Elements of the Philosophy of Right
{"WorkMasterId":5871,"WpPageId":275221,"ParentWpPageId":189607,"Slug":"elements-of-the-philosophy-of-right","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/elements-of-the-philosophy-of-right/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/elements-of-the-philosophy-of-right/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":130461,"CleanHtmlLength":75710,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"Elements of the Philosophy of Right","Deck":"Hegel analyzes abstract right, morality, ethical life, family, civil society, state, freedom, and world history.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel-01-schlesinger-portrait.jpg","ImageAlt":"Jakob Schlesinger portrait of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","FilterTerra":"Western Europe","ClickText":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/","Copies":["1770 CE – 1831 CE","Stuttgart, Duchy of Württemberg","German Idealist philosopher of dialectic, absolute idealism, recognition, freedom, ethical life, history, art, nature, religion, and systematic philosophy."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:4","Title":"Modern History","DateText":"1800 CE – 1944 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-modern-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:11","Title":"Long 19th Century","DateText":"1870 CE – 1913 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-modern-history/philosophers-of-the-long-19th-century/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"1821 CE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Published in 1821 CE; visible political-philosophy and textbook-outline status required.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:3"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:DEU:1"}],"OriginalTitle":"Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts","Language":"German","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:political-philosophy"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:ethics"}],"Tradition":"German Idealism / systematic philosophy","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Marxists Internet Archive: Hegel Philosophy of Right Text .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["Hegel analyzes abstract right, morality, ethical life, family, civil society, state, freedom, and world history."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Philosophy of Right; Natural Law and Political Science in Outline","KeyConcepts":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; German Idealism; dialectic; determinate negation; sublation; absolute idealism; spirit; consciousness; recognition; ethical life; freedom; right; state; history; art; religion; logic; nature; science; concept; system; Christianity","Methodology":"Speculative dialectic, systematic reconstruction, immanent critique, historical development, phenomenological exposition, conceptual analysis, and lecture-course synthesis.","Structure":"The page records an approved Hegel work with visible manuscript, lecture-course, posthumous/editorial, systematic, theological, political, or transmission status where needed."},"Arguments":["Hegel analyzes abstract right, morality, ethical life, family, civil society, state, freedom, and world history."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Spinoza, Aristotle, Plato, Rousseau, Lutheran theology, Greek philosophy, and post-Kantian German Idealism.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Included as one of the direct Hegel work pages approved for the Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel full-process update.","The work documents Hegel\u0027s continuing importance for logic, metaphysics, social theory, political philosophy, aesthetics, religion, history, and continental philosophy."],"EvidenceNote":["Direct Hegel work page approved in the Hegel update. Collected works, modern translations, correspondence, individual lecture fragments, student notes outside the approved lecture cycles, Marx critiques, Hegelian reception works, catalog rows, biographies, and scholarship remain evidence/Other Voices."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prconten.htm\"\u003eMarxists Internet Archive: Hegel Philosophy of Right Text\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eAnalytical Table of Contents\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePreface\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xv\"\u003ep. 15\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e The work covers the same ground in a more detailed and systematic way than the Encyclopaedia (1817).\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xvi\"\u003ep. 16\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e The philosophic way of advancing from one matter to another is essentially different from every other.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xvii\"\u003ep. 17\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e Free thought cannot be satisfied with what is given to it.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xviii\"\u003ep. 18\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The ethical world or the state, is in fact reason potently and permanently actualised in self-consciousness.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xix\"\u003ep. 19\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e There are two kinds of laws, laws of nature and laws of right.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xx\"\u003ep. 20\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e The spiritual universe is looked upon as abandoned by God.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxi\"\u003ep. 21\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Fries, one of the leaders of this shallow-minded host of philosophers.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxii\"\u003ep. 22\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e It is no surprise that the view just criticised should appear in the form of piety.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxiii\"\u003ep. 23\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The actual world of right and ethical life are apprehended in thought, and this reasoned right finds expression in law.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxiv\"\u003ep. 24\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e Philosophy should therefore be employed only in the service of the state.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxv\"\u003ep. 25\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e Philosophising has reduced all matter of thought to the same level, resembling the despotism of the Roman Empire.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxvi\"\u003ep. 26\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e Philosophy is an inquisition into the rational, and therefore the apprehension of the real and present.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxvii\"\u003ep. 27\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e What is rational is real and what is real is rational.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxviii\"\u003ep. 28\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e To apprehend what \u003cem\u003eis\u003c/em\u003e is the task of philosophy, because what \u003cem\u003eis\u003c/em\u003e is reason.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxix\"\u003ep. 29\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A half philosophy leads away from God, while a true philosophy leads to God.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/preface.htm#xxx\"\u003ep. 30\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The owl of Minerva, takes its flight only when the shades of night are gathering.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIntroduction\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR1\"\u003e\u0026#167; 1\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The philosophic science of right has as its object the idea of right.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR2\"\u003e\u0026#167; 2\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The science of right is a part of philosophy.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR3\"\u003e\u0026#167; 3\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Right is positive in general.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR4\"\u003e\u0026#167; 4\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The territory of right is in general the spiritual, and its origin is the will.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR5\"\u003e\u0026#167; 5\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e The will contains the element of pure indeterminateness.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR6\"\u003e\u0026#167; 6\u003c/a\u003e [b]\u003c/strong\u003e The I is also the transition from blank indefiniteness to the distinct content and object.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR7\"\u003e\u0026#167; 7\u003c/a\u003e [c]\u003c/strong\u003e The will is the unity of these two elements.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR8\"\u003e\u0026#167; 8\u003c/a\u003e (a)\u003c/strong\u003e The formal will as a self-consciousness which finds an outer world before it.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR9\"\u003e\u0026#167; 9\u003c/a\u003e (b)\u003c/strong\u003e This content of the will is an end.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR10\"\u003e\u0026#167; 10\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Only when the will has itself as an object is it also for itself.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR11\"\u003e\u0026#167; 11\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The will is at first only implicitly free, the natural will … impulses, appetites, inclinations.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR12\"\u003e\u0026#167; 12\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e This content exists only as a multiplicity of impulses having many ways of satisfaction..\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR13\"\u003e\u0026#167; 13\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The will of a definite individual is not yet the content and work of its freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR14\"\u003e\u0026#167; 14\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The finite will stands above its different impulses and the ways they are satisfied.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR15\"\u003e\u0026#167; 15\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Freedom of the will is, in this view of it, caprice.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR16\"\u003e\u0026#167; 16\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e What is resolved upon and chosen the will may again give up.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR17\"\u003e\u0026#167; 17\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Caprice is the dialectic of impulses and inclinations manifested in their mutual antagonism.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR18\"\u003e\u0026#167; 18\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Man is by nature good.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR19\"\u003e\u0026#167; 19\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Impulses must be freed from the form of direct subjection to nature.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR20\"\u003e\u0026#167; 20\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The propulsion by the universality of thought is the absolute worth of civilisation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR21\"\u003e\u0026#167; 21\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Since the will has as its object, universality itself, it is the true idea.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR22\"\u003e\u0026#167; 22\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In the object the will has simply reverted into itself.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR23\"\u003e\u0026#167; 23\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The pure conception has the perception or intuition of itself as its end and reality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR24\"\u003e\u0026#167; 24\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The will is universal, because in it all limitation and individuality are superseded.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR25\"\u003e\u0026#167; 25\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The subjective side of the will is its self-consciousness and individuality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR26\"\u003e\u0026#167; 26\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The will becomes objective only by the execution of its ends.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR27\"\u003e\u0026#167; 27\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e There is thus actualised as idea what the will is implicitly.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR28\"\u003e\u0026#167; 28\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Transcending the contradiction between subjectivity and objectivity is the content of the idea.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR29\"\u003e\u0026#167; 29\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Right, therefore, is, in general, freedom as idea.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR30\"\u003e\u0026#167; 30\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Right is something holy, because it is the embodiment of self-conscious freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR31\"\u003e\u0026#167; 31\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The true process is found in the logic, and here is presupposed.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR32\"\u003e\u0026#167; 32\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The sequence of the conceptions is at the same time a sequence of realisations.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/printrod.htm#PR33\"\u003e\u0026#167; 33\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The stages in the development of the idea of the absolutely free will.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSECTION ONE: Abstract Right\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR34\"\u003e\u0026#167; 34\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The absolutely free will, when its concept is abstract, is an actuality contrasted with the real world.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR35\"\u003e\u0026#167; 35\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e From this point of view the subject is a person.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR36\"\u003e\u0026#167; 36\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003c/strong\u003e \u0027Be a person and respect others as persons.\u0027\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR37\"\u003e\u0026#167; 37\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003c/strong\u003e The particularity of the will is present as desire, need, impulse and casual whim.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR38\"\u003e\u0026#167; 38\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e To have a right is therefore to have only a permission.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR39\"\u003e\u0026#167; 39\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003c/strong\u003e Personality is that which struggles to lift itself above this restriction and to give itself reality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR40\"\u003e\u0026#167; 40\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Property, Contract \u0026amp; Wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ei: Property\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR41\"\u003e\u0026#167; 41\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A person must translate his freedom into an external sphere in order to exist as Idea.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR42\"\u003e\u0026#167; 42\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e What is immediately different from free mind is a thing, something without rights.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR43\"\u003e\u0026#167; 43\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e As the concept in its immediacy, a person is partly within himself and partly related to it as to an external world.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR44\"\u003e\u0026#167; 44\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The absolute right of appropriation which man has over all \u0027things\u0027.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR45\"\u003e\u0026#167; 45\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e As free will I am an object to myself in what I possess and thereby also an actual will.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR46\"\u003e\u0026#167; 46\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Common property that may be owned by separate persons is an inherently dissoluble partnership.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR47\"\u003e\u0026#167; 47\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e I possess my life and my body, like other things, only in so far as my will is in them.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR48\"\u003e\u0026#167; 48\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e From the point of view of others, I am in essence a free entity in my body.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR49\"\u003e\u0026#167; 49\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e What and how much I possess is a matter of indifference so far as rights are concerned.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR50\"\u003e\u0026#167; 50\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A thing belongs to the person who happens to be the first in time to take it into his possession.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR51\"\u003e\u0026#167; 51\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e My inward idea and will that something is to be mine is not enough to make it my property.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR52\"\u003e\u0026#167; 52\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Occupancy makes the matter of the thing my property, since matter in itself does not belong to itself.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR53\"\u003e\u0026#167; 53\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Taking possession, Use and Alienation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eA: Possession\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR54\"\u003e\u0026#167; 54\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Grasping it physically, by forming it, and by merely marking it as ours.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR55\"\u003e\u0026#167; 55\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e Grasping a thing physically.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR56\"\u003e\u0026#167; 56\u003c/a\u003e [b]\u003c/strong\u003e Imposing a form on a thing.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR57\"\u003e\u0026#167; 57\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e It is only through the development of his own body and mind, that man takes possession of himself.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR58\"\u003e\u0026#167; 58\u003c/a\u003e [c]\u003c/strong\u003e To mark the thing.\n\u003ch4\u003eB: Use\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR59\"\u003e\u0026#167; 59\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The thing, as something negative in itself, exists only for my need.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR60\"\u003e\u0026#167; 60\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e If I make repeated use of a product, then this transforms the grasp of the thing into a mark.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR61\"\u003e\u0026#167; 61\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e If I have the full use of the thing I am its owner.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR62\"\u003e\u0026#167; 62\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Ownership therefore is in essence free and complete.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR63\"\u003e\u0026#167; 63\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e As full owner of the thing, I am owner of its value as well as of its use.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR64\"\u003e\u0026#167; 64\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e I gain or lose possession of property through prescription.\n\u003ch4\u003eC: Alienation\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR65\"\u003e\u0026#167; 65\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The reason I can alienate my property is that it is mine only in so far as I put my will into it.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR66\"\u003e\u0026#167; 66\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Those substantive characteristics which constitute my own private personality are inalienable.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR67\"\u003e\u0026#167; 67\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e I can alienate to someone else and I can give him the use of my abilities only for a restricted period\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR68\"\u003e\u0026#167; 68\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A product of my mind may turn into something external which may then be produced by other people.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR69\"\u003e\u0026#167; 69\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The inventor of a thing remains the owner of the universal ways and means of multiplying such things.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR70\"\u003e\u0026#167; 70\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e There is no unqualified right to sacrifice one\u0027s life.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/property.htm#PR71\"\u003e\u0026#167; 71\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Existence as determinate being is in essence being for another.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eii: Contract\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR72\"\u003e\u0026#167; 72\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Contract is the contradiction that I am the owner only in so far as I cease to be an owner.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR73\"\u003e\u0026#167; 73\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The concept compels me to alienate property in order that my will may become objective to me.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR74\"\u003e\u0026#167; 74\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The two contracting parties are related to each other as immediate self-subsistent persons.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR75\"\u003e\u0026#167; 75\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Contract of exchange.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR76\"\u003e\u0026#167; 76\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Gift, Real contract and Exchange.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR77\"\u003e\u0026#167; 77\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Value is the universal in which the subjects of the contract participate.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR78\"\u003e\u0026#167; 78\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The distinction between property and possession is the distinction between a common will and its actualisation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR79\"\u003e\u0026#167; 79\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In contract it is the will that the stipulation enshrines.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR80\"\u003e\u0026#167; 80\u003c/a\u003e A\u003c/strong\u003e. Gift, \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e. Exchange, \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e Completion of a Contract.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcontra.htm#PR81\"\u003e\u0026#167; 81\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e If the particular will is explicitly at variance with the universal, this is Wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eiii: Wrong\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR82\"\u003e\u0026#167; 82\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In contract the principle of rightness is posited, while its inner universality is in the particular will of the parties.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR83\"\u003e\u0026#167; 83\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Non-malicious wrong, Fraud and Crime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eA: Non-Malicious Wrong\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR84\"\u003e\u0026#167; 84\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Each may look upon the thing as his property on the particular ground on which he bases his title.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR85\"\u003e\u0026#167; 85\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The sphere of civil suits at law.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR86\"\u003e\u0026#167; 86\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The principle of rightness arises as something kept in view and demanded by the parties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eB: Fraud\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR87\"\u003e\u0026#167; 87\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e We have Fraud when the universal is set aside by the particular will only showing in the situation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR88\"\u003e\u0026#167; 88\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The contract is right enough so far as it is an exchange, but the aspect of implicit universality is lacking.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR89\"\u003e\u0026#167; 89\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The subjective arbitrary will, opposing itself to the right, should be superseded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eC: Crime\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR90\"\u003e\u0026#167; 90\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e My will may be coerced.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR91\"\u003e\u0026#167; 91\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The free will cannot be coerced at all.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR92\"\u003e\u0026#167; 92\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Force or coercion is in its very conception directly self-destructive.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR93\"\u003e\u0026#167; 93\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In the world of reality coercion is annulled by coercion.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR94\"\u003e\u0026#167; 94\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Abstract right is a right to coerce.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR95\"\u003e\u0026#167; 95\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The sphere of criminal law.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR96\"\u003e\u0026#167; 96\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e It makes a difference to the objective aspect of crime whether the will is injured throughout its entire extent.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR97\"\u003e\u0026#167; 97\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Right actualised.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR98\"\u003e\u0026#167; 98\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Compensation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR99\"\u003e\u0026#167; 99\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e To penalise the criminal is to annul the crime and to restore the right.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR100\"\u003e\u0026#167; 100\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The criminal\u0027s action is the action of a rational being.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR101\"\u003e\u0026#167; 101\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The annulment of the crime is retribution.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR102\"\u003e\u0026#167; 102\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The annulling of crime in this sphere where right is immediate is principally revenge.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prwrong.htm#PR103\"\u003e\u0026#167; 103\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The demand for a justice freed from subjective interest has emerged in the course of this movement itself.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prabstra.htm#PR104\"\u003e\u0026#167; 104\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Transition from Right to Morality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSECTION TWO: Morality\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR105\"\u003e\u0026#167; 105\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The standpoint of morality is the standpoint of the will which is infinite not merely in itself but for itself.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR106\"\u003e\u0026#167; 106\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Only in the will as subjective can freedom be actual.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR107\"\u003e\u0026#167; 107\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The moral standpoint therefore takes shape as the right of the subjective Will.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR108\"\u003e\u0026#167; 108\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The subjective will, directly aware of itself, is therefore abstract, restricted, and formal.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR109\"\u003e\u0026#167; 109\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The opposition of subjectivity and objectivity, and the activity related to this opposition.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR110\"\u003e\u0026#167; 110\u003c/a\u003e (a)\u003c/strong\u003e My subjectivity is not merely my inner purpose, but has acquired outward existence.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR111\"\u003e\u0026#167; 111\u003c/a\u003e (b)\u003c/strong\u003e The subjective will may not be adequate to the concept.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR112\"\u003e\u0026#167; 112\u003c/a\u003e (c)\u003c/strong\u003e But the external subjectivity which is thus identical with me is the will of others.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR113\"\u003e\u0026#167; 113\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The externalisation of the subjective or moral will is action.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR114\"\u003e\u0026#167; 114\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Purpose, Intention \u0026amp; Good.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ei: Purpose\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR115\"\u003e\u0026#167; 115\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The deed sets up an alteration in this state of affairs confronting the will.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR116\"\u003e\u0026#167; 116\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e It is not my own doing if damage is caused to others by things I own.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR117\"\u003e\u0026#167; 117\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The deed can be imputed to me only if my will is responsible for it.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR118\"\u003e\u0026#167; 118\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Action has a multitude of consequences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eii: Intention\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR119\"\u003e\u0026#167; 119\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Purpose comprises that universal side of the action, i.e. the intention.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR120\"\u003e\u0026#167; 120\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right of intention is that the universal quality of the action shall be known by the agent.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR121\"\u003e\u0026#167; 121\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The subject\u0027s end is the soul of the action and determines its character.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR122\"\u003e\u0026#167; 122\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In contrast with this \u003cem\u003eend\u003c/em\u003e the direct character of the action is reduced to a \u003cem\u003emeans\u003c/em\u003e.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR123\"\u003e\u0026#167; 123\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The satisfaction of needs, inclinations, passions, opinions, fancies, \u0026amp;c. is welfare or happiness.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR124\"\u003e\u0026#167; 124\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The view that objective and subjective ends are mutually exclusive, is an empty dogmatism.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR125\"\u003e\u0026#167; 125\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The welfare of many other unspecified particulars is thus also an essential end and right of subjectivity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR126\"\u003e\u0026#167; 126\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e An intention to secure my welfare or that of others cannot justify an action which is wrong.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR127\"\u003e\u0026#167; 127\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In extreme danger and in conflict with the rightful property of someone else, this life may claim a right of distress.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR128\"\u003e\u0026#167; 128\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Good \u0026amp; Conscience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eiii: Good \u0026amp; Conscience\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR129\"\u003e\u0026#167; 129\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The good is the Idea as the unity of the concept of the will with the particular will.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR130\"\u003e\u0026#167; 130\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Welfare without right is not a good.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR131\"\u003e\u0026#167; 131\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The subjective will has value and dignity only in so far as its insight and intention accord with the good.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR132\"\u003e\u0026#167; 132\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e An action is right or wrong, good or evil according to its \u003cem\u003eknowledge \u003c/em\u003eof the worth the action in objectivity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR133\"\u003e\u0026#167; 133\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Duty.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR134\"\u003e\u0026#167; 134\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Do the right, and strive after welfare, one\u0027s own welfare, and the welfare of others.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR135\"\u003e\u0026#167; 135\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The sphere of duty.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR136\"\u003e\u0026#167; 136\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Conscience.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR137\"\u003e\u0026#167; 137\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The union of subjective knowing with objective principles and duties, is not present until the ethical life.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR138\"\u003e\u0026#167; 138\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e This subjectivity remains the power to judge what is good in respect of any content.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR139\"\u003e\u0026#167; 139\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Once self-consciousness has reduced duties to the inwardness of the will, it has become potentially evil.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR140\"\u003e\u0026#167; 140\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e To impose on others is hypocrisy; while to impose on oneself is a stage beyond hypocrisy.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prmorali.htm#PR141\"\u003e\u0026#167; 141\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Transition from Morality to Ethical Life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSECTION THREE: Ethical Life\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR142\"\u003e\u0026#167; 142\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Thus ethical life is the concept of freedom developed into the existing world and the nature of self-consciousness.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR143\"\u003e\u0026#167; 143\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The concept of the will and the particular will each is in its own eyes the totality of the Idea.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR144\"\u003e\u0026#167; 144\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e The objective ethical order is absolutely valid laws and institutions.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR145\"\u003e\u0026#167; 145\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e That the ethical order is the system of specific determinations of the Idea constitutes its rationality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR146\"\u003e\u0026#167; 146\u003c/a\u003e [b]\u003c/strong\u003e This is an absolute authority and power infinitely more firmly established than the being of nature.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR147\"\u003e\u0026#167; 147\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e On the other hand, they are not something alien to the subject.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR148\"\u003e\u0026#167; 148\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The individual is related to these laws and institutions as to the substance of his own being.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR149\"\u003e\u0026#167; 149\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In duty the individual acquires his substantive freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR150\"\u003e\u0026#167; 150\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Virtue is the ethical order reflected in the individual character.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR151\"\u003e\u0026#167; 151\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Ethical life appears as custom, and the substance of mind thus exists now for the first time as mind.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR152\"\u003e\u0026#167; 152\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The individual knows that his particular ends are grounded in this same universal.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR153\"\u003e\u0026#167; 153\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In an ethical order individuals are actually in possession of their own inner universality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR154\"\u003e\u0026#167; 154\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right of individuals to their \u003cem\u003eparticular\u003c/em\u003e satisfaction is also contained in the ethical substantial order.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR155\"\u003e\u0026#167; 155\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In this identity of the universal will with the particular will, right and duty coalesce.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR156\"\u003e\u0026#167; 156\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The ethical substance is the actual mind of a family and a nation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prethica.htm#PR157\"\u003e\u0026#167; 157\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Family, Civil Society \u0026amp; the State.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ei: The Family\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR158\"\u003e\u0026#167; 158\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The family, as the immediate substantiality of mind, is specifically characterised by love.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR159\"\u003e\u0026#167; 159\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right which the individual enjoys takes on the form of right only when the family begins to dissolve.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR160\"\u003e\u0026#167; 160\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Marriage, Family Property \u0026amp; Children and the Dissolution of the Family.\n\u003ch4\u003eA: Marriage\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR161\"\u003e\u0026#167; 161\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Marriage is the immediate type of ethical relationship.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR162\"\u003e\u0026#167; 162\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The objective source of Marriage lies in the free consent of the persons.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR163\"\u003e\u0026#167; 163\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The ethical aspect of marriage consists in the parties\u0027 consciousness of this unity as their substantive aim.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR164\"\u003e\u0026#167; 164\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The knot is tied and made ethical only after this ceremony.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR165\"\u003e\u0026#167; 165\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The difference in the physical characteristics of the two sexes has a rational basis.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR166\"\u003e\u0026#167; 166\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e One sex is mind in its self-diremption; the other is mind in unity as knowledge and volition.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR167\"\u003e\u0026#167; 167\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Marriage is monogamy because it is personality which enters into this tie.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR168\"\u003e\u0026#167; 168\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Marriage ought not to be entered by two people identical in stock who are already acquainted.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR169\"\u003e\u0026#167; 169\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The family, as person, has its real external existence in property.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eB: The Family Capital\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR170\"\u003e\u0026#167; 170\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A family requires, not merely property, but possessions specifically determined as permanent and secure.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR171\"\u003e\u0026#167; 171\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The family as a legal entity in relation to others must be represented by the husband as its head.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR172\"\u003e\u0026#167; 172\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A marriage brings into being a new family, independent of the clans from which it has been drawn.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eC: The Education of Children and the Dissolution of the Family\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR173\"\u003e\u0026#167; 173\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e It is only in the children that the unity of the family exists externally.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR174\"\u003e\u0026#167; 174\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Children have the right to maintenance and education at the expense of the family\u0027s capital.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR175\"\u003e\u0026#167; 175\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Children are potentially free and their life embodies nothing save potential freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR176\"\u003e\u0026#167; 176\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Marriage is but the ethical Idea in its \u003cem\u003eimmediacy\u003c/em\u003e.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR177\"\u003e\u0026#167; 177\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Once the children have come of age, they become recognised as persons.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR178\"\u003e\u0026#167; 178\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The dissolution of the family by the death of the father, has inheritance as its consequence.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR179\"\u003e\u0026#167; 179\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A man may at will squander his capital altogether. \n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR180\"\u003e\u0026#167; 180\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The members of the family grow up to be self-subsistent.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prfamily.htm#PR181\"\u003e\u0026#167; 181\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Transition of the Family into Civil Society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eii: Civil Society\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR182\"\u003e\u0026#167; 182\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The concrete person finds satisfaction by means of others, and at the same time by means of universality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR183\"\u003e\u0026#167; 183\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The livelihood, happiness, and rights of one is interwoven with the livelihood, happiness, and rights of all.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR184\"\u003e\u0026#167; 184\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The system of the ethical order constitutes the Idea\u0027s abstract moment, its moment of reality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR185\"\u003e\u0026#167; 185\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Particularity destroys itself and its substantive concept in this process of gratification.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR186\"\u003e\u0026#167; 186\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Particularity passes over into universality, and attains its truth not as freedom but as necessity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR187\"\u003e\u0026#167; 187\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Private ends are \u003cem\u003emediated\u003c/em\u003e through the universal which thus \u003cem\u003eappears\u003c/em\u003e as a \u003cem\u003emeans\u003c/em\u003e.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR188\"\u003e\u0026#167; 188\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The System of Needs, the Administration of Justice and the Public Authority \u0026amp; the Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eA. The System of Needs\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR189\"\u003e\u0026#167; 189\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Need is satisfied in the product of others, and labour, the middle term between subjective \u0026amp; objective.\n\u003ch5\u003e(a) The Kind of Need and Satisfaction\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR190\"\u003e\u0026#167; 190\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The multiplication of needs and means of satisfying them.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR191\"\u003e\u0026#167; 191\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The means to particularised needs and the ways of satisfying these are divided and multiplied.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR192\"\u003e\u0026#167; 192\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Universality makes concrete, i.e. social, the isolated and abstract needs and their ways of satisfaction.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR193\"\u003e\u0026#167; 193\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The need for equality and for emulation becomes a fruitful source of the multiplication of needs.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR194\"\u003e\u0026#167; 194\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The strict natural necessity of need is obscured.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR195\"\u003e\u0026#167; 195\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Luxury.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(b) The Kind of Labour\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR196\"\u003e\u0026#167; 196\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Labour confers value on means and gives them their utility.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR197\"\u003e\u0026#167; 197\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Theoretical education develops, and practical education is acquired through working.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR198\"\u003e\u0026#167; 198\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Division of labour makes men dependent on one another, labour more \u0026amp; more mechanical, until machines take their place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(c) Capital and Class Divisions\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR199\"\u003e\u0026#167; 199\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Subjective self-seeking turns into a contribution to the satisfaction of the needs of everyone else.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR200\"\u003e\u0026#167; 200\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Differences in wealth are conspicuous and their inevitable consequence is disparities of resources \u0026amp; ability.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR201\"\u003e\u0026#167; 201\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The entire complex is built up into particular systems of needs, means, and types of work, into class-divisions.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR202\"\u003e\u0026#167; 202\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e The \u003cem\u003esubstantial\u003c/em\u003e or immediate class, \u003cstrong\u003e[b]\u003c/strong\u003e the reflecting or \u003cem\u003eformal\u003c/em\u003e class; \u0026amp; \u003cstrong\u003e[c]\u003c/strong\u003e the \u003cem\u003euniversal class\u003c/em\u003e.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR203\"\u003e\u0026#167; 203\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e The Agricultural Class.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR204\"\u003e\u0026#167; 204\u003c/a\u003e [b]\u003c/strong\u003e The Business Class.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR205\"\u003e\u0026#167; 205\u003c/a\u003e [c]\u003c/strong\u003e The Universal Class [the civil service].\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR206\"\u003e\u0026#167; 206\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The class to which an individual is to belong depends on natural capacity, birth, and other circumstances.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR207\"\u003e\u0026#167; 207\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In this class system, the ethical frame of mind therefore is rectitude and \u003cem\u003eesprit de corps\u003c/em\u003e.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR208\"\u003e\u0026#167; 208\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Right has attained its recognised actuality as the protection of property through the administration of justice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eB. The Administration of Justice\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR209\"\u003e\u0026#167; 209\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Education makes abstract right something universally recognised and having an objective validity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR210\"\u003e\u0026#167; 210\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The objective actuality of the right consists in its being known \u0026amp; in its possessing the power of the actual.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(a) Right as Law\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR211\"\u003e\u0026#167; 211\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The principle of rightness becomes the law when thinking makes it known as what is right and valid.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR212\"\u003e\u0026#167; 212\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e There may be a discrepancy between the content of the law and the principle of rightness.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR213\"\u003e\u0026#167; 213\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The endlessly growing complexity and subdivision of social ties and the different species of property and contract.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR214\"\u003e\u0026#167; 214\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In the interest of getting something done, there is a place within that limit for contingent and arbitrary decisions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(b) Law as Determinately Existing\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR215\"\u003e\u0026#167; 215\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e If laws are to have a binding force, then they must be made universally known.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR216\"\u003e\u0026#167; 216\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Simple laws are required, but the nature of the material leads to the further determining of laws \u003cem\u003ead infinitum\u003c/em\u003e.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR217\"\u003e\u0026#167; 217\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e My individual right now becomes embodied in the existent will and knowledge of everyone.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR218\"\u003e\u0026#167; 218\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The fact that society has become strong and sure of itself leads to a mitigation of its punishment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(c) The Court of Justice\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR219\"\u003e\u0026#167; 219\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Law is something on its own account, and something universal, the business of a public authority.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR220\"\u003e\u0026#167; 220\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e No \u003cem\u003eact\u003c/em\u003e of revenge is justified.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR221\"\u003e\u0026#167; 221\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A member of civil society must acknowledge the jurisdiction of the court and accept its decision as final.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR222\"\u003e\u0026#167; 222\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In court the specific character which rightness acquires is that it must be demonstrable.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR223\"\u003e\u0026#167; 223\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The long course of formalities is a right of the parties at law.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR224\"\u003e\u0026#167; 224\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The publicity of judicial proceedings.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR225\"\u003e\u0026#167; 225\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Whether a trespass has been committed and if so by whom, and the restoration of right.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR226\"\u003e\u0026#167; 226\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The judge.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR227\"\u003e\u0026#167; 227\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Judgment on the facts lies in the last resort with subjective conviction and conscience.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR228\"\u003e\u0026#167; 228\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The confidence which the parties feel in the judge is based on the similarity between their social position.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR229\"\u003e\u0026#167; 229\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The actualisation of the unity of the implicit universal with the subjective particular.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eC. The Police \u0026amp; the Public Authority\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR230\"\u003e\u0026#167; 230\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The safety of person and property and every person\u0027s livelihood and welfare must be actualised as a right.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(a) Police or Public Authority\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR231\"\u003e\u0026#167; 231\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The universal authority by which security is ensured is an external organisation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR232\"\u003e\u0026#167; 232\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Private actions may escape the agent\u0027s control and may injure others and wrong them.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR233\"\u003e\u0026#167; 233\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The actions of individuals may be wrongful, and this is the ultimate reason for police \u0026amp; penal justice.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR234\"\u003e\u0026#167; 234\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e There is no inherent line of distinction between what is and what is not injurious.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR235\"\u003e\u0026#167; 235\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Activities and organisations of general utility call for the oversight of the public authority.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR236\"\u003e\u0026#167; 236\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The differing interests of producers and consumers may come into collision and requires control.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR237\"\u003e\u0026#167; 237\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e While the possibility of sharing in the general wealth is open to individuals it is subject to contingencies.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR238\"\u003e\u0026#167; 238\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Civil society tears the individual from his family ties.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR239\"\u003e\u0026#167; 239\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Civil society has the right and duty of superintending and influencing education.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR240\"\u003e\u0026#167; 240\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Society has the duty of acting as trustee to those whose extravagance destroys their subsistence or their families\u0027.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR241\"\u003e\u0026#167; 241\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The public authority takes the place of the family where the poor are concerned.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR242\"\u003e\u0026#167; 242\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Society struggles to make charity less necessary, by discovering the causes of penury and means of its relief.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR243\"\u003e\u0026#167; 243\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The amassing of wealth and the dependence and distress of the class tied to work.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR244\"\u003e\u0026#167; 244\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e When the standard of living falls below a subsistence level, the result is the creation of a rabble of paupers.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR245\"\u003e\u0026#167; 245\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Wealth \u0026amp; Poverty.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR246\"\u003e\u0026#167; 246\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The inner dialectic of civil society drives it to push beyond its own limits and seek markets in other lands.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR247\"\u003e\u0026#167; 247\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Trade by sea is the most potent instrument of culture.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR248\"\u003e\u0026#167; 248\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e This far-flung connecting link affords the means for the colonising activity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR249\"\u003e\u0026#167; 249\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Ethical principles circle back and. appear in civil society and constitute the specific character of the Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(b) The Corporation\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR250\"\u003e\u0026#167; 250\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The business class is concentrated on the particular, and hence the Corporations are specially appropriate.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR251\"\u003e\u0026#167; 251\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A member of civil society is in virtue of his own particular skill a member of a Corporation,.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR252\"\u003e\u0026#167; 252\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Corporation comes on to the scene like a second family.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR253\"\u003e\u0026#167; 253\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Corporation member commands the respect due to one in his social position.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR254\"\u003e\u0026#167; 254\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right of exercising one\u0027s skill is made rational in the Corporation..\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR255\"\u003e\u0026#167; 255\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e As the family was the first, so the Corporation is the second ethical root of the state.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prcivils.htm#PR256\"\u003e\u0026#167; 256\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Public Authority and the Corporation find their truth in the absolutely universal end and its absolute actuality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eiii: The State\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR257\"\u003e\u0026#167; 257\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The state is the actuality of the ethical Idea.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR258\"\u003e\u0026#167; 258\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The state is absolutely rational once the particular has been raised to consciousness of its universality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR259\"\u003e\u0026#167; 259\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Constitutional Law, International Law \u0026amp; World-History.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eA: Constitutional Law\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR260\"\u003e\u0026#167; 260\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The state is the actuality of concrete freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR261\"\u003e\u0026#167; 261\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The strength of the state is lies in the unity of its universal end with the particular interest of individual.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR262\"\u003e\u0026#167; 262\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The function assigned to any individual is mediated by circumstances, caprice and personal choice of station in life.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR263\"\u003e\u0026#167; 263\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In particularity and individuality, mind glimmers in them as the power of reason in necessity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR264\"\u003e\u0026#167; 264\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Mind is the nature of human beings en masse.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR265\"\u003e\u0026#167; 265\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Social institutions and the Corporations are the pillars of public freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR266\"\u003e\u0026#167; 266\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Necessity appears to itself in the shape of freedom.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR267\"\u003e\u0026#167; 267\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e This necessity in ideality is the strictly political state and its constitution.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR268\"\u003e\u0026#167; 268\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The political sentiment is simply a product of the institutions subsisting in the state.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR269\"\u003e\u0026#167; 269\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The patriotic sentiment acquires its specifically determined content from members of the organism of the state.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR270\"\u003e\u0026#167; 270\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003c/strong\u003e Conservation of particular interests \u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e The Powers of the State \u0026amp; \u003cstrong\u003e(3)\u003c/strong\u003e its universality.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR271\"\u003e\u0026#167; 271\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Internal Constitution \u0026amp; Foreign Relations of a State.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternal constitution\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR272\"\u003e\u0026#167; 272\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The constitution is rational in so far as the state acts in accordance with the nature of the concept.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR273\"\u003e\u0026#167; 273\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Legislature, the Executive \u0026amp; the Crown.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR274\"\u003e\u0026#167; 274\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The constitution of any given nation depends in general on the character and development of its self-consciousness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(a) The Crown\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR275\"\u003e\u0026#167; 275\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003c/strong\u003e The universality of the constitution and laws, counsel, and the moment of ultimate decision.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR276\"\u003e\u0026#167; 276\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e The particular powers and their activities are dissolved and yet retained.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR277\"\u003e\u0026#167; 277\u003c/a\u003e [b]\u003c/strong\u003e The functions and powers of the state cannot be private property.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR278\"\u003e\u0026#167; 278\u003c/a\u003e [c]\u003c/strong\u003e Sovereignty requires that the powers of the state have their roots in the unity of the state as their single self.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR279\"\u003e\u0026#167; 279\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003c/strong\u003e The truth of subjectivity is attained only in a subject, and the truth of personality only in a person.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR280\"\u003e\u0026#167; 280\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003c/strong\u003e The monarch is raised to the dignity of monarchy in an immediate, natural, fashion through his birth.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR281\"\u003e\u0026#167; 281\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Something against which caprice is powerless, the \u0027majesty\u0027 of the monarch.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR282\"\u003e\u0026#167; 282\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right to pardon criminals arises from the sovereignty of the monarch.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR283\"\u003e\u0026#167; 283\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The choice and dismissal of the supreme council rest with the monarch and his unrestricted caprice.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR284\"\u003e\u0026#167; 284\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The monarch is above all answerability for acts of government.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR285\"\u003e\u0026#167; 285\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Universality subsists subjectively in the conscience of the monarch and objectively in the constitution and laws.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR286\"\u003e\u0026#167; 286\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In the rational organism of the state, each member, by maintaining itself in its own position.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(b) The Executive\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR287\"\u003e\u0026#167; 287\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The task of subsuming the particular under the universal lies in the executive power, the judiciary and the police.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR288\"\u003e\u0026#167; 288\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Corporations, \u0026amp;c., will be appointed by a mixture of popular election and ratification by higher authority.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR289\"\u003e\u0026#167; 289\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (a) the executive civil servants, and (b) the higher advisory officials.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR290\"\u003e\u0026#167; 290\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Division of labour in the business of the executive.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR291\"\u003e\u0026#167; 291\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The objective factor in the appointment of officials is knowledge and proof of ability.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR292\"\u003e\u0026#167; 292\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Since the qualification for the civil service is not genius, there is an indefinite plurality of eligible candidates.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR293\"\u003e\u0026#167; 293\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e While the actions of the officials are their duty, their office is also a right exempt from contingency.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR294\"\u003e\u0026#167; 294\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Once an individual has been appointed by the sovereign\u0027s act, his tenure is conditional on his fulfilling its duties.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR295\"\u003e\u0026#167; 295\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Security against misuse of power by officials lies in their hierarchical accountability, \u0026amp; the authority of the Corporations.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR296\"\u003e\u0026#167; 296\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Officials gain the habit of adopting universal interests, points of view, and activities.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR297\"\u003e\u0026#167; 297\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The sovereign works on the middle class at the top, and Corporations work on it at the bottom.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e(c) The Legislature\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR298\"\u003e\u0026#167; 298\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The legislature is itself a part of the constitution but the constitution develops with the further elaboration of laws.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR299\"\u003e\u0026#167; 299\u003c/a\u003e [a]\u003c/strong\u003e provision by the state for their well-being and happiness, and \u003cstrong\u003e[b]\u003c/strong\u003e the exaction of services from them.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR300\"\u003e\u0026#167; 300\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The last moment in the legislature is the Estates.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR301\"\u003e\u0026#167; 301\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Estates have the function of bringing public affairs into existence not only implicitly, but also actually.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR302\"\u003e\u0026#167; 302\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Estates stand between the government on one hand and the nation broken up into particulars on the other.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR303\"\u003e\u0026#167; 303\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The class of civil servants must have the universal as the end of its essential activity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR304\"\u003e\u0026#167; 304\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The Estates still retain the class distinctions already present in the lower spheres of civil life.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR305\"\u003e\u0026#167; 305\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Members of the agricultural class attain their position by birth, just as the monarch does.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR306\"\u003e\u0026#167; 306\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The agricultural class is particularly fitted for political position.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR307\"\u003e\u0026#167; 307\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right of this section of the agricultural class is based on the natural principle of the family.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR308\"\u003e\u0026#167; 308\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The section of the Estates comprises the fluctuating element \u0026amp; can enter politics only through its deputies.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR309\"\u003e\u0026#167; 309\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Deputies are elected to deliberate on public affair on the strength of confidence felt in them.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR310\"\u003e\u0026#167; 310\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The deputy acquires and develops a managerial and political sense, tested by his experience.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR311\"\u003e\u0026#167; 311\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Since civil society is the electorate, the deputies should be conversant with its particular interests.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR312\"\u003e\u0026#167; 312\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Each class in the Estates contributes something peculiarly its own to the work of deliberation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR313\"\u003e\u0026#167; 313\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The upper and lower houses.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR314\"\u003e\u0026#167; 314\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The distinctive purpose of the Estates is in their pooled political knowledge.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR315\"\u003e\u0026#167; 315\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Public opinion reaches thoughts that are true and attains insight into the concept of the state and its affairs.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR316\"\u003e\u0026#167; 316\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Public opinion is a standing self-contradiction, the essential is just as directly present as the inessential.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR317\"\u003e\u0026#167; 317\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Public opinion has common sense, but is infected by accidents of opinion, ignorance and perversity.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR318\"\u003e\u0026#167; 318\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e To be independent of public opinion is the first formal condition of achieving anything great or rational.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR319\"\u003e\u0026#167; 319\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Free speech is assured by the innocuous character which it acquires as a result of the stability of government.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate1.htm#PR320\"\u003e\u0026#167; 320\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Subjectivity is manifested in the substantial will of the state, the subjectivity of the crown.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eForeign relations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR321\"\u003e\u0026#167; 321\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The state has individuality, and in the sovereign an actual, immediate individual.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR322\"\u003e\u0026#167; 322\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Individuality manifests itself in the state as a relation to other states.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR323\"\u003e\u0026#167; 323\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The relation of one state to another is that moment in the state which is most supremely its own.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR324\"\u003e\u0026#167; 324\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The individual\u0027s duty is to maintain the sovereignty of the state, at the risk and sacrifice of property and life.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR325\"\u003e\u0026#167; 325\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Sacrifice on behalf of the state is the substantial tie between the state and all its members.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR326\"\u003e\u0026#167; 326\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e If the state as such is in jeopardy, all its citizens are in duty bound to answer the summons to its defence.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR327\"\u003e\u0026#167; 327\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The courageous man\u0027s motive may be some particular reason or other, and even the result not intended.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR328\"\u003e\u0026#167; 328\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The work of courage is to actualise this final end, the sovereignty of the state.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate2.htm#PR329\"\u003e\u0026#167; 329\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e It directly devolves on the monarch to command the armed forces and to conduct foreign affairs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eB: International Law\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR330\"\u003e\u0026#167; 330\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e International law springs from the relations between autonomous states.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR331\"\u003e\u0026#167; 331\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The nation state is mind in its substantive rationality and immediate actuality \u0026#8212; the absolute power on earth.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR332\"\u003e\u0026#167; 332\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The subject-matter of these contracts between states is infinitely less varied than it is in civil society.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR333\"\u003e\u0026#167; 333\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The fundamental proposition of international law is that treaties ought to be kept.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR334\"\u003e\u0026#167; 334\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e It follows that if states disagree, the matter can only be settled by war.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR335\"\u003e\u0026#167; 335\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Danger threatening from another state is a cause of strife.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR336\"\u003e\u0026#167; 336\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Welfare\nis the highest law governing the relation of one state to another.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR337\"\u003e\u0026#167; 337\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Government is a matter of particular wisdom, not of universal Providence.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR338\"\u003e\u0026#167; 338\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e War should be not waged against domestic institutions, against the peace of family and private life.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR339\"\u003e\u0026#167; 339\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Relations between states depend principally upon the customs of nations.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR340\"\u003e\u0026#167; 340\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The mind of the world, exercises its right in the \u0027history of the world which is the world\u0027s court of judgment\u0027.\n\u003ch4\u003eC: World History\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR341\"\u003e\u0026#167; 341\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e World history is a court of judgment.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR342\"\u003e\u0026#167; 342\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e World history is not the verdict of mere might, but actualisation of the universal mind.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR343\"\u003e\u0026#167; 343\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The history of mind is its own act.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR344\"\u003e\u0026#167; 344\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e States, nations, and individuals are all the time the unconscious tools of the world mind at work within them.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR345\"\u003e\u0026#167; 345\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Each stage of world-history is a necessary moment in the Idea of the world mind.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR346\"\u003e\u0026#167; 346\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e History is mind clothing itself with the form of events.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR347\"\u003e\u0026#167; 347\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The nation ascribed a moment of the Idea is entrusted with giving complete effect to it.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR348\"\u003e\u0026#167; 348\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e World-historical actions, culminate with individuals as subjects \u0026#8212; living instruments of the world mind.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR349\"\u003e\u0026#167; 349\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The transition from a family, a horde, \u0026amp;c., to political conditions is the realisation of the Idea as that nation.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR350\"\u003e\u0026#167; 350\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The right of heroes to found states.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR351\"\u003e\u0026#167; 351\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Civilised nations are justified in regarding as barbarians those who lag behind them in institutions.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR352\"\u003e\u0026#167; 352\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Four world-historical realms.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR353\"\u003e\u0026#167; 353\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The substantial mind, ethical individuality as beauty, mind-forsaken \u0026amp; actual laws.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR354\"\u003e\u0026#167; 354\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (1) The Oriental, (2) Greek, (3) Roman, and (4) Germanic principle.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR355\"\u003e\u0026#167; 355\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003c/strong\u003e The Oriental realm.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR356\"\u003e\u0026#167; 356\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003c/strong\u003e The Greek realm.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR357\"\u003e\u0026#167; 357\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003c/strong\u003e The Roman realm.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR358\"\u003e\u0026#167; 358\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003c/strong\u003e The Germanic realm.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR359\"\u003e\u0026#167; 359\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The power of mind over the mundane heart, acts against the latter as a compulsive and frightful force.\n\u003cbr /\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"../pr/prstate.htm#PR360\"\u003e\u0026#167; 360\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The realm of mind lowers itself to an earthly here and now and the mundane realm builds up into thought.\n\u003chr\u003e\r\n\n \u003c/article\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["Hegel analyzes abstract right, morality, ethical life, family, civil society, state, freedom, and world history."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Philosophy of Right; Natural Law and Political Science in Outline"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; German Idealism; dialectic; determinate negation; sublation; absolute idealism; spirit; consciousness; recognition; ethical life; freedom; right; state; history; art; religion; logic; nature; science; concept; system; Christianity"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Speculative dialectic, systematic reconstruction, immanent critique, historical development, phenomenological exposition, conceptual analysis, and lecture-course synthesis."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"The page records an approved Hegel work with visible manuscript, lecture-course, posthumous/editorial, systematic, theological, political, or transmission status where needed."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Hegel analyzes abstract right, morality, ethical life, family, civil society, state, freedom, and world history."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Spinoza, Aristotle, Plato, Rousseau, Lutheran theology, Greek philosophy, and post-Kantian German Idealism."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Marx, Kierkegaard, British Idealism, Croce, Kojève, existentialism, critical theory, continental philosophy, philosophy of history, social theory, theology, aesthetics, and political philosophy."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Included as one of the direct Hegel work pages approved for the Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel full-process update.","The work documents Hegel\u0027s continuing importance for logic, metaphysics, social theory, political philosophy, aesthetics, religion, history, and continental philosophy."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Direct Hegel work page approved in the Hegel update. Collected works, modern translations, correspondence, individual lecture fragments, student notes outside the approved lecture cycles, Marx critiques, Hegelian reception works, catalog rows, biographies, and scholarship remain evidence/Other Voices."]}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Text","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":24,"Styles":2,"Scripts":1}}