,\r\n \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; H. 441, 3. — \u003cb\u003equem quidem\u003c/b\u003e: the same form of\r\n transition is used in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e. The whole of this passage to \u003ci\u003esuasissem\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n an exhibition of antiquarian learning quite unnatural and inappropriate\r\n in a dialogue. — \u003cb\u003eprobe meminisse potestis\u003c/b\u003e: cf. De Or. 3, 194\r\n \u003ci\u003equem tu probe meministi\u003c/i\u003e; Fin. 2, 63 \u003ci\u003eL. Thorius quem meminisse\r\n tu non potes. Memini\u003c/i\u003e can take a \u003ci\u003epersonal\u003c/i\u003e accusative only when\r\n the person who remembers was a contemporary of the person remembered;\r\n otherwise the gen. follows. Cf. Roby, 1333; A. 219, Rem.; H. 407, n. 1.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ehi consules\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the present consuls\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eT.\r\n Flamininus\u003c/b\u003e: commonly said to be the son of the great Flamininus (\u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e,\r\n l. 1). He was altogether undistinguished, as also were the Acilius and\r\n the Caepio here mentioned. This passage gives the imagined date of the\r\n dialogue as 150 B.C. — \u003cb\u003ePhilippo\u003c/b\u003e: this was Q. Marcius\r\n Philippus, who was consul in 186 and took part in the suppression of the\r\n great Bacchanalian conspiracy of that year. For the next 17 years he was\r\n a leading senator and much engaged in diplomacy in the East. In\r\n 169 he was again consul and commanded against Perseus in the early part\r\n of the war. — \u003cb\u003ecum … legem Voconiam … suasissem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027after I\r\n had spoken publicly in favor of the law o£ Voconius\u0027. For\r\n \u003ci\u003esuasissem\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esuasor\u003c/i\u003e with \u003ca href=\"#Snot_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e The \u003ci\u003eLex Voconia de mulierum hereditatibus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n aimed at securing the continuance of property in families. By its\r\n provisions no man who possessed property valued in the censors\u0027 lists at\r\n 100,000 sesterces or more, could appoint a woman or women as his\r\n \u003ci\u003eheres\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eheredes\u003c/i\u003e; further, no person or persons, male or\r\n female, could receive under the will legacies amounting in all to a\r\n larger sum than that received by the principal heir or heirs. Every Roman\r\n will named a \u003ci\u003eheres\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eheredes\u003c/i\u003e, on whom devolved all the\r\n privileges and duties of the deceased, with such duties as were enjoined\r\n by the will; particularly the duty of paying the legacies left to those\r\n who were not \u003ci\u003eheredes\u003c/i\u003e. See Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 6; also Hunter,\r\n Introd. to Roman Law, Ch. 5. — \u003cb\u003emagna\u003c/b\u003e: in Latin the word\r\n \u003ci\u003emagnus\u003c/i\u003e is the only equivalent of our \u0027loud\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003elateribus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027lungs\u0027. Cic. and the best writers rarely use\r\n \u003ci\u003epulmones\u003c/i\u003e for \u0027lungs\u0027; the few passages in which it occurs either\r\n refer to victims sacrificed at the altar, or are medical or physiological\r\n descriptions. \u0027Good lungs\u0027 is always \u0027\u003ci\u003ebona latera\u003c/i\u003e\u0027 never\r\n \u003ci\u003epulmones\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eduo … senectutem\u003c/b\u003e: Ennius is said to\r\n have kept a school in his later days, and to have lived in a cottage with\r\n one servant only.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_15\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15.\u003c/a\u003e etenim\u003c/b\u003e: this\r\n word generally introduces either an explanation or a proof of a preceding\r\n statement. Here the words are elliptic, and the real connection with what\r\n precedes can only be made clear by a paraphrase. \u0027Ennius seemed to\r\n delight in old age. And no wonder, since there are four causes which make\r\n men think old age wretched, and no one of these will bear examination\u0027.\r\n \u003ci\u003eEtenim\u003c/i\u003e may generally be translated \u0027indeed\u0027, or \u0027in fact\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecum complector animo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027when I grasp them in my thoughts\u0027. The\r\n object of \u003ci\u003ecomplector\u003c/i\u003e is to be supplied from \u003ci\u003ecausas\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eavocet\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. senes\u003c/i\u003e. The subjunctives denote that these are\r\n the thoughts not of the speaker, but of the persons who do think old age\r\n a wretched thing. See \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eferat\u003c/i\u003e; but cf.\r\n Kennedy, Grammar, pref., p. 30. — \u003cb\u003ealteram … tertiam\u003c/b\u003e: in\r\n enumerations of more than two things \u003ci\u003eunus and alter\u003c/i\u003e generally take\r\n the place of \u003ci\u003eprimus\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003esecundus\u003c/i\u003e: in Cic. these latter\r\n rarely occur under such circumstances. Cf. Att. 3, 15, 1; Fin. 5, 9; Off.\r\n 1, 152; Cluent. 178. — \u003cb\u003einfirmius\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. auam antea\r\n erat\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equam sit iusta\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero generally\r\n separates from the words they qualify \u003ci\u003equam\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003etam\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003etantus\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003equantus\u003c/i\u003e, often, as here, by one small\r\n word. Cf. below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equam fuit imbecillus\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n 40 \u003ci\u003etam esse inimicum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equibus\u003c/b\u003e: the preposition\r\n \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e is often omitted; cf. in Pis. 91 \u003ci\u003eArsinoen … Naupactum\r\n fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus hostibus? Nempe eis\u003c/i\u003e etc.;\r\n Tusc. 3, 37 \u003ci\u003esed traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas?\u003c/i\u003e\r\n Even when relative and antecedent are in the same sentence the\r\n preposition is not often repeated; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Fin. 5, 68 \u003ci\u003eeodem in\r\n genere quo illa\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ean eis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ean\u003c/i\u003e always introduces a\r\n question which is not independent, but follows upon a previous question\r\n either expressed or implied. Here \u003ci\u003equibus\u003c/i\u003e implies \u003ci\u003eomnibusne\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Cf. div. in Caec. 52 \u003ci\u003equid enim dices? An id quod dictitas\u003c/i\u003e …\r\n where \u003ci\u003equid\u003c/i\u003e implies \u003ci\u003enihilne\u003c/i\u003e: also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eanne\u003c/i\u003e. A 211,\r\n \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 459; H. 353, 2, n. 4. — \u003cb\u003eiuventute et viribus\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n commonly explained as a hendiadys, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e as put for \u003ci\u003eiuventutis\r\n viribus\u003c/i\u003e; but Cic. no more meant this than we mean \u0027the strength of\r\n youth\u0027 when we speak of \u0027youth and strength\u0027. Real instances of hendiadys\r\n are much rarer than is generally supposed. — \u003cb\u003equae\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003ci\u003etales ut\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eL. Paulus\u003c/b\u003e: this is L. Aemilius Paulus\r\n Macedonicus, consul in 182 B.C., and again in 168 when he finished the\r\n third Macedonian war by utterly defeating Perseus at Pydna. For his\r\n connection with Scipio and Cato see \u003ca href=\"#Page_xxi\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003epater tuus\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e. Scipio\u003c/i\u003e; so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eavi tui\u003c/i\u003e, and\r\n in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eavum tuum\u003c/i\u003e, without mention of young\r\n Scipio\u0027s name, but in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_49\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e49\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003epatris tui,\r\n Scipio\u003c/i\u003e; so \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eFabricii\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n for the plurals see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e. C. Fabricius\r\n Luscinus, consul in 282, 278, and 273 B.C., censor in 275, held the\r\n command against Pyrrhus. The Roman writers, Cicero especially, are never\r\n tired of eulogizing him as a pattern of old-fashioned Roman virtue.\r\n Manius Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 practically, if not\r\n formally, ended the third Samnite war, and also commanded against\r\n Pyrrhus; see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e. He was famed for his sturdy Roman\r\n simplicity and frugality. Tiberius Coruncanius as consul in 280 crushed\r\n an Etruscan insurrection. In 252 he became the first plebeian pontifex\r\n maximus. These three men are very frequently mentioned together by\r\n Cicero; cf. below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e43\u003c/a\u003e, Lael. 18. — \u003cb\u003enihil\r\n agebant\u003c/b\u003e: observe that \u003ci\u003enihil agebat\u003c/i\u003e is put at the beginning of\r\n the first sentence, \u003ci\u003enihil agebant\u003c/i\u003e at the end of the second;\r\n chiasmus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_16\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e16.\u003c/a\u003e A. Claudi\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Appius Claudius, the head of the most strongly aristocratic family in\r\n Rome, was censor in 311 B.C., when he constructed the \u003ci\u003evia Appia\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n and consul in 307 and 296. He had to be carried into the senate-house in\r\n order to oppose the peace with Pyrrhus. — \u003cb\u003eaccedebat\r\n ut\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eaccedit\u003c/i\u003e is far oftener followed by a clause with\r\n \u003ci\u003equod\u003c/i\u003e and indicative than by a clause with \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n subjunctive. When the \u003ci\u003equod\u003c/i\u003e clause follows, it contains a fact\r\n looked at merely as a fact and nothing more, but the \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e clause\r\n views the fact as consequent upon, or dependent on some other fact. Here\r\n the blindness is regarded as being the consequence of old age, though\r\n Livy 9, 29, 11 and other authors attribute it to the anger of the gods,\r\n because as censor Appius had taken the administration of the worship of\r\n Hercules away from the ancient family of the Potitii, and had placed it\r\n in the hands of public slaves. The mental vigor of Appius in his old age\r\n is mentioned by Cic. in Tusc. 5, 112.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e — cum Pyrrho\u003c/b\u003e: note the\r\n position of the words between \u003ci\u003epacem\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003efoedus\u003c/i\u003e, with both\r\n of which they go. This usage is called by the grammarians\r\n \u003ci\u003econiunctio\u003c/i\u003e; cf. n. on Lael. 8 \u003ci\u003ecum summi viri tum amicissimi\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n also above, \u003ci\u003equae iuventute geruntur et viribus\u003c/i\u003e, below 18 \u003ci\u003equae\r\n sunt gerenda praescribo et quo modo\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efoedus\u003c/b\u003e: this seems\r\n opposed to \u003ci\u003epacem\u003c/i\u003e as a formal engagement is to a mere abstention\r\n from hostilities. — \u003cb\u003enon dubitavit dicere\u003c/b\u003e: when\r\n \u003ci\u003edubitare\u003c/i\u003e means \u0027to hesitate\u0027 (about a course of action), and the\r\n sentence is \u003ci\u003enegative\u003c/i\u003e, or an interrogative sentence assuming a\r\n negative answer, the infinitive construction generally follows, as here;\r\n but the infinitive is rare in a \u003ci\u003epositive\u003c/i\u003e sentence. When\r\n \u003ci\u003edubitare\u003c/i\u003e means to \u0027be in doubt\u0027 (as to whether certain statements\r\n are true or not), the regular construction is either \u003ci\u003equin\u003c/i\u003e with\r\n subj. or some form of indirect interrogative clause. Cf. below, 25. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equo vobis\u003c/b\u003e: from the \u003ci\u003eAnnales\u003c/i\u003e. In \u003ci\u003ementis dementis\u003c/i\u003e we\r\n have \u003ci\u003eoxymoron\u003c/i\u003e (an intentional contradiction in terms) as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esensum sine sensu\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003emunus … aufert\u003c/i\u003e. On the case of\r\n \u003ci\u003evobis\u003c/i\u003e, see Roby, 1154, A. 235, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, H. 384, 4, n. 2. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eantehac\u003c/b\u003e: always a dissyllable in verse, and probably so pronounced\r\n in prose. — \u003cb\u003eviai\u003c/b\u003e: the old genitive. A. 36 \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, G. 27,\r\n Rem. 1, H. 49, 2. The reading is not quite certain, if \u003ci\u003eviai\u003c/i\u003e be read\r\n it is not altogether certain whether it depends on \u003ci\u003equo\u003c/i\u003e or on\r\n \u003ci\u003esese flexere\u003c/i\u003e. In the former construction we have a partitive gen\r\n with an adv; A. 216, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, 4, G. 371, Rem. 4, H. 397, 4, in the\r\n latter, a distinct Graecism like \u003ci\u003edesine querellarum\u003c/i\u003e (Hor Od 2, 9,\r\n 17) and the like; A. 243 Rem., G. 373 Rem. 6, H. 410 V 4. — \u003cb\u003eet\r\n tamen\u003c/b\u003e: the sense is incompletely expressed, in full it is \u0027and yet\r\n there is no need for me to refer to Appius\u0027 speech as given by Ennius,\r\n since the speech itself is in existence.\u0027 Exactly similar ellipses are\r\n found with \u003ci\u003eet tamen\u003c/i\u003e in Fin. 1, 11 and 15; 2, §§ 15, 21, 64 and 85,\r\n Att. 7, 3, 10, Lucretius 5, 1177. In Munro\u0027s note on the last passage a\r\n collection of examples will be found. — \u003cb\u003eAppi … oratio\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n speech was known to Cicero, and was one of the oldest monuments of prose\r\n composition in Latin extant in his time, see Brut. 61. Plutarch, Pyrrhus\r\n 19, gives an account of Appius\u0027 speech, which may founded on the\r\n original, he mentions it also in his tract commonly called \u0027\u003ci\u003ean seni\r\n sit gerenda res publica\u003c/i\u003e\u0027, c. 21. Ihne (History of Rome, Vol I. p. 521,\r\n Eng. ed.) doubts whether the speech, as Cic. knew it, was committed to\r\n writing by Appius himself. — \u003cb\u003ehaec ille egit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027he made this\r\n speech.\u0027 — \u003cb\u003eseptemdecim annis\u003c/b\u003e: as the second (\u003ci\u003ealterum\u003c/i\u003e)\r\n consulship was in 296, and the speech in 280, both these years are\r\n included in the reckoning by a usage very common in Latin. For the\r\n ablative cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e19\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecensor … ante\r\n consulatum\u003c/b\u003e: this was unusual, and therefore to Claudius\u0027 honor. —\r\n \u003cb\u003egrandem sane\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027undoubtedly old\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eet tamen sic\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e. eum tum grandem fuisse\u003c/i\u003e Lahmeyer wrongly says that \u003ci\u003esic\u003c/i\u003e\r\n points to the words \u003ci\u003eatque haec ille egit\u003c/i\u003e. It may be noted that\r\n \u003ci\u003esic\u003c/i\u003e takes the place of an object after \u003ci\u003eaccipimus\u003c/i\u003e, cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eita crederem\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003esic mihi persuasi\u003c/i\u003e, also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003emale\r\n cogitanti\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_17\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_17\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e17.\u003c/a\u003e nihil\r\n afferunt\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027they bring forward nothing\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e what they bring\r\n forward is worthless, so in Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"ouden legein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eουδεν\r\n λεγειν\u003c/span\u003e, the opposite of which is\r\n \u003cspan title=\"legein ti\" lang=\"el\"\u003eλεγειν τι\u003c/span\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esimiles ut\r\n si\u003c/b\u003e: a very rare construction. Equally unusual is \u003ci\u003esimiles tamquam\r\n si\u003c/i\u003e in Div. 2, 131. In Tusc. 4, 41 and Off. 1, 87 we find \u003ci\u003esimiliter\r\n ut si\u003c/i\u003e in Fin 2, 21 and 4, 31 \u003ci\u003esimiliter\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003esimilis et\r\n si\u003c/i\u003e, in N.D. 3, 8 \u003ci\u003esimiliter ac si\u003c/i\u003e, also in Liv. 5, 5, 12\r\n \u003ci\u003edissimilia ac si\u003c/i\u003e, in 35, 42, 10 \u003ci\u003eidem ac si\u003c/i\u003e. As regards the\r\n \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e after \u003ci\u003esimiles\u003c/i\u003e, we may compare a few passages in which\r\n \u003ci\u003esimul ut\u003c/i\u003e appears for \u003ci\u003esimul ac\u003c/i\u003e, see Reid\u0027s n. on Academ. 2,\r\n 51. In the English Bible there are expressions like \u003ci\u003esimiles sunt ut si\r\n qui dicant\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027they are like as if some men should say.\u0027 —\r\n \u003cb\u003escandant\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027\u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e is used with the subjunctive when it\r\n expresses a kind of comparison, and especially a contrast, between the\r\n contents of a leading proposition and a subordinate (\"whereas\", etc.)\u0027\r\n Madvig, 358, Obs. 3. The underlying idea in this use is generally cause,\r\n sometimes concession. — \u003cb\u003eper foros\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027over the deck.\u0027 —\r\n \u003cb\u003eille\u003c/b\u003e: for the omission of \u003ci\u003esed\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eautem\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003easyndeton\r\n adversativum\u003c/i\u003e) see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003elibrum\u003c/i\u003e, etc.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eclavum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027tiller\u0027. With this passage Lahmeyer well compares\r\n what Cicero says of himself in Fam. 9, 15, 3 \u003ci\u003esedebamus in puppi et\r\n clavum tenebamus; nunc autem vix est in sentina locus\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evelocitate\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003evelocitas\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eceleritas\u003c/i\u003e differ very\r\n slightly; the former means rather speed of movement in one line the\r\n latter rather power of rapid motion with frequent change of direction.\r\n The emphatic word in this clause is \u003ci\u003ecorporum\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Off. 1, 79\r\n \u003ci\u003ehonestum … animi efficitur non corporis viribus\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003econsilio … sententia\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003econsilio\u003c/i\u003e, advice;\r\n \u003ci\u003eauctoritate\u003c/i\u003e, weight of influence; \u003ci\u003esententia,\u003c/i\u003e an opinion or\r\n vote formally given. — \u003cb\u003equibus\u003c/b\u003e: in twofold relation; with\r\n \u003ci\u003eorbari\u003c/i\u003e, abl. of separation, with \u003ci\u003eaugeri\u003c/i\u003e of\r\n specification.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_18\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e18.\u003c/a\u003e nisi forte\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n ironical, used to introduce a possible, but absurd objection to something\r\n which has gone before. The verb that follows is always in the indicative.\r\n — \u003cb\u003emiles\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027as common soldier\u0027; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 10\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ein vario genere\u003c/b\u003e: we use the plural, \u0027in\r\n different kinds\u0027. Cf. Acad. 2, 3 \u003ci\u003ein omni genere belli\u003c/i\u003e; Deiot. 12\r\n \u003ci\u003ein omni genere bellorum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecessare\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eat senatui\u003c/b\u003e etc.: exactly the\r\n same ideas are expressed, with the same mention of Cato\u0027s activity in\r\n Off. 1, 79. — \u003cb\u003emale cogitanti\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027which has now for a long time\r\n been plotting mischief\u0027; A. 290, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 671, 221; H. 549, 4; 467,\r\n III. 2. Cf. pro Sulla 70 \u003ci\u003enefarie cogitare\u003c/i\u003e; for the use of the\r\n adverb see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 16\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esic\u003c/i\u003e. On Cato\u0027s attitude\r\n toward Carthage see \u003ca href=\"#Page_xix\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evereri\u003c/b\u003e: the construction is\r\n unusual. \u003ci\u003eVereor\u003c/i\u003e regularly takes after it an accusative, or else a\r\n clause with \u003ci\u003ene\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e. A passage much resembling this is\r\n Rab. Post. 10 \u003ci\u003eomnes qui aliquid de se verebantur\u003c/i\u003e; cf. also Att.\r\n 10, 4, 6 \u003ci\u003ede vita sua metuere\u003c/i\u003e; Verg. Aen. 9, 207 \u003ci\u003ede te nil tale\r\n verebar\u003c/i\u003e; in all these examples the ablative with \u003ci\u003ede\u003c/i\u003e denotes\r\n the quarter threatened, not, as here, the quarter from which the threat\r\n comes. — \u003cb\u003eexscisam\u003c/b\u003e: from \u003ci\u003eexscindo\u003c/i\u003e; most edd.\r\n \u003ci\u003eexcisam\u003c/i\u003e, but to raze a city is \u003ci\u003eurbem exscindere\u003c/i\u003e not\r\n \u003ci\u003eexcidere\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Rep. 6, 11 \u003ci\u003eNumantiam exscindes\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_19\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e19.\u003c/a\u003e quam palmam\u003c/b\u003e\r\n etc.: a prophecy after the event, like that in Rep. 6, 11 \u003ci\u003eavi\r\n relliquias\u003c/i\u003e, the finishing up of the Punic wars. For the use of\r\n \u003ci\u003erelliquias\u003c/i\u003e cf. Verg. Aen. 11, 30 \u003ci\u003eTroas relliquias Danaum atque\r\n immitis Achilli\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 598; ib. 3, 87. — \u003cb\u003etertius\u003c/b\u003e: so all\r\n our MSS. This places the elder Scipio\u0027s death in 183, which agrees with\r\n Livy\u0027s account in 39, 50, 10. But the year before Cato\u0027s censorship was\r\n 185 not 183, hence some edd. read \u003ci\u003equintus\u003c/i\u003e and some \u003ci\u003esextus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n in place of \u003ci\u003etertius\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e — novem annis\u003c/b\u003e: as Cato\u0027s\r\n consulship was in 195 these words also apparently disagree with\r\n \u003ci\u003etertius\u003c/i\u003e above. \u003ci\u003eNovem annis post\u003c/i\u003e means nine \u003ci\u003efull\u003c/i\u003e\r\n years after, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e 185 not 186; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e42\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eseptem annis post\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eenim\u003c/b\u003e: implies that the answer\r\n \u0027no\u0027 has been given to the question and proceeds to\r\n account for that answer. — \u003cb\u003eexcursione\u003c/b\u003e: a military term =\r\n \u0027skirmishing\u0027; Cf. Div. 2, 26 \u003ci\u003eprima orationis excursio\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ehastis\u003c/b\u003e: loosely used for \u003ci\u003epilis\u003c/i\u003e. The long old Roman\r\n \u003ci\u003ehasta\u003c/i\u003e, whence the name \u003ci\u003ehastati\u003c/i\u003e, had long before Cato\u0027s time\r\n been discarded for the \u003ci\u003epilum\u003c/i\u003e or short javelin, which was thrown at\r\n the enemy from a distance before the troops closed and used the sword.\r\n — \u003cb\u003econsilium\u003c/b\u003e: the repetition of consilium in a different\r\n sense from that which it had in the sentence before seems to us awkward;\r\n but many such repetitions are found in Cicero. \u003ci\u003eConsilium\u003c/i\u003e\r\n corresponds to both \u0027counsel\u0027 and \u0027council\u0027; the senate was originally\r\n \u003ci\u003eregium consilium\u003c/i\u003e, the king\u0027s body of advisers. Here translate\r\n \u003ci\u003esummum consilium\u003c/i\u003e \u0027the supreme deliberative body\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esenatum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027assembly of elders\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003esenatores, id est senes\u003c/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eSenatus\u003c/i\u003e implies a lost verb\r\n \u003ci\u003esenā-re\u003c/i\u003e, to be or grow old from the stem of which both\r\n \u003ci\u003esenā-tus\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003esenā-tor\u003c/i\u003e are derived. This stem\r\n again implies a lost noun or adjective \u003ci\u003esenus\u003c/i\u003e, old. The word\r\n \u003ci\u003esenatus\u003c/i\u003e was collective, like \u003ci\u003ecomitatus\u003c/i\u003e, a body of\r\n companions, \u003ci\u003eexercitus\u003c/i\u003e, a trained band etc.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e20.\u003c/a\u003e amplissimum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027most honorable\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eut sunt … senes\u003c/b\u003e: the Spartan\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gerousia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγερουσια\u003c/span\u003e, as it\r\n is commonly called, consisted of 28 members, all over 60 years of age.\r\n Herodotus uses the term\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gerontes\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγεροντες\u003c/span\u003e\r\n (\u003ci\u003esenes\u003c/i\u003e) for this assembly; Xenophon\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gerontia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγεροντια\u003c/span\u003e. In the\r\n Laconian dialect \u003cspan title=\"gerôia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγερωια\u003c/span\u003e was its\r\n name; we also find\r\n \u003cspan title=\"geronteuein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγεροντευειν\u003c/span\u003e\r\n \u0027to be a senator\u0027. For \u003ci\u003eut … sic\u003c/i\u003e cf. Academ. 2, 14, \u003ci\u003esimiliter\r\n vos cum perturbare, ut illi rem publicam\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003esic vos philosophiam\r\n velitis\u003c/i\u003e; also Lael. 19. — \u003cb\u003eaudire\u003c/b\u003e: like\r\n \u003cspan title=\"akouô\" lang=\"el\"\u003eακουω\u003c/span\u003e, used especially of\r\n historical matters, since instruction in them was almost entirely oral.\r\n Cf. \u003cspan title=\"anêkoos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eανηκοος\u003c/span\u003e = \u0027ignorant\r\n of history\u0027. — \u003cb\u003evoletis\u003c/b\u003e: see note on 7 \u003ci\u003efaciam ut\r\n potero\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Roby, 1464, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; Madvig, 339, Obs. 1; A. 278,\r\n \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 234, Rem. 1; H. 470, 2. — \u003cb\u003eadulescentibus\u003c/b\u003e: Cic.,\r\n when he wrote this, was possibly thinking of Athens and Alcibiades.\r\n — \u003cb\u003elabefactatas\u003c/b\u003e: the verb \u003ci\u003elabefacio\u003c/i\u003e is foreign to good\r\n prose, in which \u003ci\u003elabefacto\u003c/i\u003e is used. — \u003cb\u003esustentatas\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Cic. does not use \u003ci\u003esustentus\u003c/i\u003e. In Mur. 3 \u003ci\u003esustinenda\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n followed by \u003ci\u003esustentata\u003c/i\u003e in the same sentence. — \u003cb\u003ecedo …\r\n cito\u003c/b\u003e: the line is of the kind called tetrameter iambic acatalectic\r\n (or octonarius), and is scanned thus: —\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"center\"\u003e\r\n\u003cimg alt=\"Octonarius\" src=\"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/gutenberg-cato-maior-de-senectute-cicero-marcus-tullius-cicero-097.png\" id=\"img_images_097.png\"\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn all kinds of iambic verse the old Romans freely introduced spondees\r\n where the Greeks used iambi; so in hexameters spondees for dactyls. Cf.\r\n Hor. Ep. ad Pis. 254 \u003ci\u003eet seq.\u003c/i\u003e — \u003cb\u003ecedo\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003edic\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n from \u003ci\u003ece\u003c/i\u003e, the enclitic particle involved in\r\n \u003ci\u003ehic = (hi-ce)\u003c/i\u003e etc. and \u003ci\u003eda\u003c/i\u003e, the root of \u003ci\u003edo\u003c/i\u003e. So\r\n \u003ci\u003ecette = ce-dăte = cedte\u003c/i\u003e, then \u003ci\u003ecette\u003c/i\u003e by assimilation of\r\n \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e to \u003ci\u003et\u003c/i\u003e. The original meaning would thus be \u0027give here\u0027, and\r\n in this sense the word is often used. See Lex. \u003ci\u003eDare\u003c/i\u003e is commonly\r\n put for \u003ci\u003edicere\u003c/i\u003e, as \u003ci\u003eaccipere\u003c/i\u003e is for \u003ci\u003eaudire\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equi\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027how\u0027. — \u003cb\u003etantam\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"otsautên ousan\" lang=\"el\"\u003eοτσαυτην\r\n ουσαν\u003c/span\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eNaevi\u003c/b\u003e: Naevius\r\n lived about 264-194 B.C. His great work was a history of the First Punic\r\n War written in Saturnian verse, the rude indigenous metre of early Roman\r\n poetry. He wrote also plays,—tragedies and comedies, both\r\n \u003ci\u003epalliatae\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003epraetextae\u003c/i\u003e. For an account of him see\r\n Cruttwell, History of Roman Literature; also, Sellar, Roman Poets of the\r\n Republic, Ch. 3. If \u003ci\u003eLudo\u003c/i\u003e be read, it may be either from the Latin\r\n \u003ci\u003eludus\u003c/i\u003e (Naevius entitled a comedy \u003ci\u003eLudius\u003c/i\u003e) or from\r\n \u003cspan title=\"Lydos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΛυδος\u003c/span\u003e, Lydian. —\r\n \u003cb\u003epoetae\u003c/b\u003e: Naevius seems to have been in the habit of adding\r\n \u003ci\u003epoeta\u003c/i\u003e to his name. It appears in the well-known epitaph said to\r\n have been written by himself, also in the lines written against him by\r\n the family poet of the Metelli: \u0027\u003ci\u003emalum dabunt Metelli Naevio\r\n poetae\u003c/i\u003e\u0027. The name \u003ci\u003epoeta\u003c/i\u003e was new in Naevius\u0027 time and was just\r\n displacing the old Latin name \u003ci\u003evates\u003c/i\u003e; see Munro on Lucr. 1, 102.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eproveniebant\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the same metre as above, divided thus\r\n by Lahmeyer: —\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eprovéni | ebant | orát | ores || noví | stultí adu | lescén / iuli\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe whole line has the look of being translated from the Greek:\r\n \u003cspan title=\"proubainon (eis to bêma) rhêtores kanoi tines, meirakia geloia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπρουβαινον\r\n (εις το βημα)\r\n ‛ρητορες\r\n κανοι τινες,\r\n μειρακια\r\n γελοια\u003c/span\u003e. Lr. takes\r\n \u003ci\u003eprovenire\u003c/i\u003e in the sense of \u0027to grow up\u0027, comparing Plin. Ep. 1, 13,\r\n 1 \u003ci\u003emagnum proventum\u003c/i\u003e (\u0027crop\u0027) \u003ci\u003epoetarum annus hic attulit\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n Sall. Cat. 8, 3 \u003ci\u003eprovenere ibi scriptorum magna ingenia\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evidelicet\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027you see\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_21\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21.\u003c/a\u003e at\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"alla gar\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαλλα\r\n γαρ\u003c/span\u003e; used, as in\r\n 32, 35, 47, 65, and 68, to introduce the supposed objection of an\r\n opponent. — \u003cb\u003ecredo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027of course\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e where \u003ci\u003ecredo\u003c/i\u003e follows \u003ci\u003eat\u003c/i\u003e as here.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eexerceas\u003c/b\u003e: the subject is the indefinite \u0027you\u0027 equivalent\r\n to \u0027one\u0027, \u003cspan title=\"tis\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτις\u003c/span\u003e: \u0027unless one were to practise it\u0027.\r\n So \u003ca href=\"#Sect_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e28\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enequeas\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003erequiras\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. also Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 3 \u003ci\u003edifficile est tenere quae\r\n acceperis, nisi exerceas\u003c/i\u003e. For the mood see A. 309, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 598,\r\n 597, Rem. 3; H. 508, 5, 2). — \u003cb\u003etardior\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027unusually dull\u0027; cf.\r\n Academ. 2, 97 \u003ci\u003eEpicurus quem isti tardum putant\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eThemistocles\u003c/b\u003e: famed for his memory. — \u003cb\u003ecivium\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027fellow-countrymen\u0027; \u003ci\u003eperceperat\u003c/i\u003e: \u0027had grasped\u0027 or \u0027mastered\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equi … solitum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027that he often addressed as Lysimachus\r\n some one who for all that was Aristides\u0027. The direct object of\r\n \u003ci\u003esalutare\u003c/i\u003e is omitted. For \u003ci\u003equi = tametsi is\u003c/i\u003e cf. Att. 1,\r\n 13, 3 \u003ci\u003enosmet ipsi, qui Lycurgei fuissemus, cotidie demitigamur\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n also De Or. 1, 82. — \u003cb\u003eesset\u003c/b\u003e: A.342; G.631; H.529, II. and n.\r\n 1, 1). — \u003cb\u003eLysimachum\u003c/b\u003e: for \u003ci\u003eut L.\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003epro\r\n Lysimacho\u003c/i\u003e. So Arch. 19 \u003ci\u003eHomerum Chii suum vindicant\u003c/i\u003e (= \u003ci\u003eut\r\n suum\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003epro suo\u003c/i\u003e). Lysimachus was the father of Aristides.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esunt\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003evivunt\u003c/i\u003e, as often; so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eesse = vivere\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003efuit = vixit\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_60\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esepulcra\r\n legens\u003c/b\u003e: Cato was a great antiquarian; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eOriginum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ein memoriam redeo mortuorum\u003c/b\u003e: the genitive\r\n as with \u003ci\u003ememini, recordari\u003c/i\u003e etc. For the phrase cf. Verr. 1, 120\r\n \u003ci\u003eredite in memoriam, iudices, quae libido istius fuerit\u003c/i\u003e; also\r\n below, 59 \u003ci\u003ein gratiam redire cum voluptate\u003c/i\u003e. Here translate \u0027I\r\n refresh my memory of the dead\u0027. — \u003cb\u003equemquam senem\u003c/b\u003e: the best\r\n writers do not use \u003ci\u003equisquam \u003c/i\u003eas an adjective, but there is no need\r\n to alter \u003ci\u003esenem\u003c/i\u003e into \u003ci\u003esenum\u003c/i\u003e as some editors do, since\r\n \u003ci\u003esenem\u003c/i\u003e is a substitute for a clause \u003ci\u003ecum senex esset\u003c/i\u003e; \u0027I\r\n never heard that anybody because he was an old man …\u0027. \u003ci\u003eSenes\u003c/i\u003e\r\n must be so taken in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e, since \u003ci\u003epontifices\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc. cannot stand as adjectives. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 10\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eadulescentulus miles\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evadimonia\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027their\r\n appointments to appear in court, the debts due to them and the debts they\r\n owe\u0027. When the hearing of a suit had to be adjourned, the defendant was\r\n bound over either on his own recognizance merely (\u003ci\u003epure\u003c/i\u003e) or along\r\n with sureties (\u003ci\u003evades\u003c/i\u003e) to appear in court on the day appointed for\r\n the next hearing, a sum or sums of money being forfeited in case of his\r\n non-appearance. The engagement to appear was technically called\r\n \u003ci\u003evadimonium\u003c/i\u003e; when the defendant entered into the engagement he was\r\n said \u003ci\u003evadimonium promittere\u003c/i\u003e; if he kept the engagement, \u003ci\u003ev.\r\n obire\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003esistere\u003c/i\u003e; if he failed in it, \u003ci\u003ev. deserere\u003c/i\u003e. The\r\n plural \u003ci\u003evadimonia\u003c/i\u003e is here used because a number of suits is meant;\r\n the word \u003ci\u003econstituta\u003c/i\u003e is chosen as a more general term than\r\n \u003ci\u003epromissa\u003c/i\u003e, and as referring to the circumstances of both plaintiff\r\n and defendant. Strictly speaking, it is the presiding judge who\r\n \u003ci\u003evadimonia constituit\u003c/i\u003e. On this account \u003ci\u003evadimonia constituta\u003c/i\u003e\r\n should be translated as above \u0027appointments\u0027, and not \u003ci\u003e\u0027bonds\u0027\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003e\u0027engagements\u003c/i\u003e\u0027 to appear in court.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_22\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22.\u003c/a\u003e quid … senes\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. tibi videntur\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n \u0027what do you think of old men as lawyers, etc.?\u0027 So without ellipsis,\r\n Fam. 9, 21, 1 \u003ci\u003equid tibi ego in epistulis videor\u003c/i\u003e? —\r\n \u003cb\u003eingenia\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003esuum cuique ingenium\u003c/i\u003e; \u0027old men retain their\r\n wits\u0027. — \u003cb\u003epermaneat\u003c/b\u003e: A. 266, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e; G. 575; H. 513, I.\r\n — \u003cb\u003estudium et industria\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027earnestness and activity\u0027; not a\r\n case of hendiadys, as some editors make it. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 15\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eiuventute et viribus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eneque ea solum\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"oude tauta monon\" lang=\"el\"\u003eουδε ταυτα\r\n μονον\u003c/span\u003e, \u0027and that not only\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ehonoratis\u003c/b\u003e: this does not correspond to our \u0027honored\u0027, but implies\r\n that the persons have held high offices (\u003ci\u003ehonores\u003c/i\u003e); cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_61\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenectus honorata praesertim\u003c/i\u003e. Here\r\n translate \u0027statesmen\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ein vita … quieta\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in an\r\n unofficial and retired life\u0027. There is chiasmus here, since\r\n \u003ci\u003eprivata\u003c/i\u003e is contrasted with \u003ci\u003ehonoratis\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003equieta\u003c/i\u003e with\r\n \u003ci\u003eclaris\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esummam senectutem\u003c/b\u003e: Sophocles died at the\r\n age of 90 in 405 B.C. — \u003cb\u003equod propter studium\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027from his\r\n devotion to this occupation\u0027. — \u003cb\u003efiliis\u003c/b\u003e: except Plutarch, who\r\n probably follows Cicero\u0027s words, all the authorities tell the story of\r\n the poet\u0027s eldest son Iophon only. The tale is full of improbabilities.\r\n — \u003cb\u003erem\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003erem familiarem\u003c/i\u003e as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003epatribus bonis interdici solet\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027fathers are often prevented from managing their property\u0027. For the\r\n construction cf. the expression \u003ci\u003einterdicere alicui aqua et igni:\r\n interdici\u003c/i\u003e is here used impersonally with \u003ci\u003epatribus\u003c/i\u003e in the dat.;\r\n A. 230; H. 384, 5; \u003ci\u003ebonis\u003c/i\u003e is abl. of separation (deprivation). The\r\n fragment of the XII tables here referred to is thus given in Dirksen\u0027s\r\n edition: \u003ci\u003esei fouriosos aut prodicos (prodigus) escit (erit) adenatorum\r\n centiliomque (gentiliumque) eius potestas estod, i.e.\u003c/i\u003e the agnates\r\n (male relatives whose kinship with the \u003ci\u003efuriosus\u003c/i\u003e is derived through\r\n males) and members of his \u003ci\u003egens\u003c/i\u003e are to administer his property. We\r\n have preserved the form in which the judgment was made by the \u003ci\u003epraetor\r\n urbanus\u003c/i\u003e (Paulus, Sent. 3, 4\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e, 7): \u0027\u003ci\u003equando tibi tua bona\r\n paterna avitaque nequitia tua disperdis liberosque tuos ad egestatem\r\n perducis, ob eam rem tibi ea re commercioque interdico\u003c/i\u003e\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equasi desipientem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027\u003cspan title=\"hôs paraphronounta\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ως\r\n παραφρονουντα\u003c/span\u003e\u0027\r\n says the author of the anonymous life of Sophocles. Cf. Xenophon, Mem. 1,\r\n 2, 49. — \u003cb\u003ein manibus habebat\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027had on hand\u0027 \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e in\r\n preparation. \u003ci\u003eEst in manibus\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e has a\r\n different meaning. — \u003cb\u003escripserat\u003c/b\u003e: he had written it but not\r\n finally corrected it. — \u003cb\u003erecitasse\u003c/b\u003e: the common version of the\r\n story states that not the whole play was read but only the fine chorus\r\n beginning \u003cspan title=\"euippou, xene, tasde chôras\" lang=\"el\"\u003eευιππου,\r\n ξενε, τασδε\r\n χωρας\u003c/span\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evideretur\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc.\r\n esse\u003c/i\u003e; the infinitive is often omitted thus after verbs of desiring,\r\n thinking etc., also verbs of speaking and hearing; cf. Lael. 18 \u003ci\u003eeam\r\n sapientiam interpretantur\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 29 \u003ci\u003equam natam volunt\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 64\r\n \u003ci\u003ehomines ex maxime raro genere iudicare;\u003c/i\u003e Acad. 2, 12\r\n \u003ci\u003eviderenturne ea Philonis.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_23\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23.\u003c/a\u003e Hesiodum\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 54\u003c/a\u003e. — Simoniden: Simonides of Ceos\r\n (not S. of Amorgos), one of the greatest Greek lyric poets, lived from\r\n 556 to about 469 B.C. — \u003cb\u003eStesichorum\u003c/b\u003e: of Himera in Sicily,\r\n also a lyric poet; lived from about 630 to about 556 B.C. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eIsocraten Gorgian\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003enn. on 13\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ephilosophorum principes\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in the first rank of\r\n philosophers\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ePythagoran\u003c/b\u003e: neither the date of his birth\r\n nor that of his death can be determined; he \u0027flourished\u0027 about 530. He\r\n lived mostly in the Greek settlements of lower Italy, where his school\r\n existed for some centuries after his death. — \u003cb\u003eDemocritum\u003c/b\u003e: of\r\n Abdera, one of the originators of the theory of atoms; said to have lived\r\n from 460 to 361 or 357 B.C. — \u003cb\u003eXenocraten\u003c/b\u003e: after Plato,\r\n Speusippus was the first head of the Academic School; Xenocrates\r\n succeeded him. He lived from 397 to 315 or 313. — \u003cb\u003eZenonem\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n of Citium in Cyprus, founder of Stoicism, born about 357, is said to have\r\n lived to the age of 98. — \u003cb\u003eCleanthen\u003c/b\u003e: he followed Zeno in the\r\n presidency of the Stoic school. His age at death is variously given as 99\r\n and as 80 years. — \u003cb\u003equem vidistis\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Page_xxi\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. It is rather\r\n curious that Cic. should make Cato speak with admiration of Diogenes, to\r\n whom he had shown great hostility. — \u003cb\u003eDiogenen\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. probably\r\n wrote in \u003ci\u003e-an, -en,\u003c/i\u003e not in \u003ci\u003e-am, -em\u003c/i\u003e the accusatives of Greek\r\n proper names in \u003ci\u003e-as, -es\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eStoicum\u003c/b\u003e: to distinguish\r\n him from Diogenes the Cynic. — \u003cb\u003eagitatio\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. uses\r\n \u003ci\u003eagitatio\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eactio\u003c/i\u003e almost interchangeably; cf. \u003ci\u003eagitatio\r\n rerum\u003c/i\u003e in De Or. 3, 88 with \u003ci\u003eactio rerum\u003c/i\u003e in Acad. 2, 62 and\r\n elsewhere. \u003ci\u003eActus\u003c/i\u003e in this sense occurs only in silver Latin.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_24\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24.\u003c/a\u003e age\u003c/b\u003e: a common\r\n form of transition to a new subject; brief for \u003ci\u003e\u0027hoc age\u0027\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027do\r\n this\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027attend to this that I am going to say\u0027. The common\r\n use of \u003cspan title=\"age\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαγε\u003c/span\u003e in Greek is exactly similar.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eut … omittamus\u003c/b\u003e: Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 52\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003epossum nominare\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I am able to name\u0027; in\r\n colloquial English \u0027I \u003ci\u003emight\u003c/i\u003e name\u0027. The Latins occasionally use\r\n also a hypothetical form, where \u003ci\u003epossim\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003epossem\u003c/i\u003e stands in\r\n the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the protasis of which is not\r\n expressed; but the missing protasis is generally easily supplied and was\r\n distinctly present to the writer\u0027s mind. \u003ci\u003eE.g.\u003c/i\u003e in Tusc. 1, 88 we\r\n have \u003ci\u003edici hoc in te non potest; posset in Tarquinio; at in mortuo ne\r\n intellegi quidem (potest)\u003c/i\u003e, where the reason for the change from\r\n \u003ci\u003epotest\u003c/i\u003e to \u003ci\u003eposset\u003c/i\u003e is quite evident. In translating from\r\n English into Latin it is far safer to use the indicative. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003epossum persequi\u003c/i\u003e. A. 311, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G. 599,\r\n Rem. 3; H. 511, 1, n. 3, 476, 4. — \u003cb\u003eex agro … Romanos\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027country-bred Romans (\u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e Roman citizens) belonging to the Sabine\r\n district\u0027. The words \u003ci\u003eex agro Sabino\u003c/i\u003e form an attributive phrase\r\n qualifying \u003ci\u003eRomanos\u003c/i\u003e just as \u003ci\u003erusticos\u003c/i\u003e does. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enumquam fere\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027scarcely ever\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emaiora opera\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027farm\r\n work of any importance\u0027. This use of \u003ci\u003eopera\u003c/i\u003e is common in Vergil\u0027s\r\n Georgics. — \u003cb\u003enon\u003c/b\u003e: the repetition of the negative after\r\n \u003ci\u003enumquam\u003c/i\u003e is common in Latin; in English \u003ci\u003enever … not\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n found in dialects only. Cf. Lael. 48 \u003ci\u003enon tantum … non plus quam\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eserendis\u003c/b\u003e: ablative of respect, \u0027as regards sowing\u0027. See\r\n Roby 1210; Kennedy, 149. — \u003cb\u003epercipiendis\u003c/b\u003e: so \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e; cf. N.D. 2, 156 \u003ci\u003eneque enim serendi neque\r\n colendi, nec tempestive demetendi percipiendi que fructus, neque condendi\r\n nec reponendi ulla pecudum scientia est\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ein aliis\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eceteris\u003c/i\u003e. Notice the proleptic use.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eidem\u003c/b\u003e: a better form of the plural than \u003ci\u003eiidem\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n commonly found in our texts. For the use here cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eeandem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003epertinere\u003c/b\u003e: present for future.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esent … prosint\u003c/b\u003e: the line is given as Ribbeck prints it.\r\n He scans it as a \u0027\u003ci\u003ebacchius\u003c/i\u003e\u0027, consisting of four feet, with the\r\n measurement \u003cimg alt=\"meter\" height=\"10\" src=\"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/gutenberg-cato-maior-de-senectute-cicero-marcus-tullius-cicero-102.png\" width=\"40\" id=\"img_images_102.png\"\u003e,\r\n the last syllable of \u003ci\u003esaeclo\u003c/i\u003e seeming to be\r\n shortened. Cicero quotes the same line in Tusc. 1, 31 adding \u003ci\u003eut ait\r\n (Statius) in Synephebis, quid spectans nisi etiam postera saecla ad se\r\n pertinere? Saeclo\u003c/i\u003e = \u0027generation\u0027. For mood of \u003ci\u003eprosint\u003c/i\u003e see A\r\n 317; G. 632, H. 497, I. — \u003cb\u003eStatius noster\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027our\r\n fellow-countryman Statius\u0027. So Arch. 22 \u003ci\u003eEnnius noster\u003c/i\u003e. Caecilius\r\n Statius, born among the Insubres, wrote Latin comedies which were largely\r\n borrowed from the Greek of Menander. The original of the \u003ci\u003eSynephebi\u003c/i\u003e\r\n was Menander\u0027s \u003cspan title=\"Syne phêboi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΣυνε\r\n φηβοι\u003c/span\u003e \u0027young comrades\u0027. See Sellar, Rom.\r\n Poets of the Rep., Ch. 7.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e11\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003ca id=\"Snot_25\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_25\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e25.\u003c/a\u003e dis\u003c/b\u003e: the spellings \u003ci\u003ediis\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003edii\u003c/i\u003e\r\n which many recent editors still keep, are probably incorrect, at all\r\n events it is certain that the nominative and ablative plural of deus\r\n formed monosyllables, except occasionally in poetry, where \u003ci\u003edei\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u003ci\u003edeis\u003c/i\u003e were used. Even these \u003ci\u003edissyllabic\u003c/i\u003e forms scarcely occur\r\n before Ovid. — \u003cb\u003eet\u003c/b\u003e: emphatic at the beginning of a sentence:\r\n \u0027aye, and\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emelius\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. dixit\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eillud\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the following\u0027 A. 102, b, G. 292, 4; H. 450, 3. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eidem\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eīdem\u003c/i\u003e, not \u003ci\u003eĭdem\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eedepol\u003c/b\u003e: literally, \u0027ah, god Pollux\u0027, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e being an\r\n interjection, \u003ci\u003ede\u003c/i\u003e a shortened form of the vocative of \u003ci\u003edeus,\r\n pol\u003c/i\u003e abbreviated from \u003ci\u003ePollux\u003c/i\u003e. The asseveration is mostly\r\n confined to comedy. The lines come from a play by Statius called Plocium\r\n (\u003cspan title=\"plokion\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπλοκιον\u003c/span\u003e \u0027necklace\u0027),\r\n copied from one by Menander with the same title; see Ribbeck\u0027s\r\n \u0027Fragmenta\u0027 The verses are iambic trimeters A. 365; G. 754, H. 622.\r\n — \u003cb\u003enil quicquam\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003equemquam senem\u003c/i\u003e, cf. the common expression \u003ci\u003enemo homo\u003c/i\u003e, 84\r\n \u003ci\u003enemo vir\u003c/i\u003e, etc. where two substantival words are placed side by\r\n side. — \u003cb\u003eviti\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e, l 3\r\n \u003ci\u003epraemi Viti\u003c/i\u003e here = \u003ci\u003emali\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Ter. Andr. 73 \u003ci\u003eei vereor ne\r\n quid Andria adportet mali\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esat est\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esat\u003c/i\u003e for\r\n \u003ci\u003esatis\u003c/i\u003e in Cicero\u0027s time was old-fashioned and poetical.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equod diu\u003c/b\u003e: these words must be scanned as a spondee. The\r\n \u003ci\u003ei\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ci\u003ediu\u003c/i\u003e here probably had the sound of our \u003ci\u003ey\u003c/i\u003e. A.\r\n 347, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e, G. 717; H. 608, III. n. 2. Allen well compares a line of\r\n Publilius Syrus \u003ci\u003eheu quam multa paenitenda incurrunt vivendo diu\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003evolt\u003c/b\u003e: indefinite subject. — \u003cb\u003evidet\u003c/b\u003e: Tischer\r\n quotes Herod. 1, 32 (speech of Solon to Croesus)\r\n \u003cspan title=\"en gar tôi makrôi chronôi polla men estin ideein, ta mê tis ethelei, polla de kai patheein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεν\r\n γαρ τωι\r\n μακρωι\r\n χρονωι\r\n πολλα μεν\r\n εστιν\r\n ιδεειν, τα μη\r\n τις εθελει,\r\n πολλα δε και\r\n παθεειν\u003c/span\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003etum equidem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: these lines, as well as those above,\r\n occurred in a play of Statius called \u003ci\u003e\u0027Ephesio\u0027\u003c/i\u003e see Ribbeck\u0027s\r\n \u0027Fragmenta\u0027. — \u003cb\u003esenecta\u003c/b\u003e: not used by prose writers before the\r\n time of silver Latin. — \u003cb\u003edeputo\u003c/b\u003e: this compound is used by the\r\n dramatists and then does not occur again till late Latin times. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eeumpse\u003c/b\u003e: like \u003ci\u003eipse\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ereapse\u003c/i\u003e (for which see n. on\r\n Lael. 47) this word contains the enclitic particle \u003ci\u003epe\u003c/i\u003e (probably\r\n another form of \u003ci\u003eque\u003c/i\u003e), found in \u003ci\u003enem pe\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003equis-p-iam\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc., along with \u003ci\u003ese\u003c/i\u003e, which belongs to an old demonstrative pronoun\r\n once declined \u003ci\u003esos\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003esa\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003esum\u003c/i\u003e, the masc. and fem. of\r\n which are seen in \u003cspan title=\"ho\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ο\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan title=\"hê\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛η\u003c/span\u003e. The form was no doubt\r\n originally \u003ci\u003eeumpsum\u003c/i\u003e, like \u003ci\u003eipsom\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eipsum\u003c/i\u003e), but has\r\n passed into its present form just as \u003ci\u003eipsos\u003c/i\u003e (nom.) became\r\n \u003ci\u003eipso\u003c/i\u003e, then \u003ci\u003eipse\u003c/i\u003e. The only difference in sense between\r\n \u003ci\u003eeumpse\u003c/i\u003e and the simple \u003ci\u003eeum\u003c/i\u003e is that the former is more\r\n emphatic. The pronoun \u003ci\u003eeumpse\u003c/i\u003e is the subject of the infinitive\r\n \u003ci\u003esentire\u003c/i\u003e, but the substantive, \u003ci\u003esenex\u003c/i\u003e, to which the pronoun\r\n refers, is not expressed. — \u003cb\u003eodiosum\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 4\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_26\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26.\u003c/a\u003e iucundum …\r\n odiosum\u003c/b\u003e: elliptic, = \u003ci\u003e\u0027iucundum\u0027 potius quam \u0027odiosum\u0027 senem esse\r\n dicendum est\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eut … delectantur\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Lael. 101; also\r\n below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esapientes senes\u003c/b\u003e: neither\r\n of these words is used as an adjective here; the whole expression =\r\n \u003ci\u003esapientes, cum facti sunt senes\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003elevior\u003c/b\u003e: cf. the\r\n fragm. of Callimachus:\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gêraskei d\u0027 ho gerôn keinos elaphroteron, ton kouroi phileousi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγηρασκει\r\n δ\u0027 ‛ο γερων\r\n κεινος\r\n ελαφροτερον,\r\n τον κουροι\r\n φιλεουσι\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecoluntur et diliguntur\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ecolere\u003c/i\u003e rather implies the external\r\n marks of respect (cf. \u003ci\u003ecoli\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e),\r\n \u003ci\u003ediligere\u003c/i\u003e the inner feeling of affection. — \u003cb\u003epraeceptis\u003c/b\u003e\r\n etc.: cf. Off. 1, 122 \u003ci\u003eineuntis enim aetatis inscitia senum\r\n constituenda et regenda prudentia est\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eme …\r\n iucundos\u003c/b\u003e: put for \u003ci\u003eme iucundum esse quam vos mihi estis\r\n iucundi\u003c/i\u003e. The attraction of a finite verb into the infinitive after\r\n \u003ci\u003equam\u003c/i\u003e is not uncommon; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equibus\r\n me ipsum\u003c/i\u003e (Roby, 1784, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; A. 336, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e, Rem.; H. 524, 1, 2).\r\n \u003ci\u003eMinus\u003c/i\u003e, be it observed, does not qualify \u003ci\u003eintellego\u003c/i\u003e, but\r\n \u003ci\u003eiucundos\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esed\u003c/b\u003e: here \u003ci\u003eanaleptic\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n it introduces a return to the subject proper after a digression, so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e31\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evidetis, ut … sit\u003c/b\u003e: here \u003ci\u003eut =\r\n quo modo\u003c/i\u003e; \u0027how\u0027. — \u003cb\u003esenectus … cuiusque\u003c/b\u003e: the abstract\r\n \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e is put for \u003ci\u003esenes\u003c/i\u003e as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e;\r\n hence \u003ci\u003ecuiusque, sc. senis\u003c/i\u003e. So above \u003ci\u003eadulescentia\u003c/i\u003e\r\n = \u003ci\u003eadulescentes\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eagens aliquid\u003c/b\u003e: this phrase differs\r\n from \u003ci\u003eagat\u003c/i\u003e in that while the subjunctive would express the\r\n \u003ci\u003efact\u003c/i\u003e of action, the participial phrase expresses rather the\r\n constant \u003ci\u003etendency\u003c/i\u003e to act. \u003ci\u003eAgens aliquid\u003c/i\u003e forms a sort of\r\n attribute to \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e, parallel with \u003ci\u003eoperosa. Moliri\u003c/i\u003e\r\n differs from \u003ci\u003eagere\u003c/i\u003e in that it implies the bringing into existence\r\n of some object. Cf. Off. 3, 102 \u003ci\u003eagere aliquid et moliri volunt\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n Acad. 2, 22 \u003ci\u003eut moliatur aliquid et faciat\u003c/i\u003e; N.D. 1, 2 \u003ci\u003eutrum di\r\n nihil agant, nihil moliantur\u003c/i\u003e; Mur. 82 \u003ci\u003eet agant et moliantur\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equid … aliquid\u003c/b\u003e: for the ellipsis in \u003ci\u003equid qui\u003c/i\u003e cf.\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 22\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equid … Addiscunt\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"promanthanousi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπρομανθανουσι\u003c/span\u003e\r\n = learn on and on, go on learning. — \u003cb\u003eut … videmus\u003c/b\u003e: put, as\r\n Allen observes, for \u003ci\u003eut Solon fecit, quem videmus\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eSolonem\u003c/b\u003e: see also 50. The line (\u003ci\u003eversibus\u003c/i\u003e here is an\r\n exaggeration; in 50 it is \u003ci\u003eversiculus\u003c/i\u003e) is preserved by Plato in his\r\n Timaeus and by Plutarch, Sol. 31\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gaerasko d\u0027 aei polla didaskomenos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγαερασκο\r\n δ\u0027 αει πολλα\r\n διδασκομενος\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n The age of Solon at his death is variously given as 80 or 100 years.\r\n — \u003cb\u003evidemus\u003c/b\u003e: the Latins frequently use \u0027we see\u0027 for \u0027we read\u0027.\r\n See n. on Lael. 39, also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eut scriptum\r\n video\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003egloriantem\u003c/b\u003e: A. 292, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G. 536, 527, Rem.\r\n 1; H. 535, I. 4. Notice the change to the infinitive in \u003ci\u003euti\u003c/i\u003e below.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esenex\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e. cum senex essem\u003c/i\u003e; so \u003ca href=\"#Sect_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eadulescens desiderabam\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ememini puer\u003c/i\u003e. Plutarch (Cato 2) gives an\r\n account of Cato\u0027s study of Greek in his old age. — \u003cb\u003esic\u003c/b\u003e: this\r\n word does not qualify \u003ci\u003eavide\u003c/i\u003e, but refers on to \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e, so\r\n that \u003ci\u003esic … quasi cupiens\u003c/i\u003e = \u0027thus, \u003ci\u003eviz.\u003c/i\u003e like one\r\n desiring\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 12\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eita cupide fruebar\r\n quasi\u003c/i\u003e; also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003etamquam … sic\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n \u003ci\u003eQuasi\u003c/i\u003e serves to soften the metaphor in \u003ci\u003esitim\u003c/i\u003e; cf. n. on\r\n Lael. 3. — \u003cb\u003ecupiens\u003c/b\u003e: after \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e a finite verb\r\n \u003ci\u003e(cuperem)\u003c/i\u003e would have been more usual, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eita … quasi divinarem\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. however \u003ca href=\"#Sect_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equasi desipientem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eea ipsa\r\n mihi\u003c/b\u003e: for the juxtaposition of pronouns, which is rather sought after\r\n in Latin, cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e72\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eipsa suum eadem quae\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eexemplis\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003epro exemplis\u003c/i\u003e, or \u003ci\u003eexemplorum loco\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eLysimachum\u003c/i\u003e), so that those\r\n editors are wrong who say that we have here an example of the antecedent\r\n thrust into the relative clause, as though \u003ci\u003eea ipsa quibus exemplis\u003c/i\u003e\r\n were put for \u003ci\u003eea ipsa exempla quibus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equod\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eut\r\n cum iam senex esset disceret\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eSocraten\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. probably\r\n learned this fact from Plato\u0027s Menexenus 235 E and Euthydemus 272 C where\r\n Connus is named as the teacher of Socrates in music. In the Euthydemus\r\n Socrates says that the boys attending Connus\u0027 lessons laughed at him and\r\n called Connus\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gerontodidaskalon\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγεροντοδιδασκαλον\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n Cf. also Fam. 9, 22, 3 \u003ci\u003eSocraten fidibus docuit nobilissimus fidicen;\r\n is Connus vocitatus est\u003c/i\u003e; Val. Max. 8, 7, 8.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ein fidibus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in the case of the lyre\u0027. Tücking quotes\r\n Quintilian 9, 2, 5 \u003ci\u003equod in fidibus fieri vidimus\u003c/i\u003e. The Greek word\r\n \u003ci\u003ecithara\u003c/i\u003e is not used by Cicero and does not become common in Latin\r\n prose till long after Cicero\u0027s time, though he several times uses the\r\n words \u003ci\u003ecitharoedus, citharista\u003c/i\u003e, when referring to Greek\r\n professional players. The word \u003ci\u003elyra\u003c/i\u003e too is rare in early prose; it\r\n occurs in Tusc. 1, 4 in connection with a Greek, where in the same\r\n sentence \u003ci\u003efides\u003c/i\u003e is used as an equivalent. — \u003cb\u003eaudirem\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n for \u003ci\u003eaudire = legendo cognoscere\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 20\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evellem\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. si possem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ediscebant\r\n … antiqui\u003c/b\u003e: doubts have been felt as to the genuineness of the\r\n clause. In Tusc. 4, 3 a passage of Cato is quoted which refers to the use\r\n of the \u003ci\u003etibia\u003c/i\u003e among the ancient Romans; immediately afterwards the\r\n antiquity of practice on the \u003ci\u003efides\u003c/i\u003e at Rome is mentioned, though\r\n not expressly on Cato\u0027s authority. The words cannot be said to be\r\n unsuited either to the person or to the occasion. — \u003cb\u003ediscebant\r\n … fidibus\u003c/b\u003e: the verb \u003ci\u003ecanere\u003c/i\u003e, which means \u0027to play\u0027 as well as\r\n \u0027to sing\u0027, must be supplied; \u003ci\u003efidibus\u003c/i\u003e is then an ablative of the\r\n means or instrument. There is the same ellipsis of \u003ci\u003ecanere\u003c/i\u003e in the\r\n phrases \u003ci\u003edocere fidibus\u003c/i\u003e (Fam. 9, 22, 3) and \u003ci\u003escire fidibus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (Terence, Eunuchus 133). Cf. Roby, 1217.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_27\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e27.\u003c/a\u003e ne … quidem\u003c/b\u003e: these two words together\r\n correspond to the Greek \u003cspan title=\"oude\" lang=\"el\"\u003eουδε\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan title=\"ou\" lang=\"el\"\u003eου\u003c/span\u003e = ne, \u003cspan title=\"de\" lang=\"el\"\u003eδε\u003c/span\u003e = quidem), and\r\n are best translated here by \u0027nor\u0027 rather than by \u0027not even\u0027. The\r\n rendering \u0027not even\u0027, though required by some passages, will often\r\n misrepresent the Latin. — \u003cb\u003elocus\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003elocus\u003c/i\u003e (like\r\n \u003cspan title=\"topos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτοπος\u003c/span\u003e in Greek) is a rhetorical term\r\n with a technical meaning. The pleader is to anticipate the arguments he\r\n may find it necessary to use in different cases, and is to arrange them\r\n under certain heads; each head is called a\r\n \u003cspan title=\"topos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτοπος\u003c/span\u003e or \u003ci\u003elocus\u003c/i\u003e, meaning\r\n literally the \u003ci\u003eplace\u003c/i\u003e where a pleader is to look for an argument\r\n when wanted. Hence \u003ci\u003elocus\u003c/i\u003e came to mean \u0027a cut-and-dried argument\u0027\r\n or, as here, a \u0027commonplace\u0027. It is often found in Cicero\u0027s rhetorical\r\n writings. — \u003cb\u003enon plus quam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027any more than\u0027. After the\r\n negative \u003ci\u003ene\u003c/i\u003e above it is incorrect to translate \u003ci\u003enon\u003c/i\u003e by a\r\n negative in English, though the repetition of the negative is common\r\n enough in Latin, as in some English dialects. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 24\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ci\u003ePlus\u003c/i\u003e here = \u003ci\u003emagis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equod est\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003esc. tibi\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027what you have\u0027, so Paradoxa 18 and 52 \u003ci\u003esatis esse,\r\n quod est\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eagas\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003equisquis\u003c/i\u003e is generally\r\n accompanied by the indicative, as in Verg. Aen. 2, 49 \u003ci\u003equidquid id\r\n est\u003c/i\u003e etc.; see Roby, 1697; A. 309, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G. 246, 4; H. 476, 3. The\r\n subjunctive is here used, with the imaginary second person, to render\r\n prominent the hypothetical and indefinite character of the verb\r\n statement. Roby, 1544-1546; Madvig, 370, 494, Obs. 5, (6). —\r\n \u003cb\u003evox\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027utterance\u0027; the word is used only of speeches in some way\r\n specially remarkable. — \u003cb\u003econtemptior\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027more despicable\u0027. The\r\n passive participle of \u003ci\u003econtemno\u003c/i\u003e has the sense of an adjective in\r\n -\u003ci\u003ebilis\u003c/i\u003e, like \u003ci\u003einvictus\u003c/i\u003e and many others. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eMilonis\u003c/b\u003e: the most famous of the Greek athletes. He lived at the\r\n end of the sixth century B.C., and the praises of his victories were sung\r\n by Simonides. It was under his leadership that his native city Croton, in\r\n Magna Graecia, attacked and destroyed Sybaris. Many stories are told by\r\n the ancients about his feats of strength (see 33), and about his power of\r\n consuming food. He is said to have been a prominent disciple of\r\n Pythagoras. — \u003cb\u003eillacrimans\u003c/b\u003e: beware of spelling \u003ci\u003elacrima\u003c/i\u003e\r\n with either \u003ci\u003ech\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003ey\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003ei\u003c/i\u003e; these\r\n spellings are without justification. The \u003ci\u003ey\u003c/i\u003e rests on the absurd\r\n assumption that the Latins borrowed their word \u003ci\u003elacrima\u003c/i\u003e straight\r\n from the Greek \u003cspan title=\"dakry\" lang=\"el\"\u003eδακρυ\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003edixisse\u003c/b\u003e: combinations like \u003ci\u003edicitur dixisse\u003c/i\u003e are exceedingly\r\n rare in good Latin. Cicero nearly always uses two different verbs;\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e he says \u003ci\u003eaiunt dicere\u003c/i\u003e and the like. — \u003cb\u003eat\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n there is an ellipsis here such as \u0027those young men\u0027s muscles are powerful\r\n but …\u0027. This elliptic use of \u003ci\u003eat\u003c/i\u003e is common in sudden exclamations\r\n of grief, annoyance, surprise etc. — \u003cb\u003evero\u003c/b\u003e: this is common in\r\n emphatic replies, whether the reply convey assent, or, as here, a retort.\r\n The usage is well illustrated in Nägelsbach\u0027s Stilistik, § 197, 2.\r\n — \u003cb\u003etam\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. mortui sunt\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enugator\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003enugari\u003c/i\u003e = \u003cspan title=\"lêrein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eληρειν\u003c/span\u003e, \u0027to\r\n trifle\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eex te\u003c/b\u003e: Cato here identifies a man\u0027s person with\r\n his soul and intellect, the body being regarded as a mere dress; cf. Rep.\r\n 6, 26 \u003ci\u003emens cuiusque is est quisque\u003c/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eEx te\u003c/i\u003e, literally, \u0027out\r\n of yourself\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027from your real self\u0027s resources\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003elateribus\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 14\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eAelius\u003c/b\u003e: his \u003ci\u003ecognomen\u003c/i\u003e was Paetus; he was consul in 198, and\r\n censor in 194 B.C. He was one of the earliest and most famous writers on\r\n Roman Law. His great commentary on the XII tables is often referred to by\r\n Cicero, who several times quotes Ennius\u0027 line about him —\r\n \u003ci\u003eegregie cordatus homo catus Aelius Sextus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etale\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003esc. dixit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eCoruncanius\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 15\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eP. Crassus\u003c/b\u003e: consul in 205 B.C. with the elder\r\n Africanus; pontifex maximus from 212 to his death in 183. He was famous\r\n both as a lawyer (see below, 50; also Liv. 30, 1, 5 \u003ci\u003eiuris pontifici\r\n peritissimus\u003c/i\u003e) and as a statesman (see 61). \u003ci\u003eModo\u003c/i\u003e therefore\r\n covers a space of at least 33 years, so that it cannot well be translated\r\n by our \u0027lately\u0027; say rather \u0027nearer our time\u0027. The amount of time implied\r\n by \u003ci\u003emodo\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003enuper\u003c/i\u003e depends entirely on the context; for\r\n \u003ci\u003emodo\u003c/i\u003e see Lael. 6 with note, for \u003ci\u003enuper\u003c/i\u003e below, \u003ca href=\"#Snot_61\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 61\u003c/a\u003e, where it is used of Crassus as \u003ci\u003emodo\u003c/i\u003e\r\n is here. — \u003cb\u003epraescribebantur\u003c/b\u003e: the meaning is that these\r\n lawyers practised in old age as jurisconsults, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e according to\r\n old Roman custom, they gave audience in the early hours of the day to all\r\n who chose to consult them about legal difficulties. — \u003cb\u003eest\r\n provecta\u003c/b\u003e: literally \u0027was carried forward\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027continued\u0027,\r\n \u0027remained\u0027. Some wrongly take the phrase to mean \u0027made progress\u0027,\r\n \u0027increased\u0027, a sense which would require the imperfect,\r\n \u003ci\u003eprovehebatur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eprudentia\u003c/b\u003e: here, as often, \u0027legal\r\n skill\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_28\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e28.\u003c/a\u003e orator\u003c/b\u003e: emphatic position. — \u003cb\u003esenectute\u003c/b\u003e: causal\r\n ablative; not \u0027in age\u0027, but \u0027owing to age\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eomnino — sed\r\n tamen\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027no doubt — but still\u0027. \u003ci\u003eOmnino\u003c/i\u003e (literally,\r\n \u0027altogether\u0027) has two almost exactly opposite uses — (1) the\r\n affirmative, cf. 9; (2) the concessive, which we have here and in 45. The\r\n circumstance which is contrasted with the admitted circumstance is\r\n usually introduced by \u003ci\u003esed tamen\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003esed\u003c/i\u003e as in 45, but in\r\n Lael. 98 by the less emphatic \u003ci\u003eautem\u003c/i\u003e, while in Lael. 69 there is no\r\n introductory particle. — \u003cb\u003ecanorum … senectute\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ecanorum\u003c/i\u003e implies the combination of power with clearness in a\r\n voice. For the mixture of metaphors in \u003ci\u003ecanorum splendescit\u003c/i\u003e edd.\r\n quote Soph. Phil. 189 \u003cspan title=\"achô têlephanês\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαχω\r\n τηλεφανης\u003c/span\u003e; Cic. De Or.\r\n 2, 60 \u003ci\u003eillorum tactu orationem meam quasi colorari\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enescio quo pacto\u003c/b\u003e: literally, \u0027I know not on what terms\u0027; quite\r\n interchangeable with \u003ci\u003enescio quo modo\u003c/i\u003e; cf. 82. A. 334, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G.\r\n 469, Rem. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). — \u003cb\u003eadhuc non\u003c/b\u003e: purposely put for\r\n \u003ci\u003enondum\u003c/i\u003e, because more emphasis is thus thrown both on the time-word\r\n and on the negation. The common view that \u003ci\u003enondum\u003c/i\u003e was avoided\r\n because it would have implied that Cato \u003ci\u003eexpected\u003c/i\u003e to lose the\r\n \u003ci\u003ecanorum\u003c/i\u003e is certainly wrong. — \u003cb\u003eet videtis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027though you\r\n see my years\u0027. The adversative use of \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003eautem\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003etamen\u003c/i\u003e after the negative is not very uncommon in Cicero, but there\r\n are few examples of the usage in the speeches. Cf. Lael. 26 \u003ci\u003eet\r\n quidquid\u003c/i\u003e; so sometimes \u003ci\u003eque\u003c/i\u003e as above, 13; also Lael. 30 \u003ci\u003eut\r\n nullo egeat suaque omnia in se posita iudicet\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eseni\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Madvig\u0027s em. for \u003ci\u003esenis\u003c/i\u003e. In Leg. 1, 11 allusion is made to the\r\n great change which advancing years had wrought in Cicero\u0027s own\r\n impassioned oratory. He was no doubt thinking of that change when he\r\n wrote the words we have here. — \u003cb\u003esermo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027style of speaking\u0027;\r\n a word of wider meaning than \u003ci\u003eoratio\u003c/i\u003e, which only denotes public\r\n speaking. — \u003cb\u003equietus et remissus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027subdued and gentle\u0027. The\r\n metaphor in \u003ci\u003eremissus\u003c/i\u003e (which occurs also in 81) refers to the\r\n loosening of a tight-stretched string; cf. \u003ci\u003eintentum\u003c/i\u003e etc. in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_37\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e37\u003c/a\u003e with \u003ca href=\"#Snot_37\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e With the\r\n whole passage cf. Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 2 \u003ci\u003enam iuvenes confusa adhuc quaedam\r\n et quasi turbata non indecent; senibus placida omnia et ordinata\r\n conveniunt\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efacit audientiam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027procures of itself a\r\n hearing for it\u0027. In the words \u003ci\u003eper se ipsa\u003c/i\u003e there is no doubt an\r\n allusion to the custom at large meetings in ancient times whereby the\r\n \u003ci\u003epraeco\u003c/i\u003e or \u003cspan title=\"kêryx\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκηρυξ\u003c/span\u003e called on the\r\n people to listen to the speakers. Cf. Liv. 43, 16, 8 \u003ci\u003epraeconem\r\n audientiam facere iussit\u003c/i\u003e. Note that this is the only classical use of\r\n the word \u003ci\u003eaudientia\u003c/i\u003e; it has not the meaning of our \u0027audience\u0027\r\n either in the sense of a body of listeners, or as used in the expression\r\n \u0027to give audience\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ecomposita et mitis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027unimpassioned and\r\n smooth\u0027. Cf. Quintil. 6, 2, 9 \u003ci\u003eaffectus igitur hos concitatos, illos\r\n mitis atque compositos esse dixerunt\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equam …\r\n nequeas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027and if you cannot practise oratory yourself\u0027. Evidently\r\n \u003ci\u003equam\u003c/i\u003e refers to \u003ci\u003eoratio\u003c/i\u003e in the widest sense, not to the\r\n special style of oratory mentioned in the last sentence. With \u003ci\u003esi\r\n nequeas\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ci\u003enisi exerceas\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e with \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e — \u003cb\u003eScipioni et Laelio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027\u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e\r\n Scipio and \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e Laelius\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027young friends such as Scipio\r\n and Laelius are to me\u0027. — \u003cb\u003epraecipere\u003c/b\u003e: here absolute, =\r\n \u003ci\u003epraecepta dare\u003c/i\u003e; usually an accusative follows. — \u003cb\u003estudiis\r\n iuventutis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the zeal of youth\u0027. \u003ci\u003eStudiis\u003c/i\u003e does not imply here\r\n the deference of youth to age; the studia meant are the \u003ci\u003evirtutum\r\n studia\u003c/i\u003e of \u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_29\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29.\u003c/a\u003e ne … instruat\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003edocere\u003c/i\u003e is to impart knowledge,\r\n \u003ci\u003einstituere\u003c/i\u003e (literally \u0027to ground\u0027 or \u0027establish\u0027) is to form the\r\n intellect and character by means of knowledge, \u003ci\u003einstruere\u003c/i\u003e, to teach\r\n the pupil how he may bring his acquirements to bear in practical life.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eoffici munus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027performance of duty\u0027; cf. 35, 72; Fam. 6,\r\n 14. In scores of passages in Cicero we find \u003ci\u003eofficium et munus\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u0027duty and function\u0027, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eCn. et\r\n P. Scipiones\u003c/b\u003e: in Cic. the plural is always used where two men of the\r\n same family are mentioned and their names connected by et. In other\r\n writers the plural is regular, the singular exceptional, as in Sall. Iug.\r\n 42, 1 \u003ci\u003eTi. et C. Gracchus\u003c/i\u003e; Liv. 6, 22 \u003ci\u003eSp. et L. Papirius\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Even with other nouns the plural is regular; e.g. Cic. Phil. 2, 101\r\n \u003ci\u003earationes Campana et Leontina\u003c/i\u003e, though a little above we have\r\n \u003ci\u003emense Aprili atque Maio\u003c/i\u003e. [See Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1², p. 1.]\r\n Gnaeus (\u003ci\u003enot\u003c/i\u003e Cnaeus — see n. on Lael. 3) Cornelius Scipio was\r\n consul in 222 B.C. and was sent to Spain at the outbreak of the Second\r\n Punic war to command against Hasdrubal. Publius was consul in 218, and\r\n after being defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus, joined his brother in\r\n Spain. At first they won important successes, but in 212 they were\r\n hemmed in and killed, after a crushing defeat. — \u003cb\u003eL.\r\n Aemilius\u003c/b\u003e: the father of Macedonicus. He was consul in 219 and\r\n defeated the Illyrii; but when consul again in 216 was defeated and\r\n killed at Cannae. See \u003ca href=\"#Sect_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e. For \u003ci\u003eavi duo\u003c/i\u003e cf.\r\n 82. — \u003cb\u003econsenuerint … defecerint\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003econiunctio\u003c/i\u003e, for\r\n which see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 16\u003c/a\u003e. For the mood see A. 313,\r\n \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. — \u003cb\u003eetsi\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 2\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esenectute\u003c/b\u003e: MSS. and edd. have\r\n \u003ci\u003esenectutis\u003c/i\u003e, but the sense requires the abl.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e13\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_30\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30.\u003c/a\u003e Cyrus\u003c/b\u003e: the elder. — \u003cb\u003eapud\r\n Xenophontem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in Xenophon\u0027; so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_79\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e79\u003c/a\u003e where see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e; also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e31\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eapud\r\n Homerum\u003c/i\u003e. See Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 6. — \u003cb\u003ecum … esset\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027\u003ci\u003ethough\u003c/i\u003e he was very old\u0027, the clause depends on the following\r\n words, not on the preceding. — \u003cb\u003enegat\u003c/b\u003e: in Latin as in English\r\n the present tense is used in quotations from books. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eMetellum\u003c/b\u003e: was consul in 251 B.C. and won a great victory over the\r\n Carthaginians at Panormus (Palermo); consul again in 247. See below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_61\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ememini … esse\u003c/b\u003e: for the\r\n construction of \u003ci\u003ememini\u003c/i\u003e with the present or perfect infinitive, see\r\n n. on Lael. 2; also A. 288, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 277, Rem.; H. 537, 1. —\r\n \u003cb\u003epuer\u003c/b\u003e: the expression is peculiar, being abbreviated from \u003ci\u003equod\r\n puer vidi\u003c/i\u003e or something of the kind. Quintil. 8, 3, 31 has \u003ci\u003ememini\r\n iuvenis\u003c/i\u003e. In Rep. 1, 23 Cicero says \u003ci\u003ememini me admodum\r\n adulescentulo\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eviginti et duos\u003c/b\u003e: the commoner order of\r\n the words is \u003ci\u003eduos et viginti\u003c/i\u003e; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003ecentum … annos\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eei sacerdotio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027that sacred\r\n college\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the pontifical college consisting of the\r\n \u003ci\u003epontifex maximus\u003c/i\u003e and the inferior \u003ci\u003epontifices\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003erequireret\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003equaereretur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enihil\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e,\r\n l. 1 \u003ci\u003equid\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emihi\u003c/b\u003e: dat. for acc. to emphasize the\r\n person. — \u003cb\u003eid\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027such a course\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eut de me ipse aliquid more senum glorier\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_31\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e31.\u003c/a\u003e videtisne ut\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n here \u003ci\u003ene\u003c/i\u003e is the equivalent of \u003ci\u003enonne\u003c/i\u003e, as it often is in the\r\n Latin of Plautus and Terence, and in the colloquial Latin of the\r\n classical period. For \u003ci\u003eut\u003c/i\u003e after \u003ci\u003evidetis\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eNestor\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e in Iliad\r\n 1, 260 \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e. 11, 668 \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etertiam\r\n aetatem\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Iliad 1, 250; Odyssey 3, 245. — \u003cb\u003evera …\r\n se\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027if he told the truth about himself\u0027. — \u003cb\u003enimis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027to\r\n any great extent\u0027. \u003ci\u003eInsolens\u003c/i\u003e does not correspond to our \u0027insolent\u0027;\r\n it is almost the equivalent of \u003ci\u003eineptus\u003c/i\u003e, and has no harsher meaning\r\n than \u0027odd\u0027, \u0027strange\u0027, \u0027in bad taste\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emelle dulcior\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Homer, Il. 1, 249 \u003cspan title=\"tou kai apo glôssês melitos glykiôn rheen audê\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτου και απο\r\n γλωσσης\r\n μελιτος\r\n γλυκιων\r\n ‛ρεεν αυδη\u003c/span\u003e. In Or. 32\r\n Cic. says of Xenophon (whom the Greeks called\r\n \u003cspan title=\"Attikê melitta\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΑττικη\r\n μελιττα\u003c/span\u003e) that his \u003ci\u003eoratio\u003c/i\u003e\r\n was \u003ci\u003emelle dulcior\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esuavitatem\u003c/b\u003e: notice the change\r\n from \u003ci\u003edulcior\u003c/i\u003e, which seems to be made for the mere sake of variety,\r\n since elsewhere (De Or. 3, 161) Cicero writes \u003ci\u003edulcitudo\r\n orationis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eet tamen\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 16\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edux ille\u003c/b\u003e: Agamemnon; see Iliad 2, 370 \u003ci\u003eet\r\n seq\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enusquam\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e nowhere in Homer. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eAiacis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e Aiax Telamonius, who was the greatest Greek\r\n warrior while Achilles sulked (Iliad 2, 768). The genitive after\r\n \u003ci\u003esimilis\u003c/i\u003e is the rule in Cicero, though many examples of the dative\r\n are found even with names of persons; see Madv. on Fin. 5, 12.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_32\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32.\u003c/a\u003e sed\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eredeo ad me\u003c/b\u003e: so 45; Lael.\r\n 96, Div. 1, 97 \u003ci\u003ead nostra iam redeo\u003c/i\u003e; also below, 67 \u003ci\u003esed redeo ad\r\n mortem impendentem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evellem\u003c/b\u003e: see n. on. 26. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eidem\u003c/b\u003e: A. 238; G. 331, Rem. 2; H. 371, 2. — \u003cb\u003equod\r\n Cyrus\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equeo\u003c/b\u003e: the verb\r\n \u003ci\u003equeo\u003c/i\u003e is rarely found without a negative, \u003ci\u003epossum\u003c/i\u003e being used\r\n in positive sentences; cf. however Lael. 71 \u003ci\u003equeant\u003c/i\u003e, where see n.\r\n — \u003cb\u003emiles\u003c/b\u003e etc.: see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e above. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efuerim … depugnavi\u003c/b\u003e: A. 336, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 630, Rem. 1; H. 524, 2,\r\n 2. \u003ci\u003eDepugnavi\u003c/i\u003e = \u0027fought the war out\u0027, or \u0027to the end\u0027; cf. 38,\r\n \u003ci\u003edesudans; 44 devicerat\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eenervavit\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eenervare\u003c/i\u003e\r\n is literally \u0027to take out the sinews\u0027; cf. the expressions \u003ci\u003enervos\r\n elidere\u003c/i\u003e (Tusc. 2, 27) and \u003ci\u003enervos incidere\u003c/i\u003e (Academ. 1, 35) both\r\n of which are used in a secondary or metaphorical sense. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecuria\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003esenatus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003erostra\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 44\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edevicerat\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efieri\u003c/b\u003e: A.\r\n 331, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 546, Rem. 1; H. 498, I. n. — \u003cb\u003eesse\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n emphatic, = \u003ci\u003evivere\u003c/i\u003e; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eego vero\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027I however would rather that my old age should be\r\n shorter than that I should be old before my time\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emallem\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evellem\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e — nemo cui fuerim\u003c/b\u003e: cf.\r\n Plaut. Mercator 2, 2, 17 \u003ci\u003equamquam negotium est, numquam sum occupatus\r\n amico operam dare\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_33\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33.\u003c/a\u003e at\u003c/b\u003e: as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e, where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e — \u003cb\u003eT.\r\n Ponti centurionis\u003c/b\u003e: the centurions were generally men of powerful\r\n frame; cf. Veget. 2, 14 \u003ci\u003ecenturio elegendus est, qui sit magnis viribus\r\n et procera statura\u003c/i\u003e; Philipp. 8, 26 \u003ci\u003ecenturiones pugnaces et\r\n lacertosos\u003c/i\u003e; Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 72. — \u003cb\u003emoderatio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a right\r\n application\u0027; literally \u0027a governing\u0027. — \u003cb\u003etantum … nitatur\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n cf. 27 \u003ci\u003equidquid agas agere pro viribus\u003c/i\u003e, also 434 \u003ci\u003equantum\r\n possumus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ene\u003c/b\u003e: the affirmative \u003ci\u003ene\u003c/i\u003e, often wrongly\r\n written \u003ci\u003enae\u003c/i\u003e on the absurd assumption that the word passed into\r\n Latin from the Greek \u003cspan title=\"nai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eναι\u003c/span\u003e, is in Cicero always and in\r\n other writers nearly always followed by a pronoun. For the form of the\r\n sentence here cf. Fam. 7, 1, 3 \u003ci\u003ene … nostrum\u003c/i\u003e; Tusc. 3, 8 \u003ci\u003ene\r\n ista\u003c/i\u003e etc.; Fin. 3, 11 (almost the same words). — \u003cb\u003eper\r\n stadium\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027over the course\u0027; cf. Athenaeus 10. 4, p. 412 E; Lucian,\r\n Charon, 8; Quint. 1, 9, 5 \u003ci\u003eMilo quem vitulum assueverat ferre,\r\n taurum ferebat\u003c/i\u003e. As to Milo see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 27\u003c/a\u003e. For\r\n \u003ci\u003ecum sustineret\u003c/i\u003e a modern would have been inclined to use a\r\n participle, which was perhaps avoided here because of the close proximity\r\n of another participle, \u003ci\u003eingressus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eumeris\u003c/b\u003e: this\r\n spelling is better than \u003ci\u003ehumeris\u003c/i\u003e, which is now abandoned by the\r\n best scholars. There is no sound corresponding to the \u003ci\u003eh\u003c/i\u003e in words\r\n of the same origin in cognate languages (see Curtius, Greek Etym. 1, 423\r\n of the Eng. Trans.), and although undoubtedly \u003ci\u003eh\u003c/i\u003e was wrongly\r\n attached to some Latin words, there is no evidence to show that this\r\n happened to \u003ci\u003eumerus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ehas\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e. Milonis\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n corresponding to \u003ci\u003ePythagorae\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ePythagorae\u003c/b\u003e: chosen no\r\n doubt because tradition made Milo a Pythagorean; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 27\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emalis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e. si optandum\r\n sit\u003c/i\u003e (cf. Plaut. Miles 170). For the ellipsis see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edenique\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in short\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eutare\u003c/b\u003e: the second person of the present subjunctive hortative is\r\n very rare, excepting when, as here, the command is general. Had the\r\n command been addressed to a particular person, Cicero might have written\r\n \u003ci\u003ene requisieris\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Madvig, Opusc. 2, 105; Roby, 1596; A. 266,\r\n \u003ci\u003ea, b\u003c/i\u003e; G. 256, 2; H. 484, 4, n. 2. — \u003cb\u003edum adsit, cum\r\n absit\u003c/b\u003e: as both \u003ci\u003edum\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e evidently have here a\r\n temporal sense, the subjunctives seem due to the influence of the other\r\n subjunctives \u003ci\u003eutare\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003erequiras\u003c/i\u003e. A. 342; G. 666; H. 529,\r\n II. and n. 1, 1). — \u003cb\u003enisi forte\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 18\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecursus\u003c/b\u003e: for the metaphor cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_83\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 83\u003c/a\u003e; also Fam. 8, 13, 1 (a letter of Coelius) \u003ci\u003eaetate iam sunt\r\n decursa\u003c/i\u003e; pro Quint. 99 \u003ci\u003eacta aetas decursaque\u003c/i\u003e. For\r\n \u003ci\u003ecertus\u003c/i\u003e cf. below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e72\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenectutis certus\r\n terminus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaetatis\u003c/b\u003e: here = \u003ci\u003evitae\u003c/i\u003e; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eeaque\u003c/b\u003e: this is a common way of\r\n introducing with emphasis a fresh epithet or predicate. Often\r\n \u003ci\u003eidque\u003c/i\u003e (\u003cspan title=\"kai touto\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκαι\r\n τουτο\u003c/span\u003e) occurs, the pronoun being then\r\n adverbially used, and not in agreement with the subject. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_65\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 65\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eillius quidem\u003c/i\u003e; also \u003ci\u003eneque ea\u003c/i\u003e\r\n in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esimplex\u003c/b\u003e: life is compared to\r\n a race, in which each man has to run once and only once around the\r\n course. — \u003cb\u003etempestivitas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027seasonableness\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ematuritate tempestiva\u003c/i\u003e, with \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e — \u003cb\u003einfirmitas\u003c/b\u003e: the context shows that\r\n not physical but intellectual weakness is meant; so in Acad. 2, 9\r\n \u003ci\u003einfirmissimo tempore aetatis\u003c/i\u003e; Fin. 5, 43 \u003ci\u003eaetas infirma\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eferocitas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027exultation\u0027, \u0027high spirit\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eiam\r\n constantis aetatis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e middle age, the characteristic of\r\n which is \u003ci\u003estability\u003c/i\u003e; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_76\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e76\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003econstans\r\n aetas quae media dicitur\u003c/i\u003e; also 60; Tac. A. 6, 46 \u003ci\u003ecomposita\r\n aetas\u003c/i\u003e. For \u003ci\u003eiam\u003c/i\u003e cf. Suet. Galb. 4 \u003ci\u003eaetate nondum\r\n constanti\u003c/i\u003e; pro Caelio 41 \u003ci\u003eaetas iam corroborata\u003c/i\u003e; Fam. 10, 3, 2\r\n \u003ci\u003eaetas iam confirmata\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ematuritas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027ripeness\u0027,\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e of intellect or judgment. — \u003cb\u003esuo\u003c/b\u003e: G. 295, Rem. 1;\r\n H. 449, 2.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_34\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e34.\u003c/a\u003e audire te\r\n arbitror\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I think that news reaches you\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ehospes\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 28\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eorator\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eavitus\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n there was a strong friendship between the elder Africanus and Masinissa,\r\n king of Numidia, who in 206 B.C. passed over from the Carthaginian\r\n alliance to that of the Romans. He was richly rewarded by Scipio, and\r\n remained loyal to Rome till his death. He lived to welcome the younger\r\n Scipio in Africa during the last Punic war, and to see the utter ruin of\r\n Carthage. See Sall. Iug. 5, 4. For the expression \u003ci\u003ehospes tuus\r\n avitus\u003c/i\u003e cf. Plautus, Miles 135 \u003ci\u003epaternum suom hospitem\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecum ingressus\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e protracted exercise of one kind\r\n did not weary him. — \u003cb\u003ecum … equo\u003c/b\u003e: though Cic. says \u003ci\u003ein\r\n equo vehi, esse, sedere\u003c/i\u003e etc. the preposition here is left out because\r\n a mere ablative of manner or means is required to suit the similar\r\n ablative \u003ci\u003epedibus\u003c/i\u003e. So Div. 2, 140 \u003ci\u003eequus in quo vehebar\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027the\r\n horse on which I rode\u0027; but ib. 1, 58 \u003ci\u003eequo advectus ad ripam\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u0027brought to the bank \u003ci\u003eby the aid\u003c/i\u003e of a horse\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esiccitatem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027wiriness\u0027, literally \u0027dryness\u0027 or freedom from\r\n excessive perspiration, colds and the like; cf. Tusc. 5, 99 \u003ci\u003esiccitatem\r\n quae consequitur continentiam in victu\u003c/i\u003e; Catull. 23, 12 \u003ci\u003ecorpora\r\n sicciora cornu\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eregis\u003c/b\u003e: here = \u003ci\u003eregia\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eofficia et munera\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 29\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ene sint\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027grant that age has no strength\u0027. This formula of\r\n concession for argument\u0027s sake is frequent in Cicero, who often attaches\r\n to it \u003ci\u003esane\u003c/i\u003e. A. 266, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e; G. 610; H. 515, III. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esenectute\u003c/b\u003e = \u003ci\u003esenibus\u003c/i\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003elegibus et institutis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027by statute and precedent\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emuneribus eis\u003c/b\u003e etc.: chiefly military service. — \u003cb\u003enon modo\r\n … sed ne quidem\u003c/b\u003e: when a negative follows \u003ci\u003enon modo\u003c/i\u003e these\r\n words have the force of \u003ci\u003enon modo non\u003c/i\u003e, a negative being borrowed\r\n from the negative in the subsequent clause. But often \u003ci\u003enon modo non\u003c/i\u003e\r\n is written; the negative after modo is then more emphatic, being\r\n independent. Here \u003ci\u003enon modo non quod non\u003c/i\u003e would have had a harsh\r\n sound. A. 149, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G. 484, 3 and Rem. 1.; H. 552, 2. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equod\u003c/b\u003e: adv. acc. (see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equid\u003c/i\u003e).\r\n Cf. Liv. 6, 15 \u003ci\u003esed vos id cogendi estis\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_35\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35.\u003c/a\u003e at\u003c/b\u003e: as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e, where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e In his reply\r\n Cato adopts the same form as that in which the objection is urged, \u003ci\u003eat\r\n id quidem\u003c/i\u003e etc. So in 68 \u003ci\u003eat senex … at est …\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e — commune valetudinis\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027common to weak health\u0027, i.e. to all in a weak state of health.\r\n \u003ci\u003eValetudo\u003c/i\u003e means in itself neither good nor bad health; the word\r\n takes its coloring from the context. — \u003cb\u003efilius is qui\u003c/b\u003e: a\r\n pause must be made at \u003ci\u003efilius\u003c/i\u003e; the sense is not \u0027that son of\r\n Africanus who adopted you\u0027, but \u0027the son of Africanus, I mean the man\r\n who adopted you\u0027. — \u003cb\u003equod ni ita fuisset\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027now if this had\r\n not been so\u0027; a phrase like \u003ci\u003equod cum ita sit\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ehoc ita\r\n dici\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equod ni ita\r\n accideret\u003c/i\u003e; 82 \u003ci\u003equod ni ita se haberet\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ealterum …\r\n civitatis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eillud\u003c/i\u003e is put for \u003ci\u003eille\u003c/i\u003e, by attraction to\r\n \u003ci\u003elumen\u003c/i\u003e. Roby, 1068. A. 195, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e; G. 202, Rem. 5; H. 445, 4.\r\n Cf. Fin. 2, 70 \u003ci\u003eEpicurus, hoc enim vestrum lumen est\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027Epicurus,\r\n for \u003ci\u003ehe\u003c/i\u003e is your shining light\u0027. — \u003cb\u003evitia\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027defects\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ediligentia\u003c/b\u003e: scarcely corresponds to our \u0027diligence\u0027; it\r\n rather implies minute, patient attention; \u0027painstaking\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_36\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_36\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e36.\u003c/a\u003e habenda …\r\n valetudinis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027attention must be paid to health\u0027; so \u003ci\u003evaletudini\r\n consulere\u003c/i\u003e (Fam. 16, 4, 3) \u003ci\u003eoperam dare\u003c/i\u003e (De Or. I, 265)\r\n \u003ci\u003eindulgere\u003c/i\u003e (Fam. 16, 18, 1) \u003ci\u003evaletudinem curare\u003c/i\u003e often; cf.\r\n also Fam. 10, 35, 2; Fin. 2, 64. — \u003cb\u003etantum\u003c/b\u003e: restrictive, =\r\n \u0027only so much\u0027; so in 69, and often. — \u003cb\u003epotionis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ecibus et\r\n potio\u003c/i\u003e is the regular Latin equivalent for our \u0027food and drink\u0027; see\r\n below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e; also Tusc. 5, 100; Fin. 1, 37; Varro de\r\n Re Rust. 1, 1, 5. — \u003cb\u003eadhibendum\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eadhibere\u003c/i\u003e has here\r\n merely the sense of \u0027to employ\u0027 or \u0027to use\u0027. Cf. Fin. 2, 64. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enon\u003c/b\u003e: we should say \u0027and not\u0027 or \u0027but not\u0027; the Latins, however,\r\n are fond of \u003ci\u003easyndeton\u003c/i\u003e, called \u003ci\u003eadversativum\u003c/i\u003e, when two\r\n clauses are contrasted. — \u003cb\u003ementi … animo\u003c/b\u003e: properly\r\n \u003ci\u003emens\u003c/i\u003e is the intellect, strictly so called, \u003ci\u003eanimus\u003c/i\u003e intellect\r\n and feeling combined, but the words are often very loosely used. They\r\n often occur together in Latin; Lucretius has even \u003ci\u003emens animi\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003einstilles\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eexerceas\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eet\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027moreover\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eexercitando\u003c/b\u003e: in good Latin the verb \u003ci\u003eexercitare\u003c/i\u003e is rare\r\n except in \u003ci\u003eexercitatus\u003c/i\u003e, which stands as participle to \u003ci\u003eexerceo,\r\n exercitus\u003c/i\u003e being unused. The word seems to have been chosen here as\r\n suiting \u003ci\u003eexercitationibus\u003c/i\u003e better than \u003ci\u003eexercendo\u003c/i\u003e would. So in\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edesideratio\u003c/i\u003e is chosen rather than\r\n \u003ci\u003edesiderium\u003c/i\u003e, to correspond with the neighboring \u003ci\u003etitillatio\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eait\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. esse\u003c/i\u003e; the omission with \u003ci\u003eaio\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n rare, though common with \u003ci\u003edico, appello\u003c/i\u003e etc.; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 22\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecomicos\u003c/b\u003e: not \u0027comic\u0027 in our\r\n sense, but = \u003ci\u003ein comoediis\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027represented in comedy\u0027. So Rosc. Am.\r\n 47 \u003ci\u003ecomicum adulescentem\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027the young man of comedy\u0027. The passage of\r\n Caecilius (see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 24\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eStatius\u003c/i\u003e) is more\r\n fully quoted in Lael. 99. — \u003cb\u003ecredulos\u003c/b\u003e: in almost every Latin\r\n comedy there is some old man who is cheated by a cunning slave. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esomniculosae\u003c/b\u003e: the adj. contains a diminutive noun stem\r\n (\u003ci\u003esomniculo-\u003c/i\u003e). — \u003cb\u003epetulantia\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027waywardness\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enon proborum\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. avoids \u003ci\u003eimproborum\u003c/i\u003e as being too harsh;\r\n with exactly similar feeling Propertius 3, 20, 52 (ed. Paley) says \u003ci\u003enec\r\n proba Pasiphae\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003eet improba P.\u003c/i\u003e Cf. Off. 3, 36 \u003ci\u003eerror\r\n hominum non proborum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eista\u003c/b\u003e: implying contempt. A. 102,\r\n \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G. 291, Rem.; H. 450, 1. n. and foot-note 4. —\r\n \u003cb\u003edeliratio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027dotage\u0027; a rare word, used by Cic. only here and in\r\n Div. 2, 90.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_37\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_37\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e37.\u003c/a\u003e robustos\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027sturdy\u0027; implying that the sons were grown up. — \u003cb\u003etantam\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003esc. quantam habuit\u003c/i\u003e; only a little more emphatic than \u003ci\u003emagnam\u003c/i\u003e\r\n would have been; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 52\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eAppius\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 16\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eregebat\u003c/b\u003e: the \u003ci\u003epater familias\u003c/i\u003e in early Roman times was an\r\n almost irresponsible ruler over his children and household. For a full\r\n discussion of the \u003ci\u003epatria potestas\u003c/i\u003e see Coulanges, Ancient City, Bk.\r\n II. Ch. 8; Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 5; Hadley, Introd. to Roman Law,\r\n Chapters 5 and 6. — \u003cb\u003eet … senex\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027though both blind and\r\n old\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eintentum\u003c/b\u003e: commonly used of \u003ci\u003eanimus\u003c/i\u003e, like the\r\n opposite \u003ci\u003eremissus\u003c/i\u003e (28). — \u003cb\u003etenebat\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the \u003ci\u003epatria\r\n potestas\u003c/i\u003e is often denoted by the word \u003ci\u003eimperium\u003c/i\u003e; cf. De Invent.\r\n 2, 140 \u003ci\u003eimperium domesticum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evigebat\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027in him\r\n ancestral spirit and principles were strong\u0027. While \u003ci\u003eanimus patrius\u003c/i\u003e\r\n here evidently means the strong will for which the patrician Claudii were\r\n proverbial (as \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e in Rosc. Am. 46 \u003ci\u003eintellegere qui animus\r\n patrius sit in liberos\u003c/i\u003e) it indicates the feeling of a particular\r\n father for his children.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e16\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_38\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e38.\u003c/a\u003e ita\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eea lege\u003c/i\u003e \u0027on these conditions,\r\n viz. …\u0027, the clause with \u003ci\u003esi\u003c/i\u003e being an explanation of \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n This correspondence of \u003ci\u003eita … si\u003c/i\u003e is common in Cicero; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 12\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eita … quasi\u003c/i\u003e. Here translate \u0027age\r\n can only be in honor if it fights for itself\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ese ipsa\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n cf. Cic. Acad. 2, 36 \u003ci\u003everitas se ipsa defendet\u003c/i\u003e; see also the \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esi … est\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027if it has passed\r\n into bondage to nobody\u0027. \u003ci\u003eMancipium\u003c/i\u003e is a piece of property;\r\n \u003ci\u003eemancipare\u003c/i\u003e is to pass a piece of property out of its owner\u0027s\r\n hands. The word acquired two exactly opposite meanings. When used of a\r\n slave, or of a son \u003ci\u003ein patria potestate\u003c/i\u003e, who was legally subject to\r\n many of the same ordinances as a slave, it means \u0027to set free\u0027, unless,\r\n as in Fin. I, 24 \u003ci\u003efilium in adoptionem D. Silano emancipaverat\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n some person is mentioned to whom the original owner makes over his\r\n rights. But in Plaut. Bacchid. 1, 1, 90 \u003ci\u003emulier, tibi me emancupo\u003c/i\u003e\r\n the sense is \u0027I enslave myself to you\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027I pass myself out of\r\n my own power into yours\u0027. So in the well-known passage of Horace, Epod.\r\n 9, 12 (of Antony) \u003ci\u003eemancipatus feminae\u003c/i\u003e \u0027enslaved to a woman\u0027; cf\r\n Cic. Phil. 2, 51 \u003ci\u003evenditum atque emancipatum tribunatum\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esenile aliquid … aliquid adulescentis\u003c/b\u003e: chiasmus. For the sense\r\n cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eferocitas iuvenum … senectutis\r\n maturitas\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equod qui sequitur\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027and he who strives\r\n after this\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e to combine the virtues of age and youth. Cf.\r\n Aesch. Sept. 622 \u003cspan title=\"geronta ton noun sarka d\u0027 hêbôsan phuei\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγεροντα\r\n τον νουν\r\n σαρκα δ\u0027\r\n ‛ηβωσαν\r\n φυει\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003emihi … est in manibus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I have on hand\u0027, \u0027am\r\n busy with\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 22\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eOriginum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n as to Cato\u0027s literary labors see \u003ca href=\"#Page_iv\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eomnia colligo\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n referring to the materials Cato was collecting for his \u0027Origines\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equascunque defendi\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027as many as I have conducted\u0027.\r\n \u003ci\u003eDefendere causam\u003c/i\u003e here is simply to act as counsel in a case,\r\n whether the client be defendant or plaintiff. So in Lael. 96 and often.\r\n — \u003cb\u003enunc cum maxime\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027now more than ever\u0027,\r\n \u003cspan title=\"nun malista\" lang=\"el\"\u003eνυν\r\n μαλιστα\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n The phrase is elliptic; in full it would be \u0027\u003ci\u003ecum maxime conficio\r\n orationes, nunc conficio\u003c/i\u003e\u0027, \u0027when I most of all compose speeches, I\r\n now compose them\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027the time when I most of all compose is\r\n now\u0027. The words \u003ci\u003ecum maxime\u003c/i\u003e generally follow \u003ci\u003etum\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003enunc\u003c/i\u003e and add emphasis to those words, but are sometimes used alone\r\n to express the ideas \u0027then\u0027 and \u0027now\u0027 more emphatically than \u003ci\u003etum\u003c/i\u003e\r\n and \u003ci\u003enunc\u003c/i\u003e would. Cf. Ver. 4, 82; Tac. Ann. 4, 27. The orators were\r\n in the habit of working over their speeches carefully for publication and\r\n preservation. — \u003cb\u003eius augurium\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027the law pertaining to\r\n the augurs and pontifices\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the principles applied by them in\r\n the performance of their duties. The pontifices had the general oversight\r\n of religious observances. See Dict. of Antiq. — \u003cb\u003ecivile\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n meaning of \u003ci\u003eius civile\u003c/i\u003e varies according to the context. Here it is\r\n the secular law as opposed to the sacred law, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e; sometimes it is the whole body of Roman law as\r\n opposed to the law of other states; often, again, it is the older portion\r\n of the Roman law as opposed to the newer or \u0027equity\u0027 portion. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecommemoro\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I say over to myself\u0027. In Cicero \u003ci\u003ecommemoro\u003c/i\u003e is a\r\n verb of speaking, and never has the meaning of \u003ci\u003erecordor\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003ememini\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecurricula\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003enn. on\r\n 33\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emagno opere\u003c/b\u003e: better so written than in one word\r\n \u003ci\u003emagnopere\u003c/i\u003e; so \u003ci\u003emaximo, minimo, nimio opere\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eadsum\r\n amicis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I act as counsel to my friends\u0027. This legal sense of\r\n \u003ci\u003eadesse\u003c/i\u003e is common. — \u003cb\u003efrequens\u003c/b\u003e: literally the word\r\n means \u0027crowded\u0027 (connected with \u003ci\u003efarcire\u003c/i\u003e \u0027to cram\u0027 or \u0027to crowd\r\n together\u0027), hence \u003ci\u003efrequens senatus\u003c/i\u003e and the like phrases. Then\r\n \u003ci\u003efrequens\u003c/i\u003e comes to be used of actions or events that often recur;\r\n \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Orat. 15 \u003ci\u003eDemosthenes frequens Platonis auditor\u003c/i\u003e; De Or.\r\n 1, 243 \u003ci\u003efrequens te audivi\u003c/i\u003e. On the use of the adj. here see A. 191;\r\n G. 324, Rem. 6; H. 443. — \u003cb\u003eultro\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027unasked\u0027, \u0027of my own\r\n motion\u0027, a reference to the well-known story that, whatever subject was\r\n discussed, Cato gave as his opinion \u0027\u003ci\u003edelenda est Carthago\u003c/i\u003e\u0027. See\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Page_xix\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etueor\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027advocate\u0027, \u0027support\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003electulus\u003c/b\u003e: a couch usually stood in the Roman study, on which the\r\n student reclined while reading, composing or dictating, or\r\n even writing. Cf. De Or. 3, 17, \u003ci\u003ein eam exedram venisse in qua Crassus\r\n lectulo posito recubuisset, cumque eum in cogitatione defixum esse\r\n sensisset, statim recessisse …\u003c/i\u003e; Suet. Aug. 78 \u003ci\u003electicula\r\n lucubratoria\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eea ipsa cogitantem\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003ede eis ipsis\r\n cog.\u003c/i\u003e: so Acad. 2, 127 \u003ci\u003ecogitantes supera atque caelestia\u003c/i\u003e, and\r\n often. — \u003cb\u003eacta vita\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the life I have led\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e62\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ehoneste acta superior aetas\u003c/i\u003e; so Tusc. 1,\r\n 109; Fam. 4, 13, 4. — \u003cb\u003eviventi\u003c/b\u003e: dative of reference. A. 235;\r\n G. 354; H. 384, 4, n. 3. \u0027As regards one who lives amid these pursuits\r\n and tasks\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eita sensim\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u003ci\u003esensim sine sensu\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (observe the alliteration) is like \u003ci\u003ementes dementis\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e16\u003c/a\u003e, where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eSensim\u003c/i\u003e\r\n must have meant at one time \u0027perceptibly\u0027, then \u0027only just perceptibly\u0027,\r\n then \u0027gradually\u0027 and almost \u0027imperceptibly\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_39\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39.\u003c/a\u003e quod …\r\n dicunt\u003c/b\u003e: not strictly logical, being put for \u003ci\u003equod careat, ut\r\n dicunt\u003c/i\u003e. In cases like this the verb of saying is usually in the\r\n subjunctive. Cf. Roby, 1746; A. 341, Rem.; G. 541, Rem. 2; H. 516, II. 1.\r\n The indicative here is more vivid and forcible. — \u003cb\u003emunus …\r\n aufert\u003c/b\u003e: to say that a gift robs one of anything is of course an\r\n \u003ci\u003eoxymoron\u003c/i\u003e; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 16\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ementes\r\n dementis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaetatis\u003c/b\u003e: almost = \u003ci\u003esenectutis\u003c/i\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 45\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eid quod est\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027the\r\n greatest fault of youth\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the love of pleasure. In this\r\n passage \u003ci\u003evoluptas\u003c/i\u003e indicates pleasure of a sensual kind, its\r\n ordinary sense, \u003ci\u003edelectatio, oblectatio\u003c/i\u003e etc. being used of the\r\n higher pleasures. In \u003ca href=\"#Sect_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e, however, we have\r\n \u003ci\u003evoluptates agricolarum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaccipite\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027hear\u0027; so\r\n \u003ci\u003edare\u003c/i\u003e often means \u0027to tell\u0027. With \u003ci\u003eaccipere\u003c/i\u003e in this sense cf.\r\n the similar use of\r\n \u003cspan title=\"apodechesthai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαποδεχεσθαι\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eArchytae\u003c/b\u003e: Archytas (the subject of Horace\u0027s well-known\r\n ode, 1, 28) was a contemporary and friend of Plato, and a follower of the\r\n Pythagorean philosophy. He wrote philosophical works, and was also famous\r\n as a mathematician and astronomer, besides being the leading statesman\r\n and general of the commonwealth of Tarentum. For another saying of\r\n Archytas, cf. Lael. 88. — \u003cb\u003etradita est\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027was imparted to me\u0027,\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e by word of mouth. — \u003cb\u003ecum … Tarenti\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027when as a\r\n young man I stayed at Tarentum\u0027. For \u003ci\u003eadulescens\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenes\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enullam …\r\n pestem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: cf. Lael. 34 \u003ci\u003epestem … cupiditatem\u003c/i\u003e; Off. 2, 9\r\n \u003ci\u003econsuetudo … honestatem ab utilitate secernens, qua nulla pernicies\r\n maior hominum vitae potuit afferri\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecapitaliorem\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027more deadly\u0027; \u003ci\u003ecaput\u003c/i\u003e was often equivalent to \u003ci\u003evita\u003c/i\u003e, so that\r\n \u003ci\u003ecapitalis\u003c/i\u003e comes to mean \u0027affecting the life\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_17\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e17\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_40\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_40\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e40.\u003c/a\u003e hinc \u003c/b\u003eetc.: cf. Cic. Hortensius fragm. \u003ci\u003equod\r\n turpe damnum, quod dedecus est quod non evocetur atque eliciatur\r\n voluptate?\u003c/i\u003e Observe the singular \u003ci\u003epatriae\u003c/i\u003e followed by\r\n the plural \u003ci\u003ererum publicarum\u003c/i\u003e; the plural of \u003ci\u003epatria\u003c/i\u003e is rare.\r\n On the significance of this passage see Lecky, Hist. of European Morals,\r\n I. p. 211, n. (Am. ed.). — \u003cb\u003ecum hostibus\u003c/b\u003e etc.: attributive\r\n phrase; cf. Phil. 12, 27 \u003ci\u003ecolloquia cum acerrimis hostibus\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003escelus\u003c/b\u003e: this word looks chiefly to the criminal intention, whether\r\n it be carried into action or not, \u003ci\u003emalum\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003efacinus\u003c/i\u003e to the\r\n completed crime; \u003ci\u003eflagitium\u003c/i\u003e is sin rather than crime,\r\n \u003ci\u003eFacinus\u003c/i\u003e in sense is often rather narrower and lighter than\r\n \u003ci\u003escelus\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Verr. 5, 170 \u003ci\u003efacinus est vincire civem Romanum,\r\n scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eimpelleret\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. homines\u003c/i\u003e; so \u003ci\u003enos\u003c/i\u003e is omitted after\r\n \u003ci\u003eiubebat\u003c/i\u003e below. — \u003cb\u003eexcitari\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027stirred up\u0027. In \u003ca href=\"#Sect_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#Sect_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e41\u003c/a\u003e we have the verb\r\n \u003ci\u003ein-citare\u003c/i\u003e; for the difference between the two verbs cf. Qu. Fr. 1,\r\n 1, 45 \u003ci\u003ehaec non eo dicuntur, ut te oratio mea dormientem excitasse, sed\r\n potius ut currentem incitasse videatur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ehomini …\r\n dedisset\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Acad. 1, 7 \u003ci\u003enec ullum arbitror maius aut melius a dis\r\n datum munus homini\u003c/i\u003e. Notice \u003ci\u003ehomini\u003c/i\u003e \u0027man\u0027, in the same sense as\r\n \u003ci\u003ehominibus\u003c/i\u003e, above. — \u003cb\u003emuneri ac dono\u003c/b\u003e: the two words\r\n \u003ci\u003emunus\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003edonum\u003c/i\u003e are often found together; the difference in\r\n meaning is hardly perceptible. \u003ci\u003eDonum\u003c/i\u003e implies the fact of giving,\r\n \u003ci\u003emunus\u003c/i\u003e the generosity of the giver. — \u003cb\u003etam …\r\n inimicum\u003c/b\u003e: notice the separation of \u003ci\u003etam\u003c/i\u003e from\r\n \u003ci\u003einimicum\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_41\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e41.\u003c/a\u003e libidine\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"epithymia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεπιθυμια\u003c/span\u003e; temperantia\r\n = \u003cspan title=\"sôphrosynê\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσωφροσυνη\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n \u003ci\u003eDominari\u003c/i\u003e is a very strong word, \u0027to tyrannize\u0027; \u003ci\u003edominatio\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"tyrannis\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτυραννις\u003c/span\u003e. For \u003ci\u003elocum\u003c/i\u003e\r\n cf. Lael. 52 \u003ci\u003ein tyranni vita nullus locus est amicitiae\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003econsistere\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027find a foothold\u0027. Cf. Fin. 4, 69 \u003ci\u003esapientia pedem\r\n ubi poneret non habebat\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efingere animo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027to imagine\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003etanta … quanta … maxima\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the greatest that could\r\n possibly be enjoyed\u0027. The form of expression is common, \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Lael.\r\n 74 \u003ci\u003etanta quanta maxima potest esse distantia\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etam diu\r\n dum\u003c/b\u003e: this is not exactly equivalent to the ordinary \u003ci\u003etam diu\r\n quam\u003c/i\u003e, but there is ellipsis — \u0027so long as this, I mean while,\r\n etc.\u0027. Cf. Cat. 3, 16 \u003ci\u003etam diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n Off. 1, 2 \u003ci\u003etam diu … quoad …\u003c/i\u003e — \u003cb\u003emente … ratione …\r\n cogitatione\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027by thought, by reasoning, by imagination\u0027.\r\n \u003ci\u003eCogitatio\u003c/i\u003e like\r\n \u003cspan title=\"dianoia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eδιανοια\u003c/span\u003e has often the sense\r\n of \u0027imagination\u0027. The close juxtaposition of words nearly synonymous is\r\n quite characteristic of Cicero\u0027s Latin. — \u003cb\u003equidem\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n concessive, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e and often. — \u003cb\u003emaior\r\n atque longior\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027very intense and protracted\u0027. Superlatives might have\r\n been expected, in view of \u003ci\u003equanta percipi posset maxima\u003c/i\u003e above.\r\n \u003ci\u003eLongus\u003c/i\u003e in the sense of \u0027long-continued\u0027 is rare in Ciceronian\r\n Latin, excepting when, as in 66 \u003ci\u003elonga aetate\u003c/i\u003e, it is joined with a\r\n word distinctly referring to time. For the general\r\n drift of the passage cf. Cic. Hortensius (fragment) \u003ci\u003econgruere cum\r\n cogitatione magna voluptas corporis non potest; quis enim, cum utatur\r\n voluptate ea qua nulla possit maior esse, attendere animum, inire\r\n rationes, cogitare omnino quidquam potest\u003c/i\u003e? — \u003cb\u003eanimi\r\n lumen\u003c/b\u003e: a common metaphor; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Cic. Rep. 6, 12 \u003ci\u003etu,\r\n Africane, ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi tui\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. 36 \u003ci\u003ehaec\r\n … exstinguuntur\u003c/i\u003e; also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e42\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ementis\r\n oculos\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eC. Pontio\u003c/b\u003e: C. Pontius Herennius, the father of\r\n C. Pontius Telesinus who defeated the Romans at the Caudine Forks during\r\n the Second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. The father is several times mentioned\r\n by Livy 9, cc. 1 and 3; cf. especially 1, § 2 \u003ci\u003eC. Pontium, patre longe\r\n prudentissimo natum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eNearchus\u003c/b\u003e: mentioned by Plutarch,\r\n Cato 2, as a Pythagorean and friend of Cato. — \u003cb\u003epermanserat\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e during the siege of Tarentum. — \u003cb\u003einterfuisset\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n not in accordance with English idiom; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eputassent\u003c/i\u003e; also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edevicerat\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ePlato\u003c/b\u003e etc.: although Plato made two journeys to Italy and\r\n Sicily (or, as some authorities say, three) it is scarcely likely that he\r\n was present at Tarentum in the year mentioned, 349 B.C., two years before\r\n his death, when he was of advanced age. The latest date assigned by other\r\n authorities for Plato\u0027s last visit to the West is 361 B.C. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ereperio\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. in annalibus\u003c/i\u003e; so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e;\r\n cf. \u003ci\u003evidemus\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_42\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e42.\u003c/a\u003e efficeret\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003eefficeret, liberet\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eoporteret\u003c/i\u003e can be properly rendered\r\n into English only by the present tense. Although these verbs express\r\n circumstances which \u003ci\u003econtinue\u003c/i\u003e, since the general effect of old age\r\n is being described, they are thrown into the past to suit the past tense\r\n \u003ci\u003edicebam\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003edixi\u003c/i\u003e which, though not expressed, is really the\r\n principal verb. Cf. below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e62\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econsilium\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027deliberation\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e — ut ita dicam\u003c/b\u003e: this softens\r\n the metaphor, as \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003equasi quidam\u003c/i\u003e often does, and as\r\n \u003cspan title=\"hoion\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛οιον\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan title=\"hôsper\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ωσπερ\u003c/span\u003e do in\r\n Greek [but not \u003cspan title=\"hôs epos eipein\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ως επος\r\n ειπειν\u003c/span\u003e, which is often wrongly said\r\n to be the equivalent of \u003ci\u003eut ita dicam\u003c/i\u003e; see n. on Lael. 2]. The\r\n phrase \u003ci\u003ementis\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eanimi aciem praestringere\u003c/i\u003e often occurs\r\n without anything to soften the metaphor; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Fin. 4, 37. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enec habet\u003c/b\u003e etc: \u0027and has no relations with virtue\u0027. The use of\r\n \u003ci\u003ecommercium\u003c/i\u003e in the metaphorical sense is common. —\r\n \u003cb\u003einvitus\u003c/b\u003e: see ref. on 38 \u003ci\u003efrequens\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efeci ut\u003c/b\u003e: a\r\n periphrasis not unusual. A. 332, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G. 557; H. 498, II. n. 2.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eT. Flaminini\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e, l. 1.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eL. Flamininum\u003c/b\u003e: as prætor he commanded the fleet under his\r\n brother Titus during the Macedonian war; in 192 B.C. he was consul.\r\n \u003ci\u003eSeptem annis\u003c/i\u003e denotes seven \u003ci\u003ecomplete\u003c/i\u003e years (cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 19\u003c/a\u003e), as Cato was censor in\r\n 184. A reference to Livy 39, 43, 2 will show that Cicero borrows his\r\n account of Flamininus\u0027 crime from the old annalist Valerius Antias. Livy\r\n also quotes (39, 42, 7) an account of the matter given by Cato himself in\r\n a speech, which is even more disgraceful to Flamininus. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eeicerem\u003c/b\u003e: the phrase commonly used is not \u003ci\u003eeicere\u003c/i\u003e, but\r\n \u003ci\u003emovere, aliquem senatu. Notare\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003enota (censoria)\u003c/i\u003e are\r\n technically used of degradation or disfranchisement inflicted by the\r\n censors. For the spelling see Roby, 144, 2; A. 10, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e; H. 36, 4 and\r\n footnote 1. — \u003cb\u003efuisset\u003c/b\u003e: for the mood see A. 342; G. 666; H.\r\n 529, II. and n. 1, 1); for the tense see Roby, 1491; A. 324, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G.\r\n 233, 2; H. 471, 4. — \u003cb\u003ecum … Gallia\u003c/b\u003e: not \u0027when he was consul\r\n in Gaul\u0027 but \u0027when he was in Gaul during his consulship\u0027. \u003ci\u003eCum\u003c/i\u003e with\r\n the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive often has a sense differing very\r\n little from that of \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e with the imperfect or pluperfect\r\n indicative. No doubt when the usage originally arose, the clause with\r\n \u003ci\u003ecum\u003c/i\u003e was regarded as expressing the \u003ci\u003ecause\u003c/i\u003e of the action or\r\n event denoted by the principal verb; here the presence of F. in Gaul\r\n might be regarded as \u003ci\u003ea cause\u003c/i\u003e of the crime. It is more than\r\n doubtful, however, whether in actual use the subjunctive in these phrases\r\n continued to carry with it to Latin readers any idea of cause. See Roby,\r\n 1720, Kennedy, 211; also A. 325, 323 and footnote 1; G. 586 with Rem.; H.\r\n 521, II. 2 and footnote 1. — \u003cb\u003eexoratus est\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027was persuaded\u0027;\r\n cf. Liv. 39, 43. — \u003cb\u003esecuri feriret\u003c/b\u003e: the story was that L.\r\n Flamininus himself acted as executioner. — \u003cb\u003eeorum qui …\r\n essent\u003c/b\u003e: the subjunctive because of the class-notion, \u0027of such persons\r\n as were\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eTito censore\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e in 189 B.C.; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eFlacco\u003c/b\u003e: L. Valerius Flaccus\r\n was the life-long friend of Cato, and his colleague in the consulship and\r\n in the censorship. He entirely favored Cato\u0027s political views. See\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Page_xvi\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eIntrod\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eimperi dedecus\u003c/b\u003e: Flamininus was at the time Roman\r\n governor of the district.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_43\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e43.\u003c/a\u003e audivi e\u003c/b\u003e: Cic.\r\n uses \u003ci\u003eaudire ex, ab\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003ede aliquo\u003c/i\u003e, almost indifferently.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eporro\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in turn\u0027; literally \u0027farther on\u0027, here = \u0027farther\r\n back\u0027; cf. Livy 27, 51. — \u003cb\u003eC. Fabricium\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 15\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eCinea\u003c/b\u003e: the famous\r\n diplomatist, minister of Pyrrhus. He was a pupil of Demosthenes and\r\n himself one of the most famous orators of his time. Cineas was the\r\n ambassador who tried to negotiate peace on the occasion mentioned in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e16\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ese sapientem profiteretur\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n omission of \u003ci\u003eesse\u003c/i\u003e is common in such phrases; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Fin. 5, 13\r\n \u003ci\u003eStrato physicum se voluit\u003c/i\u003e. Epicurus, who is here meant (born 342\r\n B.C., died 270), was blamed for calling himself\r\n \u003cspan title=\"sophos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσοφος\u003c/span\u003e or \u003ci\u003esapiens\u003c/i\u003e. Others,\r\n says Cicero, who had borne the title had waited for the\r\n public to confer it on them (Fin. 2, 7). — \u003cb\u003eeumque\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027and yet\r\n he\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evixitque\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efaceremus\u003c/b\u003e: for the tense cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 42\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eefficeret\u003c/i\u003e; also \u003ci\u003eexpeteretur\u003c/i\u003e below. — \u003cb\u003ead …\r\n referenda\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027ought to be judged by the standard of pleasure\u0027,\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e anything which brings pleasure may be regarded as good, and\r\n its opposite bad. So in Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"epanapherein ti eis ti\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεπαναφερειν\r\n τι εις τι\u003c/span\u003e. On the moral\r\n teachings of Epicurus consult Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics,\r\n Ch. 19; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, § 59; Guyan, La morale d\u0027Épicure\r\n et ses rapports avec les doctrines contemporaines. — \u003cb\u003eCurium …\r\n Coruncanium\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 15\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eid …\r\n persuaderetur\u003c/b\u003e: intransitive verbs are used in the passive only\r\n impersonally (Roby, 1422; A. 230; G. 199, Rem. 1; H. 301, 1); when so\r\n used the dative may follow as in the active (see Madvig, 244, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n G. 208; H. 384, 5). A neuter pronoun in the singular sometimes, as here,\r\n accompanies the passive, and may be regarded as an adverbial accusative\r\n of respect or extent, or as a nominative qualifying the impersonal\r\n subject. The former is probably the real construction. Cf. Roby, 1423,\r\n and Madvig, 229, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e, Obs. 1. — \u003cb\u003eSamnitibus\u003c/b\u003e: then in\r\n alliance with Pyrrhus. — \u003cb\u003evixerat … cum\u003c/b\u003e: not to be taken\r\n literally of living in the same house; the phrase merely indicates close\r\n friendship. In Acad. 2, 115 Cic. writes \u003ci\u003eDiodoto qui mecum vivit tot\r\n annos, qui habitat apud me\u003c/i\u003e, clearly showing that the phrases\r\n \u003ci\u003evivere cum aliquo\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ehabitare apud aliquem\u003c/i\u003e are not\r\n equivalent. — \u003cb\u003eP. Decio\u003c/b\u003e: this is P. Decius Mus, who at the\r\n battle of Sentinum in 295 gave his life as a propitiatory offering to the\r\n powers of the unseen world, in order to bring victory to the Roman arms.\r\n His father had sacrificed himself in the same way at the battle of\r\n Veseris (close to Vesuvius) in 340, fought against the Latins and\r\n Campanians. — \u003cb\u003edevoverat\u003c/b\u003e: Liv. 10, 28, 13 (speech of Decius)\r\n \u003ci\u003edatum hoc: nostro generi est ut luendis periculis publicis piacula\r\n simus; iam ego mecum hostium legiones mactandas Telluri et dis Manibus\r\n dabo\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ealiquid\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027some principle\u0027; in his\r\n philosophical works Cicero often confounds the Epicureans by quoting the\r\n action of the Decii and others like it, as showing that pleasure is not\r\n the end of existence. Cf. especially Fin. 2, 61 \u003ci\u003eP. Decius cum se\r\n devoverat et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum irruebat, aliquid de\r\n voluptatibus suis cogitabat?\u003c/i\u003e Cf. also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e. With regard to \u003ci\u003enatura\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esua sponte\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027for its own\r\n sake\u0027; \u0027on its own account\u0027. Cf. Leg. 1, 45 \u003ci\u003evera et falsa sua sponte\r\n non aliena iudicantur\u003c/i\u003e, where a few lines later \u003ci\u003esua natura\u003c/i\u003e\r\n occurs as equivalent to \u003ci\u003esua sponte\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eex peteretur\u003c/b\u003e: em. for \u003ci\u003epeteretur\u003c/i\u003e in the MSS. The words\r\n \u003ci\u003eexpetere\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eexpetendum\u003c/i\u003e are technically used in Cicero\u0027s\r\n philosophical works to express the Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"haireisthai\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛αιρεισθαι\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n \u003cspan title=\"haireton\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛αιρετον\u003c/span\u003e as applied to the\r\n \u003ci\u003efinis\u003c/i\u003e or \u003cspan title=\"telos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτελος\u003c/span\u003e, the\r\n supreme aim of moral action. \u003ci\u003ePulchrum\u003c/i\u003e above is a translation of\r\n the Greek \u003cspan title=\"kalon\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκαλον\u003c/span\u003e, a term constantly\r\n applied to the \u003cspan title=\"telos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτελος\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n particularly by the Stoics. — \u003cb\u003espreta et contempta\u003c/b\u003e: the first\r\n word is much the stronger of the two; \u003ci\u003espernere\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n \u003cspan title=\"kataphronein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκαταφρονειν\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n \u0027to scorn\u0027; \u003ci\u003econtemnere\u003c/i\u003e\r\n\u003cspan title=\"oligôreisthai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eολιγωρεισθαι\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n \u0027to make light of\u0027, \u0027hold of no account\u0027. \u003ci\u003eContemnere\u003c/i\u003e is often no\r\n stronger in sense than \u003ci\u003eomittere\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027to pass by, neglect\u0027. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_65\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e65\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003econtemni\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003edespici\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eoptimus quisque\u003c/b\u003e: see A. 93, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G. 305; H. 458, 1.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e19\u003c/a\u003e – \u003ca id=\"Snot_44\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44.\u003c/a\u003e cruditate\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027indigestion\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003einsomniis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027sleeplessness\u0027; the singular \u003ci\u003einsomnium\u003c/i\u003e occurs\r\n only once in prose (Tac. Ann. 11, 4). \u003ci\u003eInsomnia, ae\u003c/i\u003e is found only\r\n in poetry and late prose. — \u003cb\u003edivine\u003c/b\u003e: this word in Cic. often\r\n means nothing more than \u0027splendidly\u0027, \u0027extraordinarily\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eescam\r\n malorum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027an enticement to evil\u0027 (\u003ci\u003eesca\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003eed-ca\u003c/i\u003e, from\r\n the root of \u003ci\u003eedo\u003c/i\u003e). Plato in the Timaeus 69 D (a dialogue translated\r\n into Latin by Cicero, a fragment of whose translation is still preserved)\r\n has \u003cspan title=\"hêdonên megiston kakou delear\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ηδονην\r\n μεγιστον\r\n κακου\r\n δελεαρ\u003c/span\u003e. Cf. also Cic.\r\n Hortensius fr. 76 (ed. Halm) \u003ci\u003evoluptates corporis quae vere et graviter\r\n a Platone dictae sunt illecebrae esse atque escae malorum\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emodicis\u003c/b\u003e: for the sake of variety Cic. chooses this, not\r\n \u003ci\u003emoderatis\u003c/i\u003e, as the opposite of \u003ci\u003eimmoderatis\u003c/i\u003e. Trans. \u0027a\r\n moderate amount of goodfellowship\u0027. — M.F. = \u003ci\u003eMarci filium\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003edevicerat\u003c/b\u003e: pluperfect where a modern would incline to use\r\n a perfect. The battle referred to is that of Mylae, fought in 260; its\r\n memory was perpetuated by the decking of the \u003ci\u003eforum\u003c/i\u003e with the\r\n \u003ci\u003erostra\u003c/i\u003e of the captured ships; the \u003ci\u003ecolumna rostrata\u003c/i\u003e bore a\r\n long inscription, a restored version of which still exists. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecena\u003c/b\u003e: so best spelt; some good texts still print \u003ci\u003ecaena\u003c/i\u003e, but\r\n \u003ci\u003ecoena\u003c/i\u003e is decidedly wrong, being based on the fiction that the\r\n Latin borrowed the Greek word \u003cspan title=\"koinê\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκοινη\u003c/span\u003e and\r\n turned it into \u003ci\u003ecoena\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecereo funali\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the\r\n torch-light\u0027; \u003ci\u003ecereo\u003c/i\u003e, the em. of Mommsen for \u003ci\u003ecrebro\u003c/i\u003e; the\r\n \u003ci\u003efunale\u003c/i\u003e was a torch composed of withs or twigs twisted into a rope\r\n (\u003ci\u003efunis\u003c/i\u003e) and dipped in pitch or oil. — \u003cb\u003esibi …\r\n sumpserat\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. seems to think that Duillius assumed these honors on\r\n his own authority. This was probably not the case; they were most likely\r\n conferred on him by a vote of the \u003ci\u003ecomitia tributa\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Liv. epit.\r\n 17 \u003ci\u003eC. Duillius primus omnium Romanorum ducum navalis victoriae duxit\r\n triumphum, ob quam causam ei perpetuus quoque honos habitus est, ut\r\n revertenti a cena tibicine canente funale praeferretur\u003c/i\u003e. No other\r\n instance is known where these particular distinctions were\r\n decreed; the nearest parallel lies in the right accorded to Paulus\r\n Macedonicus and to Pompeius to wear the triumphal \u003ci\u003etoga picta\u003c/i\u003e for\r\n life on each occasion of the \u003ci\u003eludi\u003c/i\u003e. It may be conjectured that the\r\n music and the torch were part of the ceremony on the evening of a triumph\r\n when the \u003ci\u003etriumphator\u003c/i\u003e was escorted home. Cf. Florus 1, 18, 10, ed.\r\n Halm. — \u003cb\u003enullo exemplo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027without any precedent\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eprivatus\u003c/b\u003e: any person is \u003ci\u003eprivatus\u003c/i\u003e who is not actually in\r\n office at the moment referred to, whether he has led a public life or\r\n not. — \u003cb\u003elicentiae\u003c/b\u003e: a strong word is used to mark the\r\n heinousness of Duillius\u0027 supposed offence against ancestral custom.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_45\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45.\u003c/a\u003e alios\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc.\r\n nomino\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eprimum\u003c/b\u003e: the corresponding \u003ci\u003edeinde\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n omitted, as often. — \u003cb\u003esodalis\u003c/b\u003e: the \u003ci\u003esodalitates\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003esodalitia\u003c/i\u003e, brotherhoods for the perpetuation of certain rites\r\n accompanied with feasting, were immemorial institutions at Rome. The\r\n clause \u003ci\u003esodalitates … acceptis\u003c/i\u003e must not be taken to mean that\r\n Cicero supposed these brotherhoods to have been first instituted in the\r\n time of Cato; it is only introduced to show that Cato, so far from being\r\n averse to good living, assisted officially in the establishment of new\r\n clubs. Most of the \u003ci\u003esodalitates\u003c/i\u003e were closely connected with the\r\n \u003ci\u003egens\u003c/i\u003e; all members of a \u003ci\u003egens\u003c/i\u003e were \u003ci\u003esodales\u003c/i\u003e and met\r\n together to keep up the old \u003ci\u003esacra\u003c/i\u003e, but in historical times\r\n fictitious kinship largely took the place of real kinship, and feasting\r\n became almost the sole raison d\u0027être of these clubs. [See Mommsen\u0027s\r\n treatise \u003ci\u003eDe collegiis et sodaliciis Romanis\u003c/i\u003e] The parallel of the\r\n London City Companies readily suggests itself. The national\r\n \u003ci\u003esodalitates\u003c/i\u003e or priesthoods such as those of the \u003ci\u003eSodales Titii,\r\n Luperci, Augustales\u003c/i\u003e etc. were somewhat different. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eautem\u003c/b\u003e: for the form of the parenthesis cf. 7. — \u003cb\u003eMagnae\r\n Matris\u003c/b\u003e: the image of Cybele was brought to Rome in 204 B.C. from\r\n Pessinus in Phrygia. See Liv. 29, 10. The \u003ci\u003eSacra\u003c/i\u003e are called\r\n \u003ci\u003eIdaea\u003c/i\u003e from Mount Ida in Phrygia, which was a great centre of the\r\n worship of Cybele. \u003ci\u003eAcceptis\u003c/i\u003e, sc. \u003ci\u003ein civitatem\u003c/i\u003e; the worship\r\n of strange gods was in principle illegal at Rome unless expressly\r\n authorized by the State. — \u003cb\u003eigitur\u003c/b\u003e: the construction of the\r\n sentence is broken by the introduction of the parenthesis, and a fresh\r\n start is made with \u003ci\u003eepulabar igitur. Igitur\u003c/i\u003e is often thus used,\r\n like our \u0027well then\u0027, to pick up the broken thread of a sentence. So\r\n often \u003ci\u003esed\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eergo\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efervor\u003c/b\u003e: Cf. Hor. Od. 1,\r\n 16, 22 \u003ci\u003eme quoque pectoris temptavit in dulci iuventa fervor\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eaetatis, qua progrediente\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027belonging to that time of\r\n life, but as life advances\u0027. The word \u003ci\u003eaetas\u003c/i\u003e has really two senses\r\n here; in the first place it is \u003ci\u003ebona aetas\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eiuventus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e where \u003ci\u003eaetas = senectus\u003c/i\u003e), in the\r\n second place \u003ci\u003evita\u003c/i\u003e (for which see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e).\r\n — \u003cb\u003eneque enim\u003c/b\u003e: the \u003ci\u003eenim\u003c/i\u003e refers to \u003ci\u003emodice\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ecoetu … sermonibus\u003c/b\u003e: for the order of the words see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eanimi tui\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emetiebar\u003c/b\u003e: cf.\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 43\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ereferenda\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eaccubitionem\u003c/b\u003e: a \u003ci\u003evox Ciceroniana\u003c/i\u003e, rarely found in other\r\n authors. — \u003cb\u003evitae coniunctionem\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a common enjoyment of\r\n life\u0027. — \u003cb\u003etum … tum\u003c/b\u003e: here purely temporal, \u0027sometimes …\r\n sometimes\u0027; often however = \u0027both … and\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ecompotationem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: cf. Epist. ad Fam. 9, 24, 3.\r\n \u003ci\u003eCompotatio\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"symposion\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσυμποσιον\u003c/span\u003e;\r\n \u003ci\u003econcenatio\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"syndeipnon\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσυνδειπνον\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ein eo genere\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eid\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e eating and drinking.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_46\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e46.\u003c/a\u003e tempestivis …\r\n conviviis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027even in protracted banquets\u0027. Those banquets which began\r\n \u003ci\u003eearly\u003c/i\u003e in order that they might last long were naturally in bad\r\n repute, so that the phrase \u003ci\u003etempestivum convivium\u003c/i\u003e often has almost\r\n the sense of \u0027a debauch\u0027. Thus in Att. 9, 1, 3 Cicero describes himself\r\n as being evil spoken of \u003ci\u003ein tempestivis conviviis, i.e.\u003c/i\u003e in\r\n dissolute society. Cf. pro Arch. 13. The customary dinner hour at Rome\r\n was about three o\u0027clock in the afternoon. The word \u003ci\u003etempestivus\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n which in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e means \u0027at the right time\u0027, here means\r\n \u0027before the right time\u0027. So in English \u0027in good time\u0027 often means \u0027too\r\n early\u0027. See Becker\u0027s Gallus, p. 451 \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equi\r\n pauci\u003c/b\u003e: the substitution of the nominative of the relative for the\r\n partitive genitive (\u003ci\u003equorum\u003c/i\u003e) is not uncommon. A. 216, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G.\r\n 368, Rem. 2; H. 397, 2, n. — \u003cb\u003epauci admodum\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. usually\r\n says \u003ci\u003eadmodum pauci\u003c/i\u003e rather than \u003ci\u003epauci admodum\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evestra aetate\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eeis qui sunt vestra aetate\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esermonis …\r\n sustulit\u003c/b\u003e: notice the indicatives \u003ci\u003eauxit, sustulit\u003c/i\u003e, the relative\r\n clauses being attributive, though they might fairly have been expected\r\n here to be causal. G. 627; H. 517, 2. In this passage Cic. imitates\r\n Plato, Rep. 328 D. — \u003cb\u003ebellum indicere\u003c/b\u003e: common in the\r\n metaphorical sense; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e De Or. 2, 155 \u003ci\u003emiror cur philosophiae\r\n prope bellum indixeris\u003c/i\u003e; Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 7 \u003ci\u003eventri indico\r\n bellum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecuius est\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e nature sanctions a\r\n certain amount of pleasure. This is the Peripatetic notion of the\r\n \u003ci\u003emean\u003c/i\u003e, to which Cicero often gives expression, as below, 77; also\r\n in Acad. 1, 39; 2, 139; and in De Off.; so Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 106 \u003ci\u003esunt\r\n certi denique fines quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum\u003c/i\u003e; cf.\r\n Od. 2, 10. — \u003cb\u003enon intellego ne\u003c/b\u003e: for the negatives cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003enn. on 24\u003c/a\u003e, 27.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e — magisteria\u003c/b\u003e: generally\r\n explained as referring to the practice of appointing at each dinner a\r\n \u0027master of the feast\u0027, \u003ci\u003earbiter bibendi\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003cspan title=\"symposiarchês\" lang=\"el\"\u003eσυμποσιαρχης\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n This explanation is not quite correct. Mommsen shows in his\r\n work \u0027\u003ci\u003ede collegiis\u003c/i\u003e\u0027 that each one of the \u003ci\u003ecollegia\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003esodalicia\u003c/i\u003e annually appointed a \u003ci\u003emagister cenarum\u003c/i\u003e whose duty\r\n it was to attend to the club-dinners during his year of office and no\r\n doubt to preside at them. That some office is meant more important than\r\n that of the \u003ci\u003earbiter bibendi\u003c/i\u003e appointed for a particular feast is\r\n shown by the words \u003ci\u003ea maioribus instituta\u003c/i\u003e. It is scarcely likely\r\n that Cicero was ignorant of the Greek origin of the custom of appointing\r\n an \u003ci\u003earbiter bibendi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eet is sermo\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027and the kind\r\n of talk in which following the fashion of our fathers we engage,\r\n beginning at the upper table, as the cup goes round\u0027. The cup circulated\r\n from left to right, not, as with us, from right to left. The guests at a\r\n Roman dinner reclined on three couches, placed at three tables; two of\r\n the couches (\u003ci\u003electi\u003c/i\u003e) were parallel, and the third was at right\r\n angles to the other two. The \u003ci\u003electus\u003c/i\u003e at which the cup began to\r\n circulate was \u003ci\u003esummus\u003c/i\u003e, the next \u003ci\u003emedius\u003c/i\u003e, the last\r\n \u003ci\u003eimus\u003c/i\u003e. For a \u003ci\u003esummo\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ci\u003eda (sc. bibere) a summo\u003c/i\u003e in\r\n Plaut. Asin. 5, 2, 41. See Becker\u0027s Gallus, p. 471 \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esicut … est\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027as we find\u0027; so Off. 1, 32 \u003ci\u003eut in fabulis\r\n est\u003c/i\u003e, and often. — \u003cb\u003ein Symposio\u003c/b\u003e: 2, 26. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eminuta\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 52\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003erorantia\u003c/b\u003e: here with an active sense, \u0027besprinkling\u0027, representing\r\n \u003cspan title=\"epipsekazein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεπιψεκαζειν\u003c/span\u003e\r\n in Xenophon; often however not different in sense from \u003ci\u003e\u0027roscida\u0027\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003erefrigeratio … hibernus\u003c/b\u003e: cf. closely 57 \u003ci\u003eubi et\r\n seq\u003c/i\u003e. Note the changes of expression in passing from\r\n \u003ci\u003erefrigeratio\u003c/i\u003e to \u003ci\u003esol\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eapricatio\u003c/i\u003e would have more\r\n exactly corresponded with \u003ci\u003erefrigeratio\u003c/i\u003e) and from \u003ci\u003eaestate\u003c/i\u003e to\r\n \u003ci\u003ehibernus\u003c/i\u003e (for \u003ci\u003ehieme\u003c/i\u003e). — \u003cb\u003ein Sabinis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027when with\r\n the Sabines\u0027, who were celebrated for their simplicity of life. Cato had\r\n an estate in the Sabine district. — \u003cb\u003econvivium vicinorum\r\n compleo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I make up (\u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e to the proper number) a company of\r\n my neighbors\u0027. — \u003cb\u003equod … producimus\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027and we continue our\r\n companionship to as late an hour as we can, with changing talk\u0027. The\r\n phrases \u003ci\u003emulta nocte\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003ede nocte\u003c/i\u003e \u0027late in the night\u0027,\r\n \u003ci\u003emulto die\u003c/i\u003e \u0027late in the day\u0027, are common; cf. also Att. 13, 9, 1\r\n \u003ci\u003emultus sermo ad multum diem\u003c/i\u003e; Rep. 6, 10 \u003ci\u003esermonem in multam\r\n noctem produximus\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_47\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e47.\u003c/a\u003e at\u003c/b\u003e: so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e, where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e —\r\n \u003cb\u003equasi titillatio\u003c/b\u003e: the \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e, as often in Cicero\u0027s writings,\r\n marks a translation from the Greek. Here the Epicurean word\r\n \u003cspan title=\"gargalismos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγαργαλισμος\u003c/span\u003e\r\n is referred to; it is often in Cic. represented by \u003ci\u003etitillatio\u003c/i\u003e; cf.\r\n N.D. 1, 113; Fin. 1, 39; Tusc. 3, 47. — \u003cb\u003ebene\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc.\r\n dixit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaffecto aetate\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027wrought on by age\u0027. Cf. De Or.\r\n 1, 200 \u003ci\u003ein eius infirmissima valetudine affectaque iam aetate.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003eutereturne\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027whether he still took pleasure in love\u0027;\r\n \u003ci\u003euti = frui\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Ovid, Met. 4, 259 \u003ci\u003edementer\r\n amoribus uti\u003c/i\u003e with Cic. Tusc. 4, 68 \u003ci\u003evenereis voluptatibus frui\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003edi meliora\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. duint\u003c/i\u003e; this archaic form usually\r\n occurs when the phrase is given in full. The story of Sophocles is taken\r\n by Cicero from Plato (Rep. 329 B) who has\r\n \u003cspan title=\"euphêmei\" lang=\"el\"\u003eευφημει\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eistinc\u003c/b\u003e etc.: cf. the passage in Plato, Rep. 1, 329 C. For\r\n \u003ci\u003eistinc\u003c/i\u003e used otherwise than of place cf. \u003ci\u003eunde\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e with \u003ca href=\"#Snot_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e —\r\n \u003cb\u003eagresti\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027boorish\u0027; \u003ci\u003erusticus\u003c/i\u003e denotes simply an ordinary\r\n countryman. — \u003cb\u003equamquam … ergo\u003c/b\u003e: these words may be scanned\r\n as a hexameter line, but the pause before \u003ci\u003eergo\u003c/i\u003e would prevent them\r\n from being taken as a verse. — \u003cb\u003ehoc non desiderare\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027this\r\n absence of regret\u0027; the words form the subject of \u003ci\u003eest\u003c/i\u003e. So \u003ci\u003ehoc\r\n non dolere\u003c/i\u003e in Fin. 2, 18. For the pronoun in agreement with the\r\n infinitive treated as noun cf. Persius 1, 9 \u003ci\u003eistud vivere\u003c/i\u003e; 1, 122\r\n \u003ci\u003ehoc ridere meum\u003c/i\u003e. H. 538, 3.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_48\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_48\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e48.\u003c/a\u003e si\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027even if\u0027,\r\n \u0027granting that\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ebona aetas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the good time of life\u0027,\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e youth. Tischer qu. Varro de Re Rustica 2, 6, 2 \u003ci\u003emares\r\n feminaeque bona aetate\u003c/i\u003e = \u0027young\u0027. For \u003ci\u003ebona aetas = homines bona\r\n aetate\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eut diximus\u003c/b\u003e: not expressly, but the opinion is implied in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eTurpione\r\n Ambivio\u003c/b\u003e: L. Ambivius Turpio was the most famous actor of Cato\u0027s time,\r\n and appeared especially in Terence\u0027s plays. In old Latin commonly,\r\n occasionally in the Latin of the best period, and often in Tacitus, the\r\n \u003ci\u003ecognomen\u003c/i\u003e is placed before the \u003ci\u003enomen\u003c/i\u003e when the\r\n \u003ci\u003epraenomen\u003c/i\u003e is not mentioned. Cf. Att. 11, 12, 1 \u003ci\u003eBalbo\r\n Cornelio\u003c/i\u003e. The usage is more common in Cicero\u0027s writings than in those\r\n of his contemporaries. — \u003cb\u003eprima cavea\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the lower tier\u0027. The\r\n later Roman theatres consisted of semicircular or elliptic galleries,\r\n with rising tiers of seats; the level space partially enclosed by the\r\n curve was the \u003ci\u003eorchestra\u003c/i\u003e, which was bounded by the stage in front.\r\n There can be little doubt that Cicero is guilty of an anachronism here;\r\n his words do not suit the circumstances of Cato\u0027s time. Till nearly the\r\n end of the Republic the theatres were rude structures of wood, put up\r\n temporarily; it is even doubtful whether they contained seats for the\r\n audience. Cato himself frustrated an attempt to establish a permanent\r\n theatre. — \u003cb\u003epropter\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027close by\u0027. The adverbial use of\r\n \u003ci\u003epropter\u003c/i\u003e (rarely, if ever, met with outside of Cicero) is denied by\r\n some scholars, but is well attested by MSS. here and elsewhere. —\r\n \u003cb\u003etantum … est\u003c/b\u003e: these words qualify \u003ci\u003edelectatur\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_49\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_49\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e49.\u003c/a\u003e illa\u003c/b\u003e: put for\r\n \u003ci\u003eillud\u003c/i\u003e, as in Greek \u003cspan title=\"tauta\" lang=\"el\"\u003eταυτα\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan title=\"tade\" lang=\"el\"\u003eταδε\u003c/span\u003e are often put\r\n for \u003cspan title=\"touto\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτουτο\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan title=\"tode\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτοδε\u003c/span\u003e. The words from \u003ci\u003eanimum\u003c/i\u003e to\r\n the end of the sentence are explanatory of \u003ci\u003eilla\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equanti\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027how valuable!\u0027 but the word may have exactly the opposite\r\n meaning if the context require it; thus in N.D. 1, 55 and Rep. 6, 25 the\r\n sense is \u0027how worthless!\u0027 — \u003cb\u003estipendiis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027campaigns\u0027. The\r\n four words from \u003ci\u003elibidinis\u003c/i\u003e to \u003ci\u003einimicitiarum\u003c/i\u003e are to be taken\r\n in pairs, while \u003ci\u003ecupiditatum\u003c/i\u003e sums them up and is in apposition to\r\n all. — \u003cb\u003esecum esse\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Tusc. 1, 75; Pers. 4, 52 \u003ci\u003etecum\r\n habita\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esi … aliquod\u003c/b\u003e: the sense is scarcely\r\n different from that of \u003ci\u003esi … quod\u003c/i\u003e; the distinction is as slight\r\n as that in English between \u0027if\u0027 followed by \u0027some\u0027, and \u0027if\u0027 followed by\r\n \u0027any\u0027. Cf. n. on Lael. 24 \u003ci\u003esi quando aliquid\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003epabulum\u003c/b\u003e: for the metaphorical sense rendered less harsh by\r\n \u003ci\u003etamquam\u003c/i\u003e, cf. Acad. 2, 127; Tusc. 5, 66 \u003ci\u003epastus animorum\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003estudi\u003c/b\u003e: an explanatory genitive dependent on\r\n \u003ci\u003epabulum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eotiosa senectute\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027leisured age\u0027;\r\n \u003ci\u003eotium\u003c/i\u003e in the Latin of Cicero does not imply idleness, but freedom\r\n from public business and opportunity for the indulgence of literary and\r\n scientific tastes. — \u003cb\u003evidebamus\u003c/b\u003e: for the tense cf. Lael. 37\r\n \u003ci\u003eGracchum rem publicam vexantem ab amicis derelictum videbamus,\r\n i.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027we saw over a considerable period\u0027. See also 50, 79. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ein studio\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027busied with the task of almost measuring bit by\r\n bit (\u003ci\u003edi-metiendi\u003c/i\u003e) the heavens and the earth\u0027. For the sense cf.\r\n Hor. Od. 1, 28 (of Archytas). — \u003cb\u003eGallum\u003c/b\u003e: consul in 157 B.C.,\r\n famous as an astronomer and as the first Roman who predicted an eclipse\r\n before the battle of Pydna. See Liv. 44, 37.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e — describere\u003c/b\u003e: technically\r\n used of the drawing of mathematical figures. \u003ci\u003eIngredior\u003c/i\u003e often has\r\n an infinitive dependent on it even in the best Latin; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Cic.\r\n Top. 1 \u003ci\u003enos maiores res scribere ingressos\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_50\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e50.\u003c/a\u003e acutis\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n requiring keenness of intellect. — \u003cb\u003eNaevius\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 20\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eTruculento … Pseudolo\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n these plays of Plautus (lived from 254 to 184 B.C.) we still possess. The\r\n Truculentus is so named from one of the characters, a slave of savage\r\n disposition who is wheedled; the Pseudolus from a cheating slave. The\r\n latter name is commonly supposed to be a transcription from a Greek word\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pseudulos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eψευδυλος\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n which however nowhere occurs; and as the change from Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"u\" lang=\"el\"\u003eυ\u003c/span\u003e to Latin \u003ci\u003eo\u003c/i\u003e is not found before \u003ci\u003el\u003c/i\u003e, Corssen\r\n assumes\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pseudalos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eψευδαλος\u003c/span\u003e as\r\n the original word. The form \u003ci\u003ePseudulus\u003c/i\u003e of the name is probably\r\n later than \u003ci\u003ePseudolus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eLivium\u003c/b\u003e: Livius Andronicus,\r\n the founder of Latin literature (lived from about 285 to 204 B.C.), who\r\n translated the Odyssey, also many Greek tragedies. Livius was a Greek\r\n captured by Livius Salinator at Tarentum in 275 B.C.; for a time he was\r\n the slave of Livius, and, according to custom, took his name when\r\n set free. For an account of his writings see Cruttwell\u0027s Hist. of Roman\r\n Literature, Ch. 3; Sellar, Roman Poets of the Rep., Ch. 3. —\r\n \u003cb\u003edocuisset\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027had brought on to the stage\u0027. \u003ci\u003eDocere\u003c/i\u003e (like\r\n \u003cspan title=\"didaskein\" lang=\"el\"\u003eδιδασκειν\u003c/span\u003e in\r\n Greek, which has the same use) meant originally to instruct the\r\n performers in the play. — \u003cb\u003eCentone Tuditanoque consulibus\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e in 240 B.C. The use of \u003ci\u003eque\u003c/i\u003e here is noticeable; when a\r\n date is given by reference to the consuls of the year it is usual to\r\n insert \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e (not \u003ci\u003eque\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003eatque\u003c/i\u003e, which rarely occur)\r\n between the two names, if only the \u003ci\u003ecognomina\u003c/i\u003e (as here) be given.\r\n If the full names be given, then they are put side by side without\r\n \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 10\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eCrassi\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 27\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003epontifici et civilis\r\n iuris\u003c/b\u003e: the \u003ci\u003eius pontificium\u003c/i\u003e regarded mainly the proper modes of\r\n conducting religious ceremonial. \u003ci\u003eIus civile\u003c/i\u003e, which is often used\r\n to denote the whole body of Roman Law, here includes only the secular\r\n portion of that Law. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 38\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ehuius P. Scipionis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the present P. Scipio\u0027. So in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ehi consules\u003c/i\u003e \u0027the present consuls\u0027; Rep. 1,\r\n 14 \u003ci\u003eAfricanus hic, Pauli filius\u003c/i\u003e, and often. The P. Scipio who is\r\n meant here is not Africanus, but Nasica Corculum. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eflagrantis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027all aglow\u0027; so \u003ci\u003eardere studio\u003c/i\u003e in Acad. 2, 65.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esenes\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003ecum senes essent\u003c/i\u003e, so \u003ci\u003esenem\u003c/i\u003e below.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esuadae medullam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the essence (lit. marrow) of\r\n persuasiveness\u0027. The lines of Ennius are preserved by Cicero, Brut. 58.\r\n \u003ci\u003eSuada\u003c/i\u003e is a translation of\r\n \u003cspan title=\"peithô\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπειθω\u003c/span\u003e, which the Greek rhetoricians\r\n declared to be the end and aim of oratory. This Cethegus was consul in\r\n 204 and in 203 defeated Mago in the N. of Italy. — \u003cb\u003eexerceri\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n here reflexive in meaning. A. 111, n. 1; G. 209; H. 465. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evidebamus\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_49\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 49\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecomparandae\u003c/b\u003e: for the idea of \u003ci\u003epossibility\u003c/i\u003e which the\r\n gerundive sometimes has (but only in negative sentences or interrogative\r\n sentences implying a negative answer, and in conditional clauses) see\r\n Madvig, 420, Obs.; Roby, 1403. — \u003cb\u003ehaec quidem\u003c/b\u003e: a short\r\n summary of the preceding arguments, preparatory to a transition to a new\r\n subject, introduced by \u003ci\u003evenio nunc ad\u003c/i\u003e. The succession of two\r\n clauses both containing \u003ci\u003equidem\u003c/i\u003e seems awkward, but occurs in Fin.\r\n 5, 80 and elsewhere. — \u003cb\u003ehonestum sit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027does him honor\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eut ante dixi\u003c/b\u003e: in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e, where see the\r\n notes. — \u003cb\u003epotest esse\u003c/b\u003e: Meissner (\u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 27\u003c/a\u003e) says that Cicero\u0027s rule is to say \u003ci\u003epotest esse, debet esse\u003c/i\u003e\r\n and the like, not \u003ci\u003eesse potest\u003c/i\u003e and the like. It is true that\r\n \u003ci\u003eesse\u003c/i\u003e in such cases is very seldom separated from the word on which\r\n it depends, but \u003ci\u003eesse potest\u003c/i\u003e is just as common as \u003ci\u003epotest\r\n esse\u003c/i\u003e; the difference to the sense is one of emphasis only, the\r\n \u003ci\u003eesse\u003c/i\u003e having more emphasis thrown on it in the latter case.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_51\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e51.\u003c/a\u003e mihi …\r\n videntur\u003c/b\u003e: see Introd. — \u003cb\u003ehabent rationem cum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027they have\r\n their reckonings with\u0027, \u0027their dealings with\u0027; a phrase of book-keeping.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eimperium\u003c/b\u003e: so Verg. Georg. 1, 99 \u003ci\u003eexercetque frequens\r\n tellurem atque imperat agris\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 2, 369 \u003ci\u003edura exerce imperia et\r\n ramos compesce fluentes\u003c/i\u003e; Tac. Germ. 26 \u003ci\u003esola terrae seges\r\n imperatur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esed alias … faenore\u003c/b\u003e: put for \u003ci\u003esed\r\n semper cum faenore, alias minore, plerumque maiore\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evis ac\r\n natura\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027powers and constitution\u0027. These two words are very often\r\n used by Cic. together, as in Fin. 1, 50 \u003ci\u003evis ac natura rerum\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003egremio\u003c/b\u003e: so Lucret. 1, 250 \u003ci\u003epereunt imbres ubi eos pater\r\n aether In gremium matris terrai praecipitavit\u003c/i\u003e, imitated by Verg.\r\n Georg. 2, 325. — \u003cb\u003emollito ac subacto\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e by the\r\n plough. \u003ci\u003eSubigere\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027subdue\u0027, is a technical word of agriculture; so\r\n Verg. Georg. 2, 50 \u003ci\u003escrobibus subactis\u003c/i\u003e; see also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e — occaecatum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027hidden\u0027.\r\n \u003ci\u003eCaecus\u003c/i\u003e has the sense of \u0027unseen\u0027 as well as that of \u0027unseeing\u0027 or\r\n \u0027blind\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eoccatio\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero\u0027s derivation, as well as Varro\u0027s\r\n (De Re Rust. 1, 31, 1) from \u003ci\u003eoccidere\u003c/i\u003e, because the earth is cut up,\r\n is unsound. \u003ci\u003eOcca\u003c/i\u003e is \u003ci\u003erastrum\u003c/i\u003e, probably from its \u003ci\u003esharp\u003c/i\u003e\r\n points (root \u003ci\u003eak-\u003c/i\u003e); \u003ci\u003eoccatio\u003c/i\u003e therefore is \u0027harrowing\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003evapore\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027heat\u0027. This word has not in the best Latin the\r\n meaning of our \u0027vapor\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ecompressu\u003c/b\u003e: a word found only here\r\n in Cicero\u0027s writings and elsewhere in Latin only in the ablative case,\r\n like so many other nouns whose stem ends in \u003ci\u003e-u\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ediffundit et elicit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027expands and lures forth\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eherbescentem\u003c/b\u003e: this word occurs nowhere else in Latin. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enixa\u003c/b\u003e: A. 254, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; G. 403, Rem. 3; H. 425, 1, 1), n. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efibris stirpium\u003c/b\u003e: so Tusc. 3, 13 \u003ci\u003eradicum fibras\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003egeniculato\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027knotted\u0027. The verb \u003ci\u003egeniculo\u003c/i\u003e, from \u003ci\u003egenu\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n scarcely occurs excepting in the passive participle, which is always\r\n used, as here, of plants. So Plin. Nat. Hist. 16, 158 \u003ci\u003egeniculata\r\n cetera gracilitas nodisque distincta\u003c/i\u003e, speaking of the \u003ci\u003eharundo\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003espici\u003c/b\u003e: besides \u003ci\u003espica\u003c/i\u003e, the forms \u003ci\u003espicum\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003espicus\u003c/i\u003e are occasionally found. \u003ci\u003eSpici\u003c/i\u003e here is explanatory\r\n \u003ci\u003efrugem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evallo\u003c/b\u003e: for the metaphor compare N.D. 2, 143\r\n \u003ci\u003emunitae sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum\u003c/i\u003e; Lucr. 2, 537.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_52\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e52.\u003c/a\u003e quid ego …\r\n commemorem\u003c/b\u003e: this and similar formulae for passing to a new subject\r\n are common; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equid ego … proferam\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc.; often \u003ci\u003enam\u003c/i\u003e precedes the \u003ci\u003equid\u003c/i\u003e, as in Lael. 104. The\r\n \u003ci\u003eego\u003c/i\u003e has a slight emphasis. Cato implies that his own devotion to\r\n grape-culture was so well known as not to need description. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eortus satus incrementa\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027origin, cultivation, and growth\u0027. For the\r\n omission of the copula see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 53\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eut\u003c/b\u003e: final, and slightly elliptic (\u0027I say this that etc.\u0027); so in\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e (where see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e), \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003erequietem\u003c/b\u003e: the best MSS. of Cic. sometimes give the other form\r\n \u003ci\u003erequiem\u003c/i\u003e, as in Arch. 13. — \u003cb\u003evim ipsam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the inherent\r\n energy\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eomnium … terra\u003c/b\u003e: a common periphrasis for \u0027all\r\n plants\u0027; cf. \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e N.D. 2, 120. The Latin has no one word to\r\n comprehend all vegetable products. — \u003cb\u003equae … procreet\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027able to generate\u0027. — \u003cb\u003etantulo\u003c/b\u003e: strictly elliptic, implying\r\n \u003ci\u003equantulum re vera est\u003c/i\u003e. In such uses \u003ci\u003etantus\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003etantulus\u003c/i\u003e differ slightly from \u003ci\u003emagnus\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eparvus\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n they are more emphatic. — \u003cb\u003eacini vinaceo\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a grape-stone\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eminutissimis\u003c/b\u003e: used here for \u003ci\u003eminimis\u003c/i\u003e. Strictly\r\n speaking \u003ci\u003eminutus\u003c/i\u003e ought to be used of things which are fragments of\r\n larger things, \u003ci\u003eminutus\u003c/i\u003e being really the participle passive of\r\n \u003ci\u003eminuo\u003c/i\u003e. In a well-known passage (Orat. 94) Cic. himself calls\r\n attention to the theoretical incorrectness of the use, which, however, is\r\n found throughout Latin literature. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003epocula minuta\u003c/i\u003e; also below, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eminuti\r\n philosophi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emalleoli\u003c/b\u003e: vine-cuttings; so called because\r\n a portion of the parent stem was cut away with the new shoot, leaving the\r\n cutting in the shape of a mallet. — \u003cb\u003eplantae\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027suckers\u0027,\r\n shoots springing out of the trunk. — \u003cb\u003esarmenta\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027scions\u0027,\r\n shoots cut from branches not from the trunk. — \u003cb\u003eviviradices\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027quicksets\u0027, new plants formed by dividing the roots of the mother plant.\r\n — \u003cb\u003epropagines\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027layers\u0027, new plants formed by rooting a shoot\r\n in the earth without severing it from the parent plant; Verg. Georg. 2,\r\n 26. — \u003cb\u003eeadem\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eeandem\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eclaviculis\u003c/b\u003e: cf. N.D. 2, 120 \u003ci\u003evites sic claviculis\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ears agricolarum\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eagricolae arte freti\u003c/i\u003e, a strong\r\n instance of the abstract put for the concrete.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_53\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53.\u003c/a\u003e eis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc.\r\n sarmentis\u003c/i\u003e, those which have not been pruned away by the knife.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eexsistit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027springs up\u0027. \u003ci\u003eExsistere\u003c/i\u003e in good Latin\r\n never has the meaning of our \u0027exist\u0027, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027\u003ci\u003eto be in\u003c/i\u003e\r\n existence\u0027, but always means \u0027\u003ci\u003eto come into\u003c/i\u003e existence\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003earticulos\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027joints\u0027; cf. 51 \u003ci\u003eculmo geniculato\u003c/i\u003e. The word\r\n \u003ci\u003etamquam\u003c/i\u003e softens the metaphor in \u003ci\u003earticuli\u003c/i\u003e, which would\r\n properly be used only of the joints in the limbs of animals. —\r\n \u003cb\u003egemma\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero took the meaning \u0027gem\u0027 or \u0027jewel\u0027 to be the primary\r\n sense of \u003ci\u003egemma\u003c/i\u003e and considered that the application to a bud was\r\n metaphorical. See the well-known passages, Orat. 81 and De Or. 3, 155.\r\n — \u003cb\u003evestita pampinis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027arrayed in the young foliage\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efructu … aspectu\u003c/b\u003e: ablatives of respect, like \u003ci\u003egustatu\u003c/i\u003e\r\n above. — \u003cb\u003ecapitum iugatio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the linking together of their\r\n tops\u0027; \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the uniting of the tops of the stakes by cross-stakes.\r\n So the editors; but Conington on Verg. Georg. 2, 355 seems to take\r\n \u003ci\u003ecapita\u003c/i\u003e of the top-foliage of the vines, an\r\n interpetation which is quite possible. Those editors are certainly wrong\r\n who remove the comma after \u003ci\u003eiugatio\u003c/i\u003e and place it after\r\n \u003ci\u003ereligatio\u003c/i\u003e, as though \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e were omitted between the two words.\r\n In enumerations of more than two things Cic. either omits the copula\r\n altogether or inserts it before each word after the first; but in\r\n enumerating two things \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e cannot be omitted, except where there\r\n are several \u003ci\u003esets\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003epairs\u003c/i\u003e of things. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ereligatio\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the\r\n tying down of shoots so as to cause them to take root in the earth.\r\n \u003ci\u003eReligatio\u003c/i\u003e seems to occur only here.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e — aliorum immissio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the\r\n granting of free scope to others\u0027. \u003ci\u003eImmissio\u003c/i\u003e scarcely occurs\r\n elsewhere in good Latin. The metaphor is from letting loose the reins in\r\n driving; cf. Verg. Georg. 2, 364; Plin. N.H. 16, 141 \u003ci\u003ecupressus\r\n immittitur in perticas asseresque amputatione ramorum\u003c/i\u003e; Varro, R.R. 1,\r\n 31, 1 \u003ci\u003evitis immittitur ad uvas pariendas\u003c/i\u003e. Some, referring to\r\n Columella de Arbor, c. 7, take the word to mean the setting in the earth\r\n of a shoot in order that it may take root before being separated from the\r\n parent stem. The context, however, is against this interpretation.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eirrigationes\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the plurals denote more prominently\r\n than singulars would the repetition of the actions expressed by these\r\n words. — \u003cb\u003erepastinationes\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027repeated hoeings\u0027. The\r\n \u003ci\u003epastinum\u003c/i\u003e was a kind of pitchfork, used for turning over the ground\r\n round about the vines, particularly when the young plants were being put\r\n in. — \u003cb\u003emulto terra fecundior\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eparum … auctoritatis\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_54\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e54.\u003c/a\u003e in eo libro\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n see Introd. — \u003cb\u003edoctus\u003c/b\u003e: often used of poets, not only by\r\n Cicero but by most other Latin writers, more particularly by the elegiac\r\n poets; see also \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eHesiodus\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n the oldest Greek poet after Homer. The poem referred to here is the\r\n \u003cspan title=\"Erga kai Hêmerai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eΕργα και\r\n ‛Ημεραι\u003c/span\u003e which we still possess, along\r\n with the Theogony and the Shield of Heracles. — \u003cb\u003ecum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n concessive. — \u003cb\u003esaeculis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027generations\u0027, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efuit\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003evixit\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eLaerten\u003c/b\u003e: the passage referred to is no doubt the touching scene in\r\n Odyss. 24, 226, where Odysseus, after killing the suitors, finds his\r\n unhappy old father toiling in his garden. In that passage nothing is said\r\n of \u003ci\u003emanuring\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003elenientem\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 11\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edividenti\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecolentem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the\r\n introduction of another participle to explain \u003ci\u003elenientem\u003c/i\u003e is far\r\n from elegant. \u003ci\u003eCultione agri\u003c/i\u003e or something of the kind might have\r\n been expected. The collocation of \u003ci\u003eappetentem\u003c/i\u003e with \u003ci\u003eoccupatum\u003c/i\u003e\r\n in 56 is no less awkward. — \u003cb\u003efacit\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003efacimus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eres rusticae laetae sunt\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the\r\n farmer\u0027s life is gladdened\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eapium\u003c/b\u003e: this form is oftener\r\n found in the best MSS., of prose writers at least, than the\r\n other form \u003ci\u003eapum\u003c/i\u003e, which probably was not used by Cic. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eomnium\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eomnis generis\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econsitiones …\r\n insitiones\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027planting … grafting\u0027. On the varieties of grafting and\r\n the skill required for it see Verg. Georg. 2, 73 \u003ci\u003eseq.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_55\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e55.\u003c/a\u003e possum\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 24\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eignoscetis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027you will excuse\r\n (me)\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eprovectus sum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027I have been carried away\u0027. Cicero\r\n often uses \u003ci\u003eprolabi\u003c/i\u003e in the same sense. — \u003cb\u003ein hac …\r\n consumpsit\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. probably never, as later writers did, used\r\n \u003ci\u003econsumere\u003c/i\u003e with a simple ablative. — \u003cb\u003eCurius\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 15\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ea me\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003ea mea villa;\u003c/i\u003e\r\n cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 3\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eapud quem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eadmirari\r\n satis non possum\u003c/b\u003e: a favorite form of expression with Cicero;\r\n \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e De Or. 1, 165. — \u003cb\u003edisciplinam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027morals\u0027;\r\n literally \u0027teaching\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_56\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e56.\u003c/a\u003e Curio\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Plutarch, Cat. 2, says the ambassadors found him cooking a dinner of\r\n herbs, and that Curius sent them away with the remark that a man who\r\n dined in that way had no need of gold. The present was not brought as a\r\n bribe, since the incident took place after the war. Curius had become\r\n \u003ci\u003epatronus\u003c/i\u003e of the Samnites, and they were bringing the customary\r\n offering of \u003ci\u003eclientes\u003c/i\u003e; see Rep. 3, 40. — \u003cb\u003ene\u003c/b\u003e: here =\r\n num, a rare use; so Fin. 3, 44; Acad. 2, 116. — \u003cb\u003esed venio\r\n ad\u003c/b\u003e: so in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evenio nunc ad. Redeo ad\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 32\u003c/a\u003e) might have been expected here.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ein agris erant\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027lived on their farms\u0027. For \u003ci\u003eerant\u003c/i\u003e\r\n cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esunt\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eid est\r\n senes\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e19\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"#Snot_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e on\r\n \u003ci\u003esenatum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esi quidem\u003c/b\u003e: often written as one word\r\n \u003ci\u003esiquidem\u003c/i\u003e = \u003cspan title=\"eiper\" lang=\"el\"\u003eειπερ\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003earanti\u003c/b\u003e: emphatic position. — \u003cb\u003eCincinnato\u003c/b\u003e: L. Quinctius\r\n Cincinnatus is said to have been dictator twice; in 458 B.C., when he\r\n saved the Roman army, which was surrounded by the Aequians, and ended the\r\n war in sixteen days from his appointment; in 439, when Maelius was killed\r\n and Cincinnatus was eighty years old. In our passage Cic. seems to assume\r\n only one dictatorship. The story of Cincinnatus at the plough is told in\r\n Livy 3, 26. — \u003cb\u003efactum\u003c/b\u003e: the technical term was \u003ci\u003edicere\r\n dictatorem\u003c/i\u003e, since he was nominated by the consul on the advice of the\r\n senate. — \u003cb\u003edictatoris\u003c/b\u003e: in apposition with \u003ci\u003ecuius\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e — Maelium\u003c/b\u003e: a rich plebeian,\r\n who distributed corn in time of famine and was charged with courting the\r\n people in order to make himself a king. Ahala summoned him before the\r\n dictator, and because he did not immediately obey, killed him with his\r\n own hand. For this, Ahala became one of the heroes of his nation. See\r\n Liv. 4, 13. Cicero often mentions him with praise. Cf. in Catil. I. 3; p.\r\n Sestio 143, etc. — \u003cb\u003eappetentem\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003equia\r\n appetebat\u003c/i\u003e; so \u003ci\u003eoccupatum\u003c/i\u003e = \u003ci\u003ecum occupasset\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eviatores\u003c/b\u003e: literally \u0027travellers\u0027, so \u0027messengers\u0027. They formed a\r\n regularly organized corporation at Rome and were in attendance on many of\r\n the magistrates. Those officers who had the \u003ci\u003efasces\u003c/i\u003e had also\r\n lictors, who, however, generally remained in close attendance and were\r\n not despatched on distant errands. The statement of Cic. in the text is\r\n repeated almost \u003ci\u003everbatim\u003c/i\u003e by Plin. N.H. 18, 21. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emiserabilis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027to be pitied\u0027. The word does not quite answer to our\r\n \u0027miserable\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eagri cultione\u003c/b\u003e: a rare expression, found\r\n elsewhere only in Verr. 3, 226; then not again till the \u0027Fathers\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ehaud scio an nulla\u003c/b\u003e: since \u003ci\u003ehaud scio an\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n affirmative in Cicero, not negative as in some later writers,\r\n \u003ci\u003enulla\u003c/i\u003e must be read here, not \u003ci\u003eulla\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. 73 \u003ci\u003ehaud scio an\r\n melius Ennius\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027probably Ennius speaks better\u0027; also \u003ca href=\"#Sect_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eincertium an hoc ipso die\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027possibly\r\n to-day\u0027. Roby, 2256; G. 459, Rem.; H. 529, II. 3, 20, n. 2. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equam dixi\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003ede qua dixi\u003c/i\u003e, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esaturitate\u003c/b\u003e: the word is said to occur nowhere else in\r\n Latin. — \u003cb\u003equidam\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the authors of the \u003ci\u003etertia\r\n vituperatio senectutis\u003c/i\u003e, whom Cato refutes in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eporco …\r\n gallina\u003c/b\u003e: these words are used collectively, as \u003ci\u003erosa\u003c/i\u003e often is;\r\n so Fin. 2, 65 \u003ci\u003epotantem in rosa Thorium\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eiam\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027further\u0027. — \u003cb\u003esuccidiam alteram\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a second meat-supply\u0027. The\r\n word seems to be connected with \u003ci\u003ecaedo\u003c/i\u003e, and probably originally\r\n meant \u0027slaughter\u0027. In a fragment of Cato preserved by Gellius 13, 24, 12\r\n (in some editions 13, 25, 12) we find \u003ci\u003esuccidias humanas facere\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Varro, R.R. 2, 14 has the word in the sense of \u0027meat\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003econditiora facit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027adds a zest to\u0027; cf. \u003ci\u003econdita\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esupervacaneis operis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027by the use\r\n of spare time\u0027; literally \u0027by means of toils that are left over\u0027,\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e after completing the ordinary work of the farm.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_57\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_57\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e57.\u003c/a\u003e ordinibus\u003c/b\u003e: cf.\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eordines\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ebrevi praecidam\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027I will cut the matter short\u0027, for \u003ci\u003epraecidam\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003esc. rem\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003esermonem\u003c/i\u003e) cf. Acad. 2, 133 \u003ci\u003epraecide\u003c/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003esc. sermonem\u003c/i\u003e);\r\n for \u003ci\u003ebrevi\u003c/i\u003e (= \u0027in brief\u0027, \u003cspan title=\"en brachei\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεν\r\n βραχει\u003c/span\u003e) cf. De Or. 1, 34 \u003ci\u003ene plura\r\n consecter comprehendam brevi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eusu uberius\u003c/b\u003e: cf. 53\r\n \u003ci\u003efructu laetius … aspectu pulchrius\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ead quem …\r\n retardat\u003c/b\u003e: some have thought that there is zeugma here, supposing\r\n \u003ci\u003ead\u003c/i\u003e to be suited only to \u003ci\u003einvitat\u003c/i\u003e, not to \u003ci\u003eretardat\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n That this is not the case is clear from such passages as Caes. B.G. 7,\r\n 26, 2 \u003ci\u003epalus Romanos ad insequendum tardabat\u003c/i\u003e (= \u003ci\u003etardos\r\n faciebat\u003c/i\u003e); Cic. Sull. 49 \u003ci\u003enullius amicitia ad pericula propulsanda\r\n impedimur\u003c/i\u003e. On \u003ci\u003efruendum\u003c/i\u003e see Madvig, 421, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, Obs. 2 and\r\n 265, Obs. 2; G. 428, Rem. 3, exc.; H. 544, 2, n. 5. —\r\n \u003cb\u003einvitat atque allectat\u003c/b\u003e: one of the \u0027doublets\u0027 of which Cicero is\r\n so fond; cf. Lael. 99 \u003ci\u003eallectant et invitant\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_58\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_58\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e58.\u003c/a\u003e sibi habeant\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003esc. iuvenes\u003c/i\u003e; contemptuous, as in Lael. 18 \u003ci\u003esibi habeant\r\n sapientiae nomen\u003c/i\u003e Sull. 26 \u003ci\u003esibi haberent honores, sibi imperia\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc.; cf. the formula of Roman divorce, \u003ci\u003etu tuas res tibi habeto\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ehastas\u003c/b\u003e: in practising, the point was covered by a button,\r\n \u003ci\u003epila\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Liv. 26, 51 \u003ci\u003epraepilatis missilibus iaculati sunt\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eclavam\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Vegetius de Re Mil. 1, 11 \u003ci\u003eclavas ligneas\r\n pro gladiis tironibus dabant, eoque modo exercebantur ad palos\u003c/i\u003e; Iuv.\r\n 6, 246. The \u003ci\u003epalus\u003c/i\u003e is called \u003ci\u003estipes\u003c/i\u003e by Martial 7, 32.\r\n — \u003cb\u003epilam … venationes … cursus\u003c/b\u003e: all national amusements,\r\n well known to readers of Horace; see Becker\u0027s Gallus. \u003ci\u003eVenationes\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n em. for \u003ci\u003enataliones\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etalos … tesseras\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003etali\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027knucklebones\u0027, were oblong, and rounded at the two ends;\r\n the sides were numbered 1 and 6 (1 being opposite to 6), 3 and 4. Four\r\n \u003ci\u003etali\u003c/i\u003e were used at a time and they, like the \u003ci\u003etesserae\u003c/i\u003e, were\r\n generally thrown from a box, \u003ci\u003efritillus\u003c/i\u003e. The \u003ci\u003etesserae\u003c/i\u003e, of\r\n which three were used at a time, were cubes, with the sides numbered from\r\n 1 to 6 in such a way that the numbers on two opposite sides taken\r\n together always made 7. A separate name was used by dicers for almost\r\n every possible throw of the \u003ci\u003etesserae\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003etali\u003c/i\u003e. The two best\r\n known are \u003ci\u003ecanis\u003c/i\u003e, when all the dice turned up with the same number\r\n uppermost; and \u003ci\u003evenus\u003c/i\u003e, when they all showed different numbers. The\r\n word \u003ci\u003ealea\u003c/i\u003e was general and applicable to games of chance of every\r\n kind. These games, which were forbidden by many ineffectual laws\r\n (\u0027\u003ci\u003evetita legibus alea\u003c/i\u003e\u0027) were held to be permissible for old men;\r\n see Mayor on Iuv. 14, 4. — \u003cb\u003eid ipsum\u003c/b\u003e: sc. \u003ci\u003efaciunt\u003c/i\u003e; the\r\n omission of \u003ci\u003efacere\u003c/i\u003e is not uncommon. Roby, 1441; H. 368, 3, n. 1.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eut\u003c/b\u003e: em. for ordinary readings \u003ci\u003eunum\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003eutrum\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_59\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59.\u003c/a\u003e legite\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027continue to read\u0027. Cf. De Or. 1, 34 \u003ci\u003epergite, ut facitis,\r\n adulescentes\u003c/i\u003e. In Tusc. 2, 62 it is stated that Africanus was a great\r\n reader of Xenophon.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_25\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e25\u003c/a\u003e — libro qui est de\u003c/b\u003e: so in\r\n Fat. 1 \u003ci\u003elibris qui sunt de natura deorum,\u003c/i\u003e and similarly elsewhere;\r\n but the periphrasis is often avoided, as in Off. 2, 16 \u003ci\u003eDicaearchi\r\n liber de interitu hominum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equi\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003equique\u003c/i\u003e might\r\n have been expected, but the words above, \u003ci\u003equi … familiari,\u003c/i\u003e are\r\n regarded as parenthetical. — \u003cb\u003eOeconomicus\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero translates\r\n from this work c. 4, 20-25. — \u003cb\u003einscribitur\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eregale\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027worthy of a king\u0027;\r\n different from \u003ci\u003eregium\u003c/i\u003e, which would mean \u0027actually characteristic\r\n of kings\u0027. Yet Cic. sometimes interchanges the words; thus \u003ci\u003eregalis\r\n potestas\u003c/i\u003e in Har. Resp. 54 is the same as\r\n \u003ci\u003eregia potestas\u003c/i\u003e in Phil. 1, 3. — \u003cb\u003eloquitur cum Critobulo\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n \u0027discourses with Critobulus of how Cyrus etc.\u0027. The construction of\r\n \u003ci\u003eloqui\u003c/i\u003e with acc. and inf. belongs to colloquial Latin, as does the\r\n construction \u003ci\u003eloqui aliquam rem\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003ede aliqua re\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Att.\r\n 1, 5, 6 \u003ci\u003emecum Tadius locutus est te ita scripsisse\u003c/i\u003e; ib. 9, 13, 1\r\n \u003ci\u003emera scelera loquuntur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eCyrum minorem\u003c/b\u003e: Cyrus the\r\n younger (cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_79\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e79\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eCyrus maior\u003c/i\u003e), well known\r\n from Xenophon\u0027s \u003ci\u003eAnabasis\u003c/i\u003e. As Cyrus never arrived at the throne\r\n (having been killed at Cunaxa in 401 in his attempt to oust his brother\r\n the king with the help of the 10,000 Greeks) \u003ci\u003eregem\u003c/i\u003e is used in the\r\n sense of \u0027prince\u0027, as in Verr. 4, 61 and elsewhere;\r\n \u003cspan title=\"basileus\" lang=\"el\"\u003eβασιλευς\u003c/span\u003e is\r\n used in exactly the same way in a passage of the Oeconomicus which comes\r\n a little before the one Cic. is here rendering (4, 16). —\r\n \u003cb\u003eLysander\u003c/b\u003e: the great commander who in 405 B.C. won the battle of\r\n Aegospotamos against the Athenians. — \u003cb\u003eSardis\u003c/b\u003e: acc. pl.;\r\n \u003ci\u003e-is\u003c/i\u003e represents Gk. \u003cspan title=\"-eis\" lang=\"el\"\u003e-εις\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003econsaeptum agrum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027park\u0027; the phrase is a translation of\r\n Xenophon\u0027s\r\n \u003cspan title=\"paradeison\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπαραδεισον\u003c/span\u003e;\r\n this will account for the omission of \u003ci\u003eet\u003c/i\u003e before \u003ci\u003ediligenter\r\n consitum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ediligenter\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027carefully\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eproceritates\u003c/b\u003e: the plural probably indicates the height of each\r\n \u003ci\u003ekind\u003c/i\u003e of tree. — \u003cb\u003equincuncem\u003c/b\u003e: thus\r\n \u003cspan class=\"fx\"\u003e:·:·:·:·:·:·:\u003c/span\u003e This\r\n was the order of battle in the Roman army during a great part of its\r\n history. The cause for this application of the term is rather difficult\r\n to see; it originally meant five-twelfths of an \u003ci\u003euncia\u003c/i\u003e; possibly it\r\n was thus applied because by drawing lines between the points the letter V\r\n (five) might be produced. As regards its application to trees, see Verg.\r\n Georg. 2, 277-284. — \u003cb\u003epuram\u003c/b\u003e: so the farmers talk of\r\n \u0027cleaning\u0027 the land. — \u003cb\u003edimensa\u003c/b\u003e: notice the passive use of\r\n this participle, originally deponent; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eadeptam\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ediscripta\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027arranged\u0027; so\r\n \u003ci\u003ediscriptio\u003c/i\u003e a little farther on. Cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003edescriptae\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eornatum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027costume\u0027, used by Latin\r\n writers of any dress a little unfamiliar. So in Plaut. Miles 4, 4, 41\r\n (1177 R) \u003ci\u003eornatus nauclericus\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_60\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_60\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e60.\u003c/a\u003e impedit\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003esc. nos\u003c/i\u003e; with this construction the pronoun is always omitted.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eValerium\u003c/b\u003e: when a young man, in 349 B.C., he engaged in\r\n combat with a Gaul, in sight of the Roman and Gallic armies, and came off\r\n victor by the aid of a raven, \u003ci\u003ecorvus\u003c/i\u003e; hence the name Corvinus\r\n (Liv. 7, 26). His first consulship was in 348, his last in 299; Cic. has\r\n miscalculated. Valerius was also twice dictator and is said to have held\r\n altogether 21 terms of curule offices. — \u003cb\u003eperduxisse\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc.\r\n agri colendi studia\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Lael. 33 \u003ci\u003equod — perduxissent\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eesset\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eaetate\u003c/b\u003e: here = the vigorous period of life; cf. \u003ci\u003ebona\r\n aetas\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_48\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e48\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecursus honorum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027official career\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ehuius\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003eille\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ehic\u003c/i\u003e are\r\n not often found in the same sentence referring to the same person.\r\n \u003ci\u003eEius\u003c/i\u003e would have been more regular here. — \u003cb\u003emedia\u003c/b\u003e: cf.\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 33\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003econstantis aetatis\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e — apex\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the crown\u0027, \u0027the\r\n highest glory\u0027. The word meant originally \u0027knot\u0027, being connected with\r\n \u003ci\u003eap-tus ap-isci ap-ere\u003c/i\u003e and other words containing the idea of\r\n binding fast or grasping. It was properly applied to the olive-twig bound\r\n round with wool, which was stuck in the cap worn by the \u003ci\u003eflamines\u003c/i\u003e\r\n and \u003ci\u003esalii\u003c/i\u003e. It is sometimes employed to translate\r\n \u003cspan title=\"diadêma\" lang=\"el\"\u003eδιαδημα\u003c/span\u003e (a word originally of\r\n similar meaning), the royal \u003ci\u003einsigne\u003c/i\u003e, as in Horace, Odes, 3, 21, 20\r\n \u003ci\u003eregum apices\u003c/i\u003e, with which cf. Odes, 1, 34, 14. The word is scarcely\r\n found elsewhere in a metaphorical sense. Our passage is imitated by\r\n Ammianus Marcellinus (a great imitator of Cicero) 27, 7, 2 \u003ci\u003eRufinus\r\n velut apicem honoratae senectutis praetendens\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_61\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_61\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e61.\u003c/a\u003e Metello\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 30\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eA. Atilio Calatino\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n consul in 258 B.C. and again in 254; dictator in 249, censor in 247.\r\n Cicero classed him with old heroes like Curius and Fabricius (Planc. 60).\r\n His tomb was on the \u003ci\u003evia Appia\u003c/i\u003e outside the \u003ci\u003ePorta Capena\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n close to the well-known tomb of the Scipios (see Tusc. 1, 13). —\r\n \u003cb\u003ein quem … elogium\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in whose honor there is the inscription\u0027.\r\n With \u003ci\u003ein quem = de quo\u003c/i\u003e cf. the occasional occurrence of\r\n \u003cspan title=\"kata tinos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκατα\r\n τινος\u003c/span\u003e in the sense of \u003cspan title=\"peri tinos\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπερι\r\n τινος\u003c/span\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eelogium\u003c/b\u003e: Greek\r\n \u003cspan title=\"elegeion\" lang=\"el\"\u003eελεγειον\u003c/span\u003e\r\n (so Curtius): for the representation of \u003cspan title=\"e\" lang=\"el\"\u003eε\u003c/span\u003e by \u003ci\u003eo\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ci\u003eoliva\u003c/i\u003e with \u003cspan title=\"elaia\" lang=\"el\"\u003eελαια\u003c/span\u003e, and\r\n Plautus\u0027 lopadas for \u003cspan title=\"lepadas\" lang=\"el\"\u003eλεπαδας\u003c/span\u003e. But cf. Roby,\r\n 929, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ehunc\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the inscription (which is quoted\r\n by Cicero also in Fin. 2, 116) is strikingly like that on the tomb of\r\n \u003ci\u003eScipio Barbatus\u003c/i\u003e which has actually come down to us, and thus\r\n begins (Ritschl\u0027s recension):\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ehonc oino ploirime cosentiont Romai\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eduonoro optumo fuise viro viroro\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ei.e. hunc unum plurimi consentiunt Romae bonorum optimum fuisse\r\n virum virorum\u003c/i\u003e. Ritschl thus completes the \u003ci\u003eelogium\u003c/i\u003e of Atilus,\r\n by comparison with others still preserved: \u003ci\u003edictator\u003c/i\u003e (ending the\r\n second line), \u003ci\u003eConsul, censor, aedilis hic fuit apud vos\u003c/i\u003e. But\r\n Cicero\u0027s words (\u003ci\u003enolum … sepulcro\u003c/i\u003e) seem to imply a longer\r\n inscription than one of three lines; the analogy of the Scipionic\r\n inscriptions points the same way. The older monumental inscriptions of\r\n Rome were written in the Saturnian metre, which depended\r\n partly on accent. The normal line ran thus:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"center\"\u003e\r\n\u003cimg alt=\"Saturnian\" src=\"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/gutenberg-cato-maior-de-senectute-cicero-marcus-tullius-cicero-136.png\" id=\"img_images_136.png\"\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ebut there were many deviations. — \u003cb\u003eunum\u003c/b\u003e: intensifies\r\n \u003ci\u003eprimarium\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027the very first\u0027; cf. the common use of \u003ci\u003eunus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n with a superlative adjective, for which see n. on Lael. 1 \u003ci\u003eunum\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc. — \u003cb\u003eesset consentiens\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eagens aliquid\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enuper\u003c/b\u003e: like \u003ci\u003emodo\u003c/i\u003e (see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 27\u003c/a\u003e) \u003ci\u003enuper\u003c/i\u003e is loosely used, and has\r\n its meaning defined by the context. Cf. n. on Lael. 13. In Plin. Ep. 1,\r\n 2, 2 the orator Calvus, a younger contemporary of Cicero, is said to have\r\n existed \u003ci\u003enuper\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eLepidum\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003epontifex maximus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n from 180 B.C., consul in 187 and in 175; censor in 179; he is said to\r\n have been chosen \u003ci\u003eprinceps senatus\u003c/i\u003e by six sets of censors in\r\n succession. He died in 152. — \u003cb\u003ePaulo\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eL. Aemilius\u003c/i\u003e with \u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003eMaximo\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esententia\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e a set speech in the senate. Cf. De\r\n Or. 1, 38 \u003ci\u003eis non accurata orationis copia, sed nutu atque verbo\r\n libertinos in urbanas tribus transtulit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ehonorata\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 22\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_62\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e62.\u003c/a\u003e in omni\r\n oratione\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027everywhere throughout my speech\u0027. \u003ci\u003eTota oratione\u003c/i\u003e\r\n would have meant \u0027my speech viewed as a whole\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003edefenderet\u003c/b\u003e: the tense is accommodated to that of \u003ci\u003edixi\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n according to Latin custom; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 42\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eefficeret\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecani\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. capilli\u003c/i\u003e; the same\r\n ellipsis is found in Ovid. Cf. \u003ci\u003ecalda (sc. aqua), laurea (sc. corona),\r\n natalis (sc. dies), Latinae (sc. feriae)\u003c/i\u003e, etc.; also \u003ci\u003ecereo\u003c/i\u003e in\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efructus … extremos\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027receives\r\n the reward of influence at the last\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_63\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_63\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e63.\u003c/a\u003e appeti\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027to be\r\n courted\u0027; \u003ci\u003edecedi\u003c/i\u003e: \u0027to take precedence\u0027, literally \u0027that there\r\n should be a yielding of the way\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eassurgi\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the honor\r\n shown by rising\u0027. Cf. Iuv. 13, 54 \u003ci\u003ecredebant grande nefas et morte\r\n piandum si iuvenis vetulo non assurrexerat\u003c/i\u003e, where see Mayor\u0027s note.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ededuci reduci\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the escort from home and the attendance\r\n homeward\u0027. The difference between these two words, which has often been\r\n misunderstood, is shown by Val. Max. 2, 1, 9 \u003ci\u003eiuvenes senatus die\r\n utique aliquem ex patribus conscriptis ad curiam deducebant, affixique\r\n valvis exspectabant donec reducendi etiam officio fungerentur\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003econsuli\u003c/b\u003e: probably refers to private legal consultations as\r\n well as to the deliberations of the senate. — \u003cb\u003eut quaeque\r\n optime\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. often uses \u003ci\u003eut quisque\u003c/i\u003e with superlatives,\r\n \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e following; see n. on Lael. 19. Translate \u003ci\u003eut … ita\u003c/i\u003e \u0027in\r\n proportion as … so\u0027. — \u003cb\u003emorata\u003c/b\u003e: from \u003ci\u003emos\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emodo\u003c/b\u003e: in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ememoriae proditum\r\n est\u003c/b\u003e: in Verr. 5, 36 Cic. uses \u003ci\u003ead memoriam\u003c/i\u003e instead of the\r\n dative. The best writers have \u003ci\u003ememoriae prodere\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003eprodi\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027\u003ci\u003efor the recollection of\u003c/i\u003e posterity\u0027, \u003ci\u003ememoria\r\n prodi\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027to be handed down \u003ci\u003eby\u003c/i\u003e tradition\u0027; but not \u003ci\u003ememoria\r\n prodere\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eludis\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. Panathenaicis\u003c/i\u003e, abl. of\r\n time. The Panathenaea was the greatest of the Athenian festivals and was\r\n celebrated in honor of Athene, patron goddess of the city, once in four\r\n years. The story that follows is told in almost the same words by Val.\r\n Max. 4, 5, ext. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e — qui\u003c/b\u003e: at this point the\r\n \u003ci\u003eoratio obliqua\u003c/i\u003e is broken off, but it is resumed in the next\r\n sentence, \u003ci\u003edixisse\u003c/i\u003e being dependent on \u003ci\u003eproditum est\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003elegati cum essent\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027being ambassadors\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eilli\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in\r\n his honor\u0027. — \u003cb\u003esessum recepisse\u003c/b\u003e: Val. Max. uses the same\r\n phrase; cf. Fam. 10, 32, 2 \u003ci\u003esessum deducere\u003c/i\u003e; N.D. 3, 74 \u003ci\u003esessum\r\n ire\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_64\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64.\u003c/a\u003e plausus\r\n multiplex\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Verg. Aen. 1, 747 \u003ci\u003eingeminant plausu\u003c/i\u003e. Cic.\r\n generally says \u003ci\u003eplausus maximus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efacere nolle\u003c/b\u003e: cf.\r\n the well-known saying of Demosthenes, Olynth. 3, § 3\r\n \u003cspan title=\"pepeismai gar ta pleiô tôn pragmatôn hymas ekpepheugenai tôi mê boulesthai ta deonta poiein, ê tôi mê synienai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eπεπεισμαι\r\n γαρ τα πλειω\r\n των\r\n πραγματων\r\n ‛υμας\r\n εκπεφευγεναι\r\n τωι μη\r\n βουλεσθαι\r\n τα δεοντα\r\n ποιειν, η τωι\r\n μη\r\n συνιεναι\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ecollegio\u003c/b\u003e: the college or board of augurs to which Cato\r\n belonged. In his time there were nine members; later the number was\r\n increased. — \u003cb\u003eantecedit\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. alios\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esententiae principatum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027precedence in debate\u0027. Meissner quotes\r\n Verr. 4, 142 \u003ci\u003eut quisque aetate et honore antecedit, ita primus solet\r\n sua sponte dicere itaque a ceteris ei conceditur\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ehonore\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e as regards office, past or present. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equi … sunt\u003c/b\u003e: actual praetors or consuls. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecomparandae\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 50\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efabulam\r\n aetatis\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e. The comparison of life to a play, and mankind to\r\n the players, is common in all literature; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e \u0027All the world\u0027s a\r\n stage, etc.\u0027. When Augustus was on his deathbed he asked his friends\r\n \u003ci\u003eecquid eis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse\u003c/i\u003e (Suet. Aug.\r\n 99); cf. Gay\u0027s epitaph, \u0027Life\u0027s a jest, etc.\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ecorruisse\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e through fatigue; cf. \u003ci\u003edefetigationem\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_65\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_65\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e65.\u003c/a\u003e at\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emorum\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ein moribus est culpa, non in aetate\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eea vitia\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e. ea alia vitia\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ehabent\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n cf. Thucyd. 3, 44 \u003cspan title=\"echontes ti syngnômês\" lang=\"el\"\u003eεχοντες\r\n τι\r\n συγγνωμης\u003c/span\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enon … videatur\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027not well grounded indeed, but such as it may\r\n seem possible to allow\u0027. \u003ci\u003eIlle\u003c/i\u003e is often used with \u003ci\u003equidem\u003c/i\u003e in\r\n making concessions where the English idiom requires no pronoun. Roby,\r\n 2259; Madvig, 489, \u003ci\u003eb\u003c/i\u003e; Kennedy, 65, n. 2; A. 151, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e; G. 292,\r\n Rem. 4; H. 450, 4, n. 2. — \u003cb\u003econtemni … despici\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 43\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003espreta et contempta\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emoribus bonis et artibus\u003c/b\u003e: for the order of the words cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eanimi tui\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ein vita\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027in\r\n everyday life.\u0027 — \u003cb\u003eAdelphis\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003eAdelphi\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"adelphoi\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαδελφοι\u003c/span\u003e, The Brothers;\r\n this play of Terence is still extant. — \u003cb\u003ediritas\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027harshness\r\n of temper\u0027; but Suet. Tib. 21 has \u003ci\u003ediritas morum\u003c/i\u003e, and Varro\r\n \u003ci\u003escena quem senem Latina vidit dirissimum\u003c/i\u003e. Both \u003ci\u003edirus\u003c/i\u003e and\r\n \u003ci\u003ediritas\u003c/i\u003e are rare in Cicero; the former word does not once occur in\r\n the whole range of the speeches, the latter scarcely excepting here and\r\n in Vat. 9; in Tusc. 3, 29 Cic. uses it in translating from Euripides.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e28\u003c/a\u003e – \u003ca id=\"Snot_66\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_66\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e66.\u003c/a\u003e sollicitam habere\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027to keep in trouble\u0027.\r\n \u003ci\u003eSollicitus\u003c/i\u003e is, literally, \u0027wholly in motion\u0027, from \u003ci\u003esollus\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n which has the same root with \u003cspan title=\"holos\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ολος\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n and \u003ci\u003ecitus\u003c/i\u003e; cf. the rare words \u003ci\u003esollifides\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u003ci\u003esolliferreus\u003c/i\u003e. The perfect participle with \u003ci\u003ehabeo\u003c/i\u003e emphasizes\r\n the continuance of the effect produced. Zumpt, 634; A. 292, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G.\r\n 230; H. 388, 1, n. — \u003cb\u003enostram aetatem\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenectus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eesse longe\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n more usually \u003ci\u003eabesse\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eO miserum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027O, wretched is\r\n that old man\u0027. Cicero oftener joins \u003ci\u003eO\u003c/i\u003e with the accusative than\r\n with the nominative: he rarely, if ever, uses the interjection with the\r\n vocative in direct address to persons. — \u003cb\u003eextinguit animum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n the doctrine of the annihilation of the soul after death was held by many\r\n of Cicero\u0027s contemporaries, professedly by the Epicureans (\u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n Lucretius, De Rerum Nat. 3, 417 \u003ci\u003eet seq.\u003c/i\u003e; cf. also Caesar\u0027s\r\n argument at the trial of the Catilinian conspirators, Sall. Bell. Catil.\r\n c. 51, Cic. in Catil. 3, c. 4), practically by the Stoics, who taught\r\n that there is a future existence of limited though indefinite length.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ededucit\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_63\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 63\u003c/a\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eatqui\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 6\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etertium …\r\n potest\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027nothing can be found as a third alternative\u0027: so in Tusc. 1,\r\n 82 \u003ci\u003equoniam nihil tertium est.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_67\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67.\u003c/a\u003e quid timeam\u003c/b\u003e\r\n etc.: so Tusc. 1, 25 \u003ci\u003equo modo igitur aut cur mortem malum tibi videri\r\n dicis? quae aut beatas nos efficiet, animis manentibus, aut non miseros,\r\n sensu carentis;\u003c/i\u003e ib. 1, 118 \u003ci\u003eut aut in aeternam domum remigremus aut\r\n omni sensu careamus.\u003c/i\u003e For mood see A. 268; G. 251; H 486, II. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eaut non miser … aut beatus\u003c/b\u003e: a dilemma, but unsound and not\r\n conclusive; for \u003ci\u003enon miser\u003c/i\u003e is used with reference to annihilation,\r\n and the soul may exist after death in a state of unhappiness. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efuturus sum\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 6\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003efuturum est.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003equamvis sit\u003c/b\u003e: prose writers of the Republican period use\r\n \u003ci\u003equamvis\u003c/i\u003e with the subjunctive only; see Roby, 1624, 1627; A.\r\n 313,\u003ci\u003ea, g\u003c/i\u003e; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. — \u003cb\u003ecui\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 38\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eviventi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ead vesperum\r\n esse victurum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027that he will be alive when evening comes\u0027, \u003ci\u003enot\u003c/i\u003e\r\n \u0027that he will live till the evening\u0027. With the prepositions \u003ci\u003ead\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n \u003ci\u003esub\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ein\u003c/i\u003e the form \u003ci\u003evesper\u003c/i\u003e is generally used, not\r\n \u003ci\u003evespera.\u003c/i\u003e With this passage cf. Fin. 2, 92 \u003ci\u003ean id\r\n exploratum cuiquam potest esse quo modo sese habiturum sit corpus. non\r\n dico ad annum, sed ad vesperum?\u003c/i\u003e Also cf. the title of one of Varro\u0027s\r\n Menippean Satires, \u003ci\u003enescis quid vesper serus vehat\u003c/i\u003e, probably a\r\n proverb. — \u003cb\u003eaetas illa … adulescentes\u003c/b\u003e: some suppose that\r\n this sentence was borrowed from Hippocrates. — \u003cb\u003etristius\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027\u003ci\u003eseverioribus remediis\u003c/i\u003e\u0027. Manutius. So Off. 1, 83 \u003ci\u003eleviter\r\n aegrotantis leniter curant, gravioribus autem morbis periculosas\r\n curationes et ancipites adhibere coguntur\u003c/i\u003e. The adverb\r\n \u003ci\u003etristius\u003c/i\u003e, which has in prose a superlative but no positive, occurs\r\n in Fam. 4, 13, 5. — \u003cb\u003emens … ratio … consilium\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 41\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equi … nulli\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 46\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equi pauci\u003c/i\u003e; but \u003ci\u003enulli\u003c/i\u003e here\r\n almost = \u003ci\u003enon\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enullae … fuissent\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e the\r\n young men would have brought every country to ruin; see 20. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecum … cum\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_68\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_68\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e68.\u003c/a\u003e in filio … in\r\n fratribus\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Lael. 9. As to Cato\u0027s son cf. 15, 84. —\r\n \u003cb\u003etu\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. sensisti\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eexspectatis ad\u003c/b\u003e: a rare\r\n construction, perhaps without parallel; \u003ci\u003eexspectatis\u003c/i\u003e is an\r\n adjective and takes the construction of \u003ci\u003eaptus\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eidoneus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc., \u0027of whom hopes were entertained as regards honor\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003efratribus\u003c/b\u003e: the sons of Paulus Macedonicus, two of them died within\r\n seven days (Fam. 4, 6, 1), one just before and one just after Paulus\u0027\r\n great triumph in 167 B.C. — \u003cb\u003eidem\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\r\n on 4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eeandem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003einsipienter\u003c/b\u003e: adversative\r\n asyndeton. — \u003cb\u003eincerta … veris\u003c/b\u003e: chiasmus avoided. With the\r\n thought cf. Off. 1, 18. — \u003cb\u003eat … at\u003c/b\u003e: the objection and its\r\n answer are both introduced by \u003ci\u003eat\u003c/i\u003e, as here, in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eat … adulescens\u003c/b\u003e: these words\r\n look back to the preceding sentence, to which they are an answer. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eille … hic\u003c/b\u003e: here \u003ci\u003ehic\u003c/i\u003e denotes the person who is more\r\n important, \u003ci\u003eille\u003c/i\u003e the person who is less important for the matter in\r\n hand; the former may therefore be regarded as nearer to the speaker, the\r\n latter as more remote. A. 102, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e; G. 292, Rem. 1; H. 450, 2,\r\n n.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_69\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_69\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e69.\u003c/a\u003e quamquam\u003c/b\u003e: see\r\n \u003ca href=\"#Snot_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 2\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eetsi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equid est …\r\n diu\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Tusc. 1, 94 \u003ci\u003equae vero aetas longa est, aut quid omnino\r\n homini longum? … quia ultra nihil habemus, hoc longum dicimus\u003c/i\u003e. For\r\n \u003ci\u003eest\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 72\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eTartessiorum\r\n … Gadibus\u003c/b\u003e: the whole of the south coast of Spain bore the name\r\n \u003ci\u003eTartessus\u003c/i\u003e, but the name is often confined to Gades, the chief\r\n city. — \u003cb\u003efuit\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003evixit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003escriptum video\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n so in Acad. 2, 129; Div. 1, 31; cf. also N.D. 1, 72 \u003ci\u003eut videmus in\r\n scriptis\u003c/i\u003e; Off. 2, 25 \u003ci\u003eut scriptum legimus\u003c/i\u003e; also cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evidemus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eArganthonius\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n the story is from Herodotus 1, 163.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e — aliquid extremum\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e; cf. pro Marcello 27 — \u003cb\u003eeffluxit\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n strongly aoristic in sense \u0027at once is gone\u0027. — \u003cb\u003etantum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n — \u0027only so much\u0027. — \u003cb\u003econsecutus sis\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027you may have\r\n obtained\u0027. The subjunctive is here used in the indefinite second person\r\n to give a hypothetical character to the statement of the verb. The\r\n indicative might have been expected; the expression almost = \u003ci\u003econsecuti\r\n sumus, consecutus aliquis est\u003c/i\u003e. Roby, 1546; G. 252, Rem. 3; H. 486,\r\n III. — \u003cb\u003evirtute et recte factis\u003c/b\u003e: the same opinion is enforced\r\n in Tusc. 1, 109. — \u003cb\u003equid sequatur\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the future\u0027; cf. Lucr. 1,\r\n 459 \u003ci\u003etransactum quid sit in aevo, Tum quae res instet, quid porro\r\n deinde sequatur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equod … contentus\u003c/b\u003e: this passage with\r\n the whole context resembles Lucretius 3, 931-977; cf. especially 938\r\n \u003ci\u003ecur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis\u003c/i\u003e; 960 \u003ci\u003esatur ac plenus\r\n discedere rerum\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. also Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 117-118.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_70\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70.\u003c/a\u003e ut placeat\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u0027in order to secure approval\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eperagenda\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 50\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ecomparandae\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eplaudite\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n the Latin plays nearly always ended with this word, addressed by the\r\n actor to the audience; cf. Hor. A.P. 153 \u003ci\u003esi plausoris eges aulaea\r\n manentis et usque Sessuri donec cantor \u0027vos plaudite\u0027 dicat\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ebreve tempus\u003c/b\u003e etc.: one of the poets has said that \u0027in small\r\n measures lives may perfect be\u0027. Cf. also Tusc. 1, 109 \u003ci\u003enemo parum diu\r\n vixit qui virtutis perfectae perfecto functus est munere\u003c/i\u003e; Seneca, Ep.\r\n 77 \u003ci\u003equo modo fabula, sic vita: non quam diu, sed quam bene acta sit\r\n refert\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eprocesserit\u003c/b\u003e: probably the subject is\r\n \u003ci\u003esapiens\u003c/i\u003e, in which case \u003ci\u003eaetate\u003c/i\u003e must also be supplied from\r\n \u003ci\u003eaetatis\u003c/i\u003e; the subject may however be \u003ci\u003eaetas\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eostendit\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027gives promise of\u0027; cf. Fam. 9, 8, 1 \u003ci\u003eetsi munus\u003c/i\u003e\r\n (gladiatorial show) \u003ci\u003eflagitare quamvis quis ostenderit, ne populus\r\n quidem solet nisi concitatus\u003c/i\u003e. With the whole passage cf. pro Cael.\r\n 76.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_71\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_71\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e71.\u003c/a\u003e ut … dixi\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_60\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_62\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e62\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esecundum naturam\u003c/b\u003e: =\r\n \u003cspan title=\"kata physin\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκατα\r\n φυσιν\u003c/span\u003e a Stoic\r\n phrase; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 5\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enaturam optimam ducem.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003esenibus\u003c/b\u003e: dative of reference; \u003ci\u003eemori\u003c/i\u003e stands as\r\n subject to an implied \u003ci\u003eest\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econtingit\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 8\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eexstinguitur\u003c/b\u003e: there is the\r\n same contrast between \u003ci\u003eopprimere\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eexstinguere\u003c/i\u003e in Lael.\r\n 78. — \u003cb\u003equasi … evelluntur\u003c/b\u003e: it is rare to find in Cic. or\r\n the other prose writers of the best period a verb in the indicative mood\r\n immediately dependent on \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e, in the sense of \u003ci\u003esicut\u003c/i\u003e or\r\n \u003ci\u003equem ad modum\u003c/i\u003e. When two things are compared by \u003ci\u003equasi …\r\n ita\u003c/i\u003e, the indicative verb is nearly always put in the second clause,\r\n and may be supplied in the clause with \u003ci\u003equasi\u003c/i\u003e; very rarely are\r\n there two different verbs for the two clauses. Cf. however Plautus,\r\n Stich. 539 \u003ci\u003efuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum senex\u003c/i\u003e; Lucr. 3, 492\r\n \u003ci\u003eagens animam spumat quasi\u003c/i\u003e … \u003ci\u003efervescunt undae\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esi … si\u003c/b\u003e: for the more usual \u003ci\u003esi … sin\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eaccedam\u003c/b\u003e: see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. — \u003cb\u003ein portum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n speaking of death, Cic. says in Tusc. 1, 118 \u003ci\u003eportum potius paratum\r\n nobis et perfugium putemus: quo utinam velis passis pervehi liceat! Sin\r\n reflantibus ventis reiciemur tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur necesse\r\n est\u003c/i\u003e; cf. also ib. 1, 107.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_72\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_72\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e72.\u003c/a\u003e munus offici\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 29\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etueri\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027uphold\u0027. — \u003cb\u003epossit\u003c/b\u003e: subject\r\n indefinite. — \u003cb\u003eex quo fit\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the argument seems to be that\r\n youth knows how long it has to last and is therefore less spirited than\r\n age, which knows not when it will end. — \u003cb\u003eanimosior …\r\n fortior\u003c/b\u003e: Horace, Odes 2, 10, 21 \u003ci\u003erebus angustis animosus atque\r\n fortis appare\u003c/i\u003e; the two words are joined also in Cic. Mil. 92:\r\n \u003ci\u003eanimosus\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027spirited\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ehoc illud est\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027this is\r\n the meaning of the answer made by Solon etc\u0027. Cf. Div. 1, 122 \u003ci\u003ehoc\r\n nimirum illud est quod de Socrate accepimus\u003c/i\u003e, also the Greek phrase\r\n \u003cspan title=\"hê tout\u0027 ekeino\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛η τουτ\u0027\r\n εκεινο\u003c/span\u003e. \u003ci\u003eEst\u003c/i\u003e =\r\n \u003ci\u003evalet\u003c/i\u003e as in 69. — \u003cb\u003ePisistratus\u003c/b\u003e: the despot of Athens,\r\n who seized the power in 560 B.C. Plutarch, who tells the story, \u0027An Seni\r\n Sit Gerenda Respublica\u0027 c. 21, makes Solon speak to the friends of\r\n Pisistratus, not to P. himself. — \u003cb\u003equaerenti\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 11\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003edividenti\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaudaciter\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Quintil. 1, 6, 17 condemns those who used \u003ci\u003eaudaciter\u003c/i\u003e for\r\n \u003ci\u003eaudacter\u003c/i\u003e, which latter form, he says, had been used by \u0027all\r\n orators\u0027. Yet the form \u003ci\u003eaudaciter\u003c/i\u003e is pretty well attested by MSS.\r\n here and elsewhere in Cicero. [See Neue, Formenlehre, 1² 662.] For the\r\n two forms cf. \u003ci\u003edifficiliter, difficulter. Audaciter\u003c/i\u003e is of\r\n importance as showing that \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e before \u003ci\u003ei\u003c/i\u003e must have been\r\n pronounced just like \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e in any other position, not as in modern\r\n Italian. — \u003cb\u003ecertis sensibus\u003c/b\u003e: Acad. 2, 19 \u003ci\u003eintegris\r\n incorruptisque sensibus\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eipsa … quae\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 26\u003c/a\u003e. H. 569, I. 2 — \u003cb\u003ecoagmentavit\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n Cic. is fond of such metaphors; cf. Orat. 77 \u003ci\u003everba verbis quasi\r\n coagmentari\u003c/i\u003e; Phil. 7, 21 \u003ci\u003edocebo ne coagmentari quidem pacem\r\n posse\u003c/i\u003e (\u0027that no patched-up peace can be made\u0027). —\r\n \u003cb\u003econglutinavit\u003c/b\u003e: a still more favorite metaphor than\r\n \u003ci\u003ecoagmentare\u003c/i\u003e. Cic. has \u003ci\u003econglutinare rem \u003c/i\u003e (Or. 1, 188);\r\n \u003ci\u003eamicitias\u003c/i\u003e (Lael. 32 and Att. 7, 8, 1); \u003ci\u003evoluntates\u003c/i\u003e (Fam. 11,\r\n 27, 2); \u003ci\u003econcordiam\u003c/i\u003e. (Att. 1, 17, 10); in Phil. 3, 28 Cic. says of\r\n Antony that he is \u003ci\u003etotus ex vitiis conglutinatus\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eiam\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027further\u0027, so below. — \u003cb\u003econglutinatio\u003c/b\u003e: the noun\r\n occurs only here and Orat. 78 \u003ci\u003ec. verborum\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ereliquum\u003c/b\u003e: not infrequently, as here, used substantively with an\r\n adjective modifier. — \u003cb\u003esine causa\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027without sufficient\r\n reason\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_73\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_73\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e73.\u003c/a\u003e vetat\r\n Pythagoras\u003c/b\u003e etc.: the passage is from Plato, Phaedo 61 A-62 C. Plato\r\n makes Socrates there profess to quote Philolaus, the Pythagorean;\r\n Cic. therefore refers the doctrine to Pythagoras Cf. Tusc. 1, 74; Rep. 6,\r\n 15. The Stoics held the same view about suicide, which they authorized in\r\n extreme cases, but much less freely than is commonly supposed; cf. Sen.\r\n Ep. 117, 22 \u003ci\u003enihil mihi videtur turpius quam optare mortem\u003c/i\u003e. See\r\n Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch. 12, C (2); cf. also Lecky,\r\n Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 228 \u003ci\u003eet seq\u003c/i\u003e. (Am. ed.) —\r\n \u003cb\u003eimperatoris … praesidio\u003c/b\u003e: here Cic. seems to understand Plato\u0027s\r\n \u003cspan title=\"phrourai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eφρουραι\u003c/span\u003e as referring to\r\n warfare; in Tusc. and Rep. he understands it of a prison. —\r\n \u003cb\u003esapientis\u003c/b\u003e: Solon was one of the \u0027Seven Sages of Greece\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eelogium\u003c/b\u003e: the distich is preserved by Plutarch, and runs thus:\r\n \u003cspan title=\"mêde moi aklaustos thanatos moloi, alla philoisi Kalleipoimi thanôn algea kai stonachas\" lang=\"el\"\u003eμηδε μοι\r\n ακλαυστος\r\n θανατος\r\n μολοι, αλλα\r\n φιλοισι\r\n Καλλειποιμι\r\n θανων αλγεα\r\n και\r\n στοναχας\u003c/span\u003e. Cic. thus\r\n translates it in Tusc. 1, 117 \u003ci\u003eMors mea ne careat lacrimis, linquamus\r\n amicis Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu\u003c/i\u003e. The epitaph of\r\n Ennius is also quoted there and is declared to be better than that of\r\n Solon (cf. Tusc. 1, 34). — \u003cb\u003evolt se esse carum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027he wishes to\r\n make out that he is beloved\u0027; \u003ci\u003evolt esse carus\u003c/i\u003e would have had quite\r\n a different sense. Cf. Fin. 5, 13 \u003ci\u003eStrato physicum se volt\u003c/i\u003e, with\r\n Madvig\u0027s n. — \u003cb\u003ehaud scio an\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 56\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003efaxit\u003c/b\u003e: the subject is \u003ci\u003equisquam\u003c/i\u003e understood\r\n from \u003ci\u003enemo\u003c/i\u003e. For the form see A. 142, 128, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e, 3; G. 191, 5;\r\n H. 240, 4. The end of the epitaph is omitted here as in Tusc. 1, 117, but\r\n is given in Tusc. 1, 34 \u003ci\u003ecur? volito vivas per ora virum\u003c/i\u003e. Notice\r\n the alliteration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_74\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_74\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e74.\u003c/a\u003e isque\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003evixitque\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eaut optandus aut\r\n nullus\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_66\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e66\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eaut neglegenda … aut\r\n optanda; nullus\u003c/i\u003e almost = \u003ci\u003enon\u003c/i\u003e as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e,\r\n but only in the Letters does Cic. (imitating Plautus and the other\r\n dramatists) attach \u003ci\u003enullus\u003c/i\u003e in this sense to the name of a\r\n particular person; \u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c/i\u003e Att. 11, 24, 4 \u003ci\u003ePhilotimus nullus\r\n venit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esed … esse\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027but we must con this lesson from\r\n our youth up\u0027. For the passive sense of \u003ci\u003emeditatum\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eadeptam\u003c/i\u003e. In Tusc. 1, 74 Cic., imitating\r\n Plato, says \u003ci\u003etota philosophorum vita commentatio mortis est\u003c/i\u003e. So\r\n Seneca, \u003ci\u003etota vita discendum est mori\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esine qua … nemo\r\n potest\u003c/b\u003e: these words bring the position of Cicero with regard to death\r\n wonderfully near that of Lucretius: the latter argues that for peace of\r\n mind one must believe \u0027\u003ci\u003enullum esse sensum post mortem\u003c/i\u003e\u0027; the\r\n former\u0027s lesson is \u0027\u003ci\u003eaut nullum esse sensum aut optandum\u003c/i\u003e\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003etimens\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003esi quis timet\u003c/i\u003e; the subject of \u003ci\u003epoterit\u003c/i\u003e is\r\n the indefinite \u003ci\u003equis\u003c/i\u003e involved in \u003ci\u003etimens\u003c/i\u003e. A. 310, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n G. 670; H. 549, 2. — \u003cb\u003equi\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003equo modo\u003c/i\u003e, as in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eanimo consistere\u003c/b\u003e: so in pro Quint.\r\n 77; also \u003ci\u003emente consistere\u003c/i\u003e in Phil. 2, 68; Div. 2, 149;\r\n Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2 \u003ci\u003eneque mente neque lingua neque ore consistere\u003c/i\u003e. The\r\n word is, literally, \u0027to stand firm\u0027, \u0027to get a firm foothold\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e31\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_75\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75.\u003c/a\u003e L. Brutum\u003c/b\u003e: fell in single combat with Aruns,\r\n son of the exiled Tarquin; see Liv. 2, 6. The accusatives \u003ci\u003eBrutum\u003c/i\u003e\r\n etc. are not the objects of \u003ci\u003erecorder\u003c/i\u003e but the subjects of\r\n infinitives to be supplied from \u003ci\u003eprofectas\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eduos\r\n Decios\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 43\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecursum\r\n equorum\u003c/b\u003e: the word \u003ci\u003eequos\u003c/i\u003e would have been sufficient; but this\r\n kind of pleonasm is common in Latin; see n. on Lael.\r\n 30 \u003ci\u003ecausae diligendi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eAtilius\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e Regulus,\r\n whose story is too well known to need recounting. There are many\r\n contradictions and improbabilities about it. — \u003cb\u003eScipiones\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 29\u003c/a\u003e. In Paradoxa 1, 12 Cic. says of them\r\n \u003ci\u003eCarthaginiensium adventum corporibus suis intercludendum\r\n putaverunt\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ePoenis\u003c/b\u003e: on the dat. see A. 235, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e;\r\n H. 384, 4, n. 2. — \u003cb\u003ePaulum\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 29\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eL. Aemilius\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecollegae\u003c/b\u003e: M. Terentius Varro. There is\r\n no reason to suppose that he was a worse general than many other Romans\r\n who met Hannibal and were beaten; the early historians, being all\r\n aristocrats, fixed the disgrace of Cannae on the democratic consul.\r\n Varro\u0027s contemporaries were more just to him. Far from reproaching him,\r\n the Senate commended his spirit, and several times afterwards entrusted\r\n him with important business. — \u003cb\u003eMarcellum\u003c/b\u003e: the captor of\r\n Syracuse in 212 B.C. He fell into an ambush in 208 and was killed;\r\n Hannibal buried him with military honors. — \u003cb\u003ecuius interitum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n abstract for concrete = \u003ci\u003equem, post interitum\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecrudelissimus hostis\u003c/b\u003e: this, the traditional Roman view of\r\n Hannibal, is the reverse of the truth, so far as extant testimony goes.\r\n See Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, Bk. III. Ch. 4; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, Bk. IV.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esed … arbitrarentur\u003c/b\u003e: these words are almost exactly\r\n repeated in Tusc. 1, 89 and 101. — \u003cb\u003erustici\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Arch. 24\r\n \u003ci\u003enostri illi fortes viri sed rustici ac milites\u003c/i\u003e; also above,\r\n 24.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_76\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_76\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e76.\u003c/a\u003e omnino\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 9\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enum igitur\u003c/b\u003e etc.: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enisi forte et seq\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econstans\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 33\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ene … quidem\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 27\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esatietas vitae\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003esenectus autem et seq.\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003esatietas\r\n vivendi\u003c/i\u003e in pro Marc. 27; also Tusc. 1, 109 \u003ci\u003evita acta perficiat ut\r\n satis superque vixisse videamur\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_77\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77.\u003c/a\u003e cernere\u003c/b\u003e: of\r\n the mind also in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e. With the context cf. Div. 1,\r\n 63 \u003ci\u003eanimus appropinquante morte multo est divinior; facilius evenit\r\n appropinquante morte ut animi futura augurentur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evestros\r\n patres\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 15\u003c/a\u003e. The elder Laelius was\r\n prominent both as general and as statesman. He commanded the fleet which\r\n co-operated with Scipio Africanus in Spain and\r\n afterwards served with honor in Africa. He was an intimate friend of\r\n Cato. See Liv. 26, 42 \u003ci\u003eet seq.\u003c/i\u003e — \u003cb\u003etuque\u003c/b\u003e: so in Lael.\r\n 100 \u003ci\u003eC. Fanni et tu, Q. Muci\u003c/i\u003e; but above, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e\r\n and \u003ca href=\"#Sect_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e simply \u003ci\u003eScipio et Laeli\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003equae est sola vita\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en.\u003c/a\u003e on \u003ci\u003evitam\r\n nullam\u003c/i\u003e in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enam dum sumus\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n the whole of this doctrine is Platonic; cf. Lael. 13. — \u003cb\u003emunere\r\n necessitatis et … opere\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027function and task allotted as by\r\n fate\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e — immortalis\u003c/b\u003e: Cicero rarely\r\n mentions the gods without this epithet. — \u003cb\u003esparsisse\u003c/b\u003e: Horace\r\n calls the soul \u003ci\u003edivinae particulam aurae\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etuerentur\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n rule, or guard, or care for. Most editors wrongly take \u003ci\u003etuerentur\u003c/i\u003e\r\n to be for \u003ci\u003eintuerentur\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027to look upon\u0027, and regard it as an\r\n intentional archaism. But cf. Rep. 6, 15 (where no archaism can be\r\n intended): \u003ci\u003ehomines sunt hac lege generati, qui tuerentur illum globum\r\n quae terra vocatur\u003c/i\u003e; also \u003ci\u003etuentur\u003c/i\u003e below in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003econtemplantes imitarentur\u003c/b\u003e: perhaps\r\n more Stoic than Platonic; the Stoics laid great stress on the ethical\r\n value of a contemplation and imitation of the order of the universe. Cf.\r\n N.D. 2, 37 \u003ci\u003eipse homo ortus est ad mundum contemplandum et\r\n imitandum\u003c/i\u003e; Sen. Dial. 8, 5, 1 \u003ci\u003eNatura nos ad utrumque genuit, et\r\n contemplationi rerum et actioni\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emodo\u003c/b\u003e: here\r\n \u003ci\u003emodus\u003c/i\u003e seems to be the Platonic \u003cspan title=\"to metrion\" lang=\"el\"\u003eτο\r\n μετριον\u003c/span\u003e, or perhaps a reminiscence\r\n of the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean (\u003ca href=\"#Snot_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on\r\n 46\u003c/a\u003e). Translate \u0027in moderation and consistency of life\u0027; and cf. Off.\r\n 1, 93 \u003ci\u003ererum modus\u003c/i\u003e \u0027moderation in all things\u0027. For\r\n \u003ci\u003econstantia\u003c/i\u003e see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eita\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 16\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eet tamen sic\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_78\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e78.\u003c/a\u003e Pythagoran\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n see n. to 23. No ancient philosopher held more firmiy than Pythagoras to\r\n belief in the immortality of the soul; it formed a part of his doctrine\r\n of Metempsychosis. He was also noted for his numerical speculations in\r\n Astronomy and Music. With him is said to have originated the doctrine of\r\n the \u0027harmony of the spheres\u0027. — \u003cb\u003equi essent\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027inasmuch as\r\n they were\u0027. Cicero often tries to make out a connection between\r\n Pythagoras and the early Romans; cf. Tusc. 4, 2; also Liv. 1, 18. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eex universa mente\u003c/b\u003e: the world-soul. Diog. Laert 8 gives as\r\n Pythagorean the doctrine \u003cspan title=\"psychên einai apospasma tou aitheros kai athanaton\" lang=\"el\"\u003eψυχην\r\n ειναι\r\n αποσπασμα\r\n του αιθερος\r\n και\r\n αθανατον\u003c/span\u003e. Similar doctrines\r\n occur in Plato and the Stoics; cf. Div. 1, 110 \u003ci\u003ea qua (i.e. a natura\r\n deorum) ut doctissimis sapientissimisque placuit, haustos animos et\r\n libatos habemus\u003c/i\u003e; Tusc. 5, 38 \u003ci\u003ehumanus animus decerptus ex mente\r\n divina\u003c/i\u003e; Sen. Dial. 12, 6, 7. — \u003cb\u003ehaberemus\u003c/b\u003e: imperfect\r\n where the English requires the present. A. 287, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e; H. 495, V.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eSocrates\u003c/b\u003e: in Plato\u0027s Phaedo. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eimmortalitate animorum\u003c/b\u003e: this is commoner than \u003ci\u003eimmortalitas\r\n animi\u003c/i\u003e, for \u0027the immortality of the soul\u0027; so Lael. 14; Tusc. 1, 80\r\n \u003ci\u003eaeternitas animorum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edisseruisset\u003c/b\u003e: subjunctive\r\n because involving the statements of some other person than the speaker.\r\n A. 341, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G. 630; H. 528, 1. — \u003cb\u003eis qui esset\u003c/b\u003e etc.: \u0027a\r\n man great enough to have been declared wisest\u0027. See n. on Lael. 7\r\n \u003ci\u003eApollinis … iudicatum\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esic\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ci\u003eita\u003c/i\u003e above.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eceleritas animorum\u003c/b\u003e: the ancients pictured to themselves\r\n the mind as a substance capable of exceedingly rapid movement; cf. Tusc.\r\n 1, 43 \u003ci\u003enulla est celeritas quae possit cum animi celeritate\r\n contendere\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etantae scientiae\u003c/b\u003e: as the plural of\r\n \u003ci\u003escientia\u003c/i\u003e is almost unknown in classical Latin, recent editors take\r\n \u003ci\u003escientiae\u003c/i\u003e here as genitive, \u0027so many arts requiring so much\r\n knowledge\u0027. In favor of this interpretation are such passages as Acad. 2,\r\n 146 \u003ci\u003eartem sine scientia esse non posse\u003c/i\u003e; Fin. 5, 26 \u003ci\u003eut omnes\r\n artes in aliqua scientia versentur\u003c/i\u003e. Yet in De Or. 1, 61 \u003ci\u003ephysica\r\n ista et mathematica et quae paulo ante ceterarum artium propria posuisti,\r\n scientiae sunt eorum qui illa profitentur\u003c/i\u003e it is very awkward to take\r\n \u003ci\u003escientiae\u003c/i\u003e as genitive. — \u003cb\u003ecumque semper\u003c/b\u003e etc.: this\r\n argument is copied very closely from Plato\u0027s Phaedrus, 245 C. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eprincipium motus\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cspan title=\"archê kinêseôs\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαρχη\r\n κινησεως\u003c/span\u003e in Plato.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ese ipse\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 4\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ea se\r\n ipsi\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecum simplex\u003c/b\u003e etc: from Plato\u0027s Phaedo, 78-80. The\r\n general drift of the argument is this: material things decay because they\r\n are compounded of parts that fall asunder; there is nothing to show that\r\n the soul is so compounded; therefore no reason to believe that it will so\r\n decay. Notice the imperfects \u003ci\u003eesset … haberet … posset\u003c/i\u003e\r\n accommodated to the tense of \u003ci\u003epersuasi\u003c/i\u003e above, although the other\r\n subjunctives in the sentence are not; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 42\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003eefficeret\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003eneque … dissimile\u003c/b\u003e: in modern\r\n phraseology the whole of this clause would be briefly expressed thus,\r\n — \u0027and was homogeneous\u0027. — \u003cb\u003eposset\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003equod si\u003c/i\u003e\r\n =\u0027whereas if\u0027, the subject of \u003ci\u003eposset\u003c/i\u003e being \u003ci\u003eanimus\u003c/i\u003e, and\r\n \u003ci\u003edividi\u003c/i\u003e being understood. — \u003cb\u003emagno argumento\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003cspan title=\"hikanon tekmêrion\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ικανον\r\n τεκμηριον\u003c/span\u003e in Pl. Phaed.\r\n 72 A. Belief in the immortality of the soul naturally follows the\r\n acceptance of the doctrine of pre-existence. — \u003cb\u003ehomines scire\u003c/b\u003e\r\n etc.: See Plato, Phaedo, 72 E-73 B. The notion that the souls of men\r\n existed before the bodies with which they are connected has been held in\r\n all ages and has often found expression in literature. The English poets\r\n have not infrequently alluded to it. See Wordsworth\u0027s Ode on the\r\n Intimations of Immortality from the Recollections of Early Childhood,\r\n \u0027Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting\u0027 etc.; also, in Tennyson\u0027s Two\r\n Voices the passage beginning, —\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"noflo\"\u003e\r\n\u003cdiv class=\"nofblk\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0027Yet how should I for certain hold,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBecause my memory is so cold,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThat I first was in human mould?\u0027\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ereminisci et recordari\u003c/b\u003e: a double translation of Plato\u0027s\r\n \u003cspan title=\"anamimnêskesthai\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαναμιμνησκεσθαι\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n quite in Cicero\u0027s fashion; the former word implies a momentary act, the\r\n latter one of some duration. — \u003cb\u003ehaec Platonis fere\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027so far\r\n Plato\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_79\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_79\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e79.\u003c/a\u003e apud\r\n Xenophontem\u003c/b\u003e: Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 17; for \u003ci\u003eapud\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e; when Cic. says that a passage is \u0027in\u0027 a certain\r\n author (not naming the book) he uses \u003ci\u003eapud\u003c/i\u003e, not \u003ci\u003ein\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003emaior\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027the elder\u0027; cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_59\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eCyrum\r\n minorem\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enolite arbitrari\u003c/b\u003e: a common periphrasis. A.\r\n 269, \u003ci\u003ea\u003c/i\u003e, 2; G. 264, II.; H. 489, I. — \u003cb\u003edum eram\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n imperfect with \u003ci\u003edum\u003c/i\u003e is not common; see Roby, 1458, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; A.\r\n 276, \u003ci\u003ee\u003c/i\u003e, n.; G. 572, 571; H. 519, I., 467, 4 with n.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e — \u003ca id=\"Snot_80\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_80\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e80.\u003c/a\u003e nec … teneremus\u003c/b\u003e: the souls of the dead\r\n continue to exert an influence on the living, or else their fame would\r\n not remain; a weak argument. — \u003cb\u003emihi … potuit\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enemo … persuadebit\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003evivere …\r\n emori\u003c/b\u003e: adversative asyndeton. — \u003cb\u003einsipientem\u003c/b\u003e: in Xen.\r\n \u003cspan title=\"aphrôn\" lang=\"el\"\u003eαφρων\u003c/span\u003e, \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e without power of\r\n thinking. — \u003cb\u003esed\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027but rather that …\u0027. — \u003cb\u003ehominis\r\n natura\u003c/b\u003e: a periphrasis for \u003ci\u003ehomo\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Fin. 5, 33 \u003ci\u003eintellegant,\r\n si quando naturam hominis dicam, hominem dicere me; nihil enim hoc\r\n differt\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enihil … somnum\u003c/b\u003e: poets and artists from\r\n Homer (Il. 16, 682) onwards have pictured death as sleep\u0027s brother. Cf.\r\n Lessing, How the Ancients Represented Death.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_81\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_81\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e81.\u003c/a\u003e atqui\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 6\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003edormientium animi\u003c/b\u003e etc.: see\r\n Div. 1, 60 where a passage of similar import is translated from Plato\u0027s\r\n Republic IX; ib. 115. — \u003cb\u003eremissi et liberi\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Div. 1, 113\r\n \u003ci\u003eanimus solutus ac vacuus\u003c/i\u003e; De Or. 2, 193 \u003ci\u003eanimo leni ac\r\n remisso\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecorporis\u003c/b\u003e: the singular, though \u003ci\u003eanimi\u003c/i\u003e\r\n precedes; so in Lael. 13; Tusc. 2, 12, etc. —\r\n \u003cb\u003epulchritudinem\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cspan title=\"kosmon\" lang=\"el\"\u003eκοσμον\u003c/span\u003e;\r\n Cic. translates it by \u003ci\u003eornatus\u003c/i\u003e in Acad. 2, 119 where \u003ci\u003ehic\r\n ornatus\u003c/i\u003e corresponds to \u003ci\u003ehic mundus\u003c/i\u003e a little earlier. —\r\n \u003cb\u003etuentur\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 77\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003etuerentur\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eservabitis\u003c/b\u003e: future for imperative. A. 269, \u003ci\u003ef\u003c/i\u003e; G.\r\n 265, 1; H. 487, 4.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_82\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_82\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e82.\u003c/a\u003e Cyrus\u003c/b\u003e etc.:\r\n see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_78\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 78\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003esi placet\u003c/b\u003e: cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 6\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003enisi molestum est\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003enostra\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003eRomana = domestica\u003c/i\u003e in 12. — \u003cb\u003enemo\u003c/b\u003e\r\n etc.: this line of argument is often repeated in Cic.; see Tusc. 1, 32\r\n \u003ci\u003eet seq.\u003c/i\u003e; Arch. 29. — \u003cb\u003eduos avos … patruum\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003enn. on 29\u003c/a\u003e. — \u003cb\u003emultos\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003esc. alios\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eesse conatos\u003c/b\u003e: loosely put for \u003ci\u003efuisse conaturos\u003c/i\u003e, as\r\n below, \u003ci\u003esuscepturum fuisse\u003c/i\u003e. So in the direct narration we might\r\n have, though exceptionally, \u003ci\u003enon conabantur nisi\r\n cernerent\u003c/i\u003e for \u003ci\u003enon conati essent nisi vidissent\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ecernerent\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 13\u003c/a\u003e quaereretur.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eut … glorier\u003c/b\u003e: in Arch. 30 Cic. makes the same\r\n reflections in almost the same words about his own achievements. —\r\n \u003cb\u003ealiquid\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 1\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equid\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e — si isdem\u003c/b\u003e etc.: cf. Arch.\r\n 29 \u003ci\u003esi nihil animus praesentiret … dimicaret\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eaetatem\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003evitam\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003etraducere\u003c/b\u003e: cf. Tusc. 3, 25\r\n \u003ci\u003evolumus hoc quod datum est vitae tranquille placideque traducere.\u003c/i\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003enescio quo modo\u003c/b\u003e: A. 210, \u003ci\u003ef\u003c/i\u003e, Rem.; G. 469, Rem. 2;\r\n H. 529, 5, 3). — \u003cb\u003eerigens se\u003c/b\u003e: Acad. 2, 127 \u003ci\u003eerigimur,\r\n elatiores fieri videmur\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ehaud … niteretur\u003c/b\u003e: in\r\n Cicero\u0027s speeches \u003ci\u003ehaud\u003c/i\u003e scarcely occurs except before adverbs and\r\n the verb \u003ci\u003escio\u003c/i\u003e; in the philosophical writings and in the Letters\r\n before many other verbs. — \u003cb\u003eimmortalitatis gloriam\u003c/b\u003e: so Balb.\r\n 16 \u003ci\u003esempiterni nominis gloriam\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. also Arch. 26 \u003ci\u003etrahimur omnes\r\n studio laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_83\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_83\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e83.\u003c/a\u003e non videre\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n either \u003ci\u003enon videre\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003enon item\u003c/i\u003e was to be expected, as Cicero\r\n does not often end sentences or clauses with \u003ci\u003enon\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ecolui\r\n et dilexi\u003c/b\u003e: so \u003ca href=\"#Sect_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ecoluntur et diliguntur\u003c/i\u003e. —\r\n \u003cb\u003evidendi\u003c/b\u003e: Cic. for the most part avoids the genitive plural of the\r\n gerundive in agreement with a noun, and uses the gerund as here. Meissner\r\n notes that Latin has no verb with the sense \u0027to see again\u0027, which a\r\n modern would use here. — \u003cb\u003econscripsi\u003c/b\u003e: in the \u003ci\u003eOrigines\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equo\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003ci\u003ead quos\u003c/i\u003e; see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 12\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u003ci\u003efore unde\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ePelian\u003c/b\u003e: a mistake of Cicero\u0027s. It was\r\n not Pelias but his half-brother Aeson, father of Iason, whom Medea made\r\n young again by cutting him to pieces and boiling him in her enchanted\r\n cauldron. She, however, induced the daughters of Pelias to try the same\r\n experiment with their father; the issue, of course, was very different.\r\n Plautus, Pseud. 3, 2, 80 seems to make the same mistake. — \u003cb\u003esi\r\n quis deus\u003c/b\u003e: the present subjunctive is noticeable; strictly, an\r\n impossible condition should require the past tense, but in vivid passages\r\n an impossible condition is momentarily treated as possible. So Cic.\r\n generally says \u003ci\u003esi reviviscat aliquis\u003c/i\u003e, not \u003ci\u003erevivisceret\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003edecurso spatio\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027when I have run my race\u0027. See \u003ca href=\"#Snot_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 14\u003c/a\u003e. Lucretius 3, 1042 oddly has \u003ci\u003edecurso\r\n lumine vitae\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003ead carceres a calce\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ci\u003ecarceres\u003c/i\u003e\r\n were the barriers behind which the horses and cars stood waiting for the\r\n race; \u003ci\u003ecalx\u003c/i\u003e (\u003cspan title=\"grammê\" lang=\"el\"\u003eγραμμη\u003c/span\u003e), literally \u0027a\r\n chalked line\u0027, was what we should call \u0027the winning post\u0027. Cf. Lael. 101;\r\n Tusc. 1, 15 \u003ci\u003enunc video calcem ad quam cum sit decursum, nihil sit\r\n praeterea extimescendum.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_84\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_84\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e84.\u003c/a\u003e habeat\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n concessive. A. 266, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c/i\u003e; G. 257; H. 484, 3. — \u003cb\u003emulti et ei\r\n docti\u003c/b\u003e: as Nägelsbach, Stilistik § 25, 5, remarks, Cic. always\r\n uses this phrase and not \u003ci\u003emulti docti\u003c/i\u003e. One of the books Cic. has in\r\n view is no doubt that of Hegesias, a Cyrenaic philosopher, mentioned in\r\n Tusc. 1, 84. — \u003cb\u003ecommorandi … divorsorium\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027a hostelry\r\n wherein to sojourn\u0027. The idea has been expressed in literature in a\r\n thousand ways. Cf. Lucr. 3, 938 \u003ci\u003ecur non ut plenus vitae conviva\r\n recedis\u003c/i\u003e; Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 118 \u003ci\u003evita cedat uti conviva satur\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n Cicero often insists that heaven is the \u003ci\u003evera aeternaque domus\u003c/i\u003e of\r\n the soul (cf. Tusc. 1, 118). Cf. Epist. to the Hebrews, 13, 14 \u0027Here have\r\n we no continuing city, but we seek one to come\u0027. — \u003cb\u003econcilium\r\n coetumque\u003c/b\u003e: so in Rep. 6, 13 \u003ci\u003econcilia coetusque hominum quae\r\n civitates vocantur\u003c/i\u003e. The words here seem to imply that the real\r\n \u003ci\u003ecivitas\u003c/i\u003e is above; what seems to men a \u003ci\u003ecivitas\u003c/i\u003e is merely a\r\n disorganized crowd.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP. \u003ca href=\"#Page_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e — Catonem meum\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Sect_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e15\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_68\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e68\u003c/a\u003e; so Cicero in his\r\n letters often calls his own son \u003ci\u003emeus Cicero\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003enemo\r\n vir\u003c/b\u003e: see \u003ca href=\"#Snot_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 21\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equemquam senem\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003equod contra\u003c/b\u003e: = \u003cspan title=\"ho tounantion\" lang=\"el\"\u003e‛ο\r\n τουναντιον\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n \u0027whereas on the contrary\u0027; cf. n. on Lael. 90 where, as well as here,\r\n many of the editors make the mistake of taking \u003ci\u003equod\u003c/i\u003e to be the\r\n accusative governed by \u003ci\u003econtra\u003c/i\u003e out of place. — \u003cb\u003emeum\u003c/b\u003e:\r\n \u003ci\u003esc. corpus cremari\u003c/i\u003e. — \u003cb\u003equo\u003c/b\u003e: put for \u003ci\u003ead quae\u003c/i\u003e, as\r\n often. — \u003cb\u003evisus sum\u003c/b\u003e: \u0027people thought I bore up bravely\u0027.\r\n — \u003cb\u003enon quo … sed\u003c/b\u003e: a relative clause parallel with a\r\n categorically affirmative clause. The usage is not uncommon, though Cic.\r\n often has \u003ci\u003enon quo … sed quia\u003c/i\u003e. For mood of \u003ci\u003eferrem\u003c/i\u003e see A.\r\n 341, \u003ci\u003ed\u003c/i\u003e, Rem.; G. 541, Rem. 1.; H. 516, II. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ca id=\"Snot_85\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Sect_85\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e85.\u003c/a\u003e dixisti\u003c/b\u003e: in \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4.\u003c/a\u003e\r\n — \u003cb\u003equi\u003c/b\u003e: here = \u003ci\u003ecum ego\u003c/i\u003e, \u0027since I …\u0027. —\r\n \u003cb\u003eextorqueri volo\u003c/b\u003e: \u003ca href=\"#Snot_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 2\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003elevari volo\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003eminuti philosophi\u003c/b\u003e: for the word \u003ci\u003eminutus\u003c/i\u003e cf. \u003ca href=\"#Snot_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003en. on 46\u003c/a\u003e; Cic. has \u003ci\u003eminuti philosophi\u003c/i\u003e in Acad.\r\n 2, 75; Div. 1, 62; in Fin. 1, 61 \u003ci\u003eminuti et angusti (homines)\u003c/i\u003e; in\r\n Brut. 265 \u003ci\u003em. imperatores\u003c/i\u003e; cf. Suet. Aug. 83 \u003ci\u003em. pueri\u003c/i\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003esentiam\u003c/b\u003e: future indicative. — \u003cb\u003eperactio\u003c/b\u003e: the\r\n noun is said to occur only here in Cic.; cf. however \u003ca href=\"#Sect_64\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003eperagere\u003c/i\u003e; \u003ca href=\"#Sect_70\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e.\r\n — \u003cb\u003ehaec … dicerem\u003c/b\u003e: the same words occur at the end of the\r\n Laelius; for \u003ci\u003ehabeo quod dicam\u003c/i\u003e Cic. often says \u003ci\u003ehabeo dicere\u003c/i\u003e,\r\n as in Balb. 34.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003chr\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"pg_body_wrapper\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Footnotes\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFootnotes.\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e Horace, Ep. 2, I, 156:— \u003cbr\u003e\r\n \u003ci\u003eGraecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes \u003cbr\u003e\r\n Intulit agresti Latio.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[2]\u003c/a\u003e De Off. 1, 1, 2: \u003ci\u003ephilosophandi scientiam concedens multis\u003c/i\u003e etc.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[3]\u003c/a\u003e To judge rightly of Cicero it must be remembered that he was a politician only by accident: his whole natural bent was towards literature.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[4]\u003c/a\u003e To see the truth of this it is only necessary to refer for example to the weight given to the opinions of Cicero in the heated political discussions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_5\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[5]\u003c/a\u003e Almost every branch of learning was ranked under the head of Philosophy. Strabo even claimed that one branch of Philosophy was Geography.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_6\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_6\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[6]\u003c/a\u003e 2, 3 \u003ci\u003einteriectus est nuper liber is quem ad nostrum Atticum de senectute misimus.\u003c/i\u003e No argument can be founded on the words \u003ci\u003einteriectus est\u003c/i\u003e, over which the editors have wasted much ingenuity. They simply mean \u0027there was inserted in the series of my works\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_7\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_7\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[7]\u003c/a\u003e See 2, 23.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_8\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_8\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[8]\u003c/a\u003e 14, 21, 3; 16, 3, 1; 16, 11, 3.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_9\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[9]\u003c/a\u003e See Att. 14, 21, 1.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_10\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[10]\u003c/a\u003e It was certainly not written, as Sommerbrodt assumes, in the intervals of composing the \u003ci\u003eDe Divinatione\u003c/i\u003e. The words in 2, 7 of that work—\u003ci\u003equoniam de re publica consuli coepti sumus\u003c/i\u003e etc.—point to the end of September or beginning of October, 44, when Cicero returned to Rome and began to compose his Philippic orations.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_11\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_11\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[11]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_1\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_12\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[12]\u003c/a\u003e It is perhaps not a mere accident that the prowess of L. Brutus \u003ci\u003ein liberanda patria\u003c/i\u003e is mentioned in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_75\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e. There may be a reference to the latest Brutus who had freed his country.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_13\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_13\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[13]\u003c/a\u003e In March, 45.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_14\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[14]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_15\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_15\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[15]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_84\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e84\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_16\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_16\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[16]\u003c/a\u003e See p. \u003ca href=\"#Page_iii\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003eiii.\u003c/a\u003e above.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_17\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_17\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[17]\u003c/a\u003e In the notes exact references will be given to the places in the original where the other passages mentioned may be found.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_18\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[18]\u003c/a\u003e Particularly the first book of the \u003ci\u003eTusculan Disputations\u003c/i\u003e, the \u003ci\u003eDe Republica\u003c/i\u003e, and the \u003ci\u003eLaelius\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_19\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_19\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[19]\u003c/a\u003e See \u003ca href=\"#Sect_4\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e, below.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_20\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[20]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_21\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_21\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[21]\u003c/a\u003e Works on Old Age are said to have been written by Theophrastus and Demetrius Phalereus, either or both of which Cicero might have used. One passage in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_67\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e67\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ci\u003efacilius in morbos … tristius curantur\u003c/i\u003e, is supposed by many to have been imitated from Hippocrates; but the resemblance is probably accidental. Cf. De Off. 1, 24, 83.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_22\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_22\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[22]\u003c/a\u003e See § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_23\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_23\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[23]\u003c/a\u003e See Att. 16, 11, 3; 16, 3, 1; 14, 21, 3.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_24\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_24\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[24]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_2\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_25\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_25\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[25]\u003c/a\u003e As Cicero\u0027s intention was to set old age in a favorable light, he slights Aristo Cius for giving to Tithonus the chief part in a dialogue on old age. See § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_3\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e; cf. also Laelius, § 4.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_26\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_26\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[26]\u003c/a\u003e See below \u003ca href=\"#Page_xxiii\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e(ii.), 1.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_27\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_27\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[27]\u003c/a\u003e On the whole subject of Aristotle\u0027s dialogues see Bernays\u0027 monograph, \u003ci\u003eDie Dialoge des Aristoteles\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_28\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_28\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[28]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003equartum ago annum et octogesimum\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Lael. 11 \u003ci\u003ememini Catonem ante quam est mortuus mecum et cum Scipione disserere\u003c/i\u003e etc.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_29\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_29\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[29]\u003c/a\u003e Cicero always indicates this date; cf. § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_14\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e. Some other writers, as Livy, give, probably wrongly, an earlier date.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_30\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_30\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[30]\u003c/a\u003e He himself says (Festus, p.28l) \u003ci\u003eego iam a principio in parsimonia atque in duritia atque industria omnem adulescentiam, abstinui agro colendo, saxis Sabinis silicibus repastinandis atque conserendis\u003c/i\u003e. Cf. Gell. \u003ci\u003eNoct. Att.\u003c/i\u003e 13, 23.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_31\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_31\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[31]\u003c/a\u003e See Cat. M. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_32\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[32]\u003c/a\u003e Plut. C. 1; Cat. M. §§ \u003ca href=\"#Sect_18\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e: Cato himself ap. Fest. s.v. \u003ci\u003eordinarius\u003c/i\u003e says \u003ci\u003equid mihi fieret si non ego stipendia in ordine omnia ordinarius meruissem semper?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_33\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_33\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[33]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_34\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_34\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[34]\u003c/a\u003e If Plutarch may be trusted, Cato at the age of 30 had won for himself the title of \u0027the Roman Demosthenes\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_35\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_35\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[35]\u003c/a\u003e § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_36\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_36\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[36]\u003c/a\u003e In § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_10\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e Cicero makes the quaestorship fall in 205, but he refers to the election, not to the actual year of office.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_37\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_37\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[37]\u003c/a\u003e Nepos (or pseudo-Nepos), Cat. 1.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_38\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_38\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[38]\u003c/a\u003e Cato afterwards made it a charge against M. Fulvius Nobilior that he had taken Ennius with him on a campaign (Tusc. 1, 3). But Cato used Ennius as soldier while Nobilior employed him as poet.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_39\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_39\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e It is difficult, however, to fix the date of this enactment. Some authorities place it after Cato\u0027s return from Spain.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_40\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_40\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[40]\u003c/a\u003e Livy 34, cc. 1-8.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_41\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[41]\u003c/a\u003e See Livy, 34, 18.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_42\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[42]\u003c/a\u003e \u003ci\u003ei.e.\u003c/i\u003e he was \u003ci\u003elegatus consularis\u003c/i\u003e. It was at the time a common thing for ex-consuls to take service under their successors. So Liv. 36, 17, 1, but Cic. Cat. M. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_32\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003ec 10\u003c/a\u003e says \u003ci\u003etribunus militaris\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_43\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_43\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[43]\u003c/a\u003e Cicero\u0027s statements throughout the treatise concerning the relations between Cato and Africanus the elder, particularly in § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_77\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e77\u003c/a\u003e where Cato calls his enemy \u003ci\u003eamicissimus\u003c/i\u003e, are audaciously inexact.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_44\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_44\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[44]\u003c/a\u003e See Cato M. § \u003ca href=\"#Sect_42\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e42\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_45\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_45\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[45]\u003c/a\u003e We possess the titles of 26 speeches delivered during or concerning his censorship.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_46\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_46\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[46]\u003c/a\u003e He is said to have undergone 44 prosecutions, and to have been prosecutor as often.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_47\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_47\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[47]\u003c/a\u003e See Lael. 9; Cat. M. \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#Sect_84\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e84\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_48\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_48\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[48]\u003c/a\u003e Cf. Livy, 39, 40.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_49\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_49\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[49]\u003c/a\u003e The common view is that Cato said nothing of Roman history from 509-266 B.C.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_50\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_50\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[50]\u003c/a\u003e Cf. Cic. pro Arch. 7, 16.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_51\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_51\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[51]\u003c/a\u003e See Coulanges, \u0027Ancient City\u0027, Bk. II. Ch. 4.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_52\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_52\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[52]\u003c/a\u003e See §§ \u003ca href=\"#Sect_12\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#Sect_41\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e41\u003c/a\u003e etc.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_53\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_53\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[53]\u003c/a\u003e De Or. 2, 170; Fam. 9, 21, 3; Qu. Fr. 2, 3, 3.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_54\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_54\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[54]\u003c/a\u003e In \u003ci\u003eDe Re Publica\u003c/i\u003e 2, 1 Cicero makes Scipio talk extravagantly of Cato.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_55\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_55\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[55]\u003c/a\u003e See Introduction to the Laelius, pp. vi, vii.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\u003ca id=\"Nt_56\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#NtA_56\" class=\"pginternal\"\u003e[56]\u003c/a\u003e A. = Allen and Greenough\u0027s Grammar, Revised Ed.; G. = Gildersleeve\u0027s Grammar; H. = Harkness\u0027s Grammar, Rev. Ed. of 1881. In quoting from the works of Cicero reference is made to sections, not to chapters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\r\n\u003c/article\u003e"}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Versions","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note","Full Text"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":25,"Styles":3,"Scripts":1}}