Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
{"WorkMasterId":6471,"WpPageId":282462,"ParentWpPageId":189644,"Slug":"marx-economic-and-philosophic-manuscripts-1844","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/karl-marx/marx-economic-and-philosophic-manuscripts-1844/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/karl-marx/marx-economic-and-philosophic-manuscripts-1844/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":81759,"CleanHtmlLength":27008,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844","Deck":"Marx analyzes alienated labor, private property, species-being, money, need, communism, and human self-realization under capitalism.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Karl Marx","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/karl-marx/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Karl Marx","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/karl-marx/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/karl-marx-01-mayall-1875-standard-portrait.jpg","ImageAlt":"Karl Marx, Mayall portrait, 1875","FilterTerra":"Western Europe","ClickText":"Karl Marx","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/karl-marx/","Copies":["1818 CE – 1883 CE","Trier, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia","German philosopher of historical materialism, alienation, class struggle, ideology critique, political economy, capitalism, communism, religion critique, and social transformation."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:4","Title":"Modern History","DateText":"1800 CE – 1944 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-modern-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:11","Title":"Long 19th Century","DateText":"1870 CE – 1913 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-modern-history/philosophers-of-the-long-19th-century/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"1844 CE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Displayed as 1844 CE for manuscript composition; posthumous publication is documented in evidence notes.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:3"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:DEU:1"}],"OriginalTitle":"Oekonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844","Language":"German / French / English","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:ethics"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:philosophy-of-mind"}],"Tradition":"Historical materialism / critique of political economy","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Marxists Internet Archive: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["Marx analyzes alienated labor, private property, species-being, money, need, communism, and human self-realization under capitalism."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Paris Manuscripts; 1844 Manuscripts","KeyConcepts":"alienation; labor; private property; species-being; money; need; communism; humanism","Methodology":"Historical-materialist analysis, critique of political economy, dialectical critique, philosophical polemic, archival manuscript work, journalism, and social theory.","Structure":"The page records an approved Marx work with explicit year, source evidence, and visible coauthorship, manuscript, posthumous, or Engels-edited status where needed."},"Arguments":["Marx analyzes alienated labor, private property, species-being, money, need, communism, and human self-realization under capitalism."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Hegel, Feuerbach, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Aristotle, Epicurus, French socialism, British political economy, and nineteenth-century revolutionary politics.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Included as one of the twenty-seven direct Karl Marx work pages approved for the Karl Marx full-process repair.","The work anchors Marx\u0027s continuing relevance for capitalism, labor, alienation, class, ideology, religion critique, political economy, state power, social transformation, and historical explanation."],"EvidenceNote":["Accepted as a direct manuscript cluster through Marxists archive, MEGA context, SEP, and scholarship evidence; HasFullText remains false."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm\"\u003eMarxists Internet Archive: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEconomic \u0026amp; Philosophic Manuscripts\u003cbr /\u003e\r\nof 1844 \u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"footnote.htm#fn01\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chr /\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003eWritten:\u003c/span\u003e Between April and August 1844;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003eFirst Published:\u003c/span\u003e 1932;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003eSource:\u003c/span\u003e Marx. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e Progress Publishers, Moscow 1959;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003eTranslated:\u003c/span\u003e by Martin Milligan;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003eTranscribed:\u003c/span\u003e for marxists.org by \u003ca href=\"../../../../../admin/volunteers/biographies/ablunden.htm\"\u003eAndy Blunden\u003c/a\u003e in 2000;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003eProofed:\u003c/span\u003e and corrected by Matthew Carmody 2009;\u003cbr /\u003e\r\nSee \u003ca href=\"../epm/index.htm\"\u003ealternate translation\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nSee also \u003ca href=\"../../download/pdf/Economic-Philosophic-Manuscripts-1844.pdf\"\u003ePDF version in one file\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003chr /\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#160;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch4\u003eContents\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"#Preface\"\u003ePreface\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003cem\u003eFirst Manuscript\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"wages.htm\"\u003eWages of Labour\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"capital.htm\"\u003eProfit of Capital\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"capital.htm#1\"\u003e1. Capital\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"capital.htm#2\"\u003e2. The Profit of Capital\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"capital.htm#3\"\u003e3. The Rule of Capital Over Labour and the Motives of the Capitalist\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"capital.htm#4\"\u003e4. The Accumulation of Capitals and the Competition Among the Capitalists\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"rent.htm\"\u003eRent of Land\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"labour.htm\"\u003eEstranged Labour\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003cem\u003eSecond Manuscript\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"second.htm\"\u003eAntithesis of Capital and Labour. Landed Property and Capital\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003cem\u003eThird Manuscript\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"third.htm\"\u003ePrivate Property and Labour\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"comm.htm\"\u003ePrivate Property and Communism\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"needs.htm\"\u003eHuman Needs \u0026amp; Division of Labour Under the Rule of Private Property\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"power.htm\"\u003eThe Power Of Money\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"hegel.htm\"\u003eCritique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#160;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"../11/phenom.htm\"\u003eHegel\u0026#8217;s Construction of The Phenomenology\u003c/a\u003e, November 1844\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003ca href=\"../11/state.htm\"\u003ePlan for a Work on The Modern State\u003c/a\u003e, November 1844\u003cbr /\u003e\r\n\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chr /\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca name=\"Preface\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\r\n\u0026#160;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003ch3\u003ePreface\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n\u003cspan\u003e||XXXIX|\u003c/span\u003e I have already announced in the \u003ca href=\"../../../../../glossary/periodicals/d/e.htm#dfj\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeutsch-Franz\u0026ouml;sische Jahrb\u0026uuml;cher\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e the critique of jurisprudence and political science in the form of a \u003ca href=\"../../1843/critique-hpr/index.htm\"\u003ecritique of the \u003cem\u003eHegelian\u003c/em\u003e philosophy of law\u003c/a\u003e. While preparing it for publication, the intermingling of criticism directed only against speculation with criticism of the various subjects themselves proved utterly unsuitable, hampering the development of the argument and rendering comprehension difficult. Moreover, the wealth and diversity of the subjects to be treated could have been compressed into one work only in a purely aphoristic style; whilst an aphoristic presentation of this kind, for its part, would have given the \u003cem\u003eimpression \u003c/em\u003eof arbitrary systematism. I shall therefore publish the critique of law, ethics, politics, etc., in a series of distinct, independent pamphlets, and afterwards try in a special work to present them again as a connected whole showing the interrelationship of the separate parts, and lastly attempt a critique of the speculative elaboration of that material. For this reason it will be found that the interconnection between political economy and the state, law, ethics, civil life, etc., is touched upon in the present work only to the extent to which political economy itself expressly touches upon these subjects.\u003ca name=\"001\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nIt is hardly necessary to assure the reader conversant with political economy that my results have been attained by means of a wholly empirical analysis based on a conscientious critical study of political economy.\u003ca name=\"002\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n(Whereas the uninformed reviewer who tries to hide his complete ignorance and intellectual poverty by hurling the \u0026#8220;\u003cem\u003eutopian phrase\u003c/em\u003e\u0026#8221; at the positive critic\u0026#8217;s head, or again such phrases as \u0026#8220;quite pure, quite resolute, quite critical criticism,\u0026#8221; the \u0026#8220;not merely legal but social \u0026#8211; utterly social \u0026#8211; society,\u0026#8221; the \u0026#8220;compact, massy mass,\u0026#8221; the \u0026#8220;outspoken spokesmen of the massy mass,\u0026#8221; \u003ca href=\"footnote.htm#fn02\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e this reviewer has yet to furnish the first proof that besides his theological family affairs he has anything to contribute to a discussion of \u003cem\u003eworldly \u003c/em\u003ematters.)\u003ca name=\"003\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nIt goes without saying that besides the French and English socialists I have also used German socialist works. The only original German works of substance in this science, however \u0026#8211; other than \u003ca href=\"../../../../../glossary/people/w/e.htm#weitling-wilhelm\"\u003eWeitling\u0026#8217;s\u003c/a\u003e writings \u0026#8211; are the essays by \u003cem\u003eHess \u003c/em\u003epublished in \u003cem\u003eEinundzwanzig Bogen \u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"footnote.htm#fn03\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e and Umrisse zu einer Kritik der National\u0026ouml;konomie by \u003c/em\u003eEngels in the \u003cem\u003eDeutsch-Franz\u0026ouml;sische Jahrb\u0026uuml;cher, \u003c/em\u003ewhere also the basic elements of this work have been indicated by me in a very general way.\u003ca name=\"004\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n(Besides being indebted to these authors who have given critical attention to political economy, positive criticism as a whole \u0026#8211; and therefore also German positive criticism of political economy \u0026#8211; owes its true foundation to the discoveries of \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"../../../../../glossary/people/f/e.htm#feuerbach-ludwig\"\u003eFeuerbach\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, against whose \u003cem\u003ePhilosophie der Zukunft\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThesen zur Reform der Philosophie \u003c/em\u003ein the \u003cem\u003eAnekdota,\u003c/em\u003e despite the tacit use that is made of them, the petty envy of some and the veritable wrath of others seem to have instigated a regular conspiracy of \u003cem\u003esilence.\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca name=\"005\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nIt is only with \u003cem\u003eFeuerbach\u003c/em\u003e that \u003cem\u003epositive, \u003c/em\u003ehumanistic and naturalistic criticism begins. The less noise they make, the more certain, profound, extensive, and enduring is the effect of \u003cem\u003eFeuerbach\u0026#8217;s \u003c/em\u003ewritings, the only writings since \u003ca href=\"../../../../../glossary/people/h/e.htm#hegel\"\u003eHegel\u0026#8217;s\u003c/a\u003e \u003cem\u003ePh\u0026auml;nomenologie\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLogik \u003c/em\u003eto contain a real theoretical revolution.\u003ca name=\"006\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nIn contrast to the \u003cem\u003ecritical theologians\u003c/em\u003e of our day, I have deemed the concluding chapter of this work \u0026#8211; a critical discussion of \u003cem\u003eHegelian dialectic \u003c/em\u003eand philosophy as a whole to be absolutely necessary, a task not yet performed. This \u003cem\u003elack of thoroughness \u003c/em\u003eis not accidental, since even the \u003cem\u003ecritical \u003c/em\u003etheologian remains a \u003cem\u003etheologian. \u003c/em\u003eHence, either he has to start from certain presuppositions of philosophy accepted as authoritative; or, if in the process of criticism and as a result of other people\u0026#8217;s discoveries doubts about these philosophical presuppositions have arisen in him, he abandons them in a cowardly and unwarrantable fashion, \u003cem\u003eabstracts\u003c/em\u003e from them, thus showing his servile dependence on these presuppositions and his resentment at this servility merely in a negative, unconscious and sophistical manner.\u003ca name=\"007\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n(He does this either by constantly repeating assurances concerning the \u003cem\u003epurity \u003c/em\u003eof his own criticism, or by trying to make it seem as though all that was left for criticism to deal with now was some other limited form of criticism outside itself \u0026#8211; say eighteenth-century criticism \u0026#8211; and also the limitations of the \u003cem\u003emasses, \u003c/em\u003ein order to divert the observer\u0026#8217;s attention as well as his own from the \u003cem\u003enecessary \u003c/em\u003etask of settling accounts between \u003cem\u003ecriticism \u003c/em\u003eand its point of origin \u0026#8211; Hegelian \u003cem\u003edialectic \u003c/em\u003eand German philosophy as a whole \u0026#8211; that is, from this necessary raising of modern criticism above its own limitation and crudity. Eventually, however, whenever discoveries (such as \u003cem\u003eFeuerbach\u0026#8217;s\u003c/em\u003e) are made regarding the nature of his own philosophic presuppositions, the critical theologian partly makes it appear as if \u003cem\u003ehe \u003c/em\u003ewere the one who had accomplished this, producing that appearance by taking the results of these discoveries and, without being able to develop them, hurling them in the form of \u003cem\u003ecatch-phrases \u003c/em\u003eat writers still caught in the confines of philosophy. He partly even manages to acquire a sense of his own superiority to such discoveries by asserting in a mysterious way and in a veiled, malicious and skeptical fashion elements of the Hegelian \u003cem\u003edialectic \u003c/em\u003ewhich he still finds lacking in the criticism of that dialectic (which have not yet been critically served up to him for his use) against such criticism \u0026#8211; not having tried to bring such elements into their proper relation or having been capable of doing so, asserting, say, the category of mediating proof against the category of positive, self-originating truth, (…) in a way \u003cem\u003epeculiar \u003c/em\u003eto Hegelian dialectic. For to the theological critic it seems quite natural that everything has to be \u003cem\u003edone \u003c/em\u003eby philosophy, so that he can \u003cem\u003echatter away \u003c/em\u003eabout purity, resoluteness, and quite critical criticism; and he fancies himself the true \u003cem\u003econqueror of philosophy\u003c/em\u003e whenever he happens to \u003cem\u003efeel \u003c/em\u003esome element \u003ca href=\"footnote.htm#fn04\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e in Hegel to be lacking in Feuerbach \u0026#8211; for however much he practises the spiritual idolatry of \u0026#8220;\u003cem\u003eself-consciousness\u003c/em\u003e\u0026#8221; and \u0026#8220;mind\u0026#8221; the theological critic does not get beyond feeling to consciousness.)\u003ca name=\"008\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nOn close inspection \u003cem\u003etheological \u003c/em\u003ecriticism \u0026#8211; genuinely progressive though it was at the inception of the movement \u0026#8211; is seen in the final analysis to be nothing but the culmination and consequence of the old \u003cem\u003ephilosophical, \u003c/em\u003eand especially the \u003cem\u003eHegelian, transcendentalism, \u003c/em\u003etwisted into a \u003cem\u003etheological caricature. \u003c/em\u003eThis interesting example of historical justice, which now assigns to theology, ever philosophy\u0026#8217;s spot of infection, the further role of portraying in itself the negative dissolution of philosophy, i.e., the process of its decay \u0026#8211; this historical nemesis I shall demonstrate on another occasion. \u003ca href=\"footnote.htm#fn05\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"009\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n(How far, on the other hand, \u003cem\u003eFeuerbach\u0026#8217;s \u003c/em\u003ediscoveries about the nature of philosophy still, for their \u003cem\u003eproof \u003c/em\u003eat least, called for a critical discussion of philosophical dialectic will be seen from my exposition itself.)\u003cspan\u003e||LX|\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#160;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chr /\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#160;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\n \u003c/article\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["Marx analyzes alienated labor, private property, species-being, money, need, communism, and human self-realization under capitalism."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Paris Manuscripts; 1844 Manuscripts"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"alienation; labor; private property; species-being; money; need; communism; humanism"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Historical-materialist analysis, critique of political economy, dialectical critique, philosophical polemic, archival manuscript work, journalism, and social theory."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"The page records an approved Marx work with explicit year, source evidence, and visible coauthorship, manuscript, posthumous, or Engels-edited status where needed."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Marx analyzes alienated labor, private property, species-being, money, need, communism, and human self-realization under capitalism."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Hegel, Feuerbach, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Aristotle, Epicurus, French socialism, British political economy, and nineteenth-century revolutionary politics."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Marxism, socialism, communism, critical theory, labor movements, political economy, sociology, social philosophy, philosophy of history, and twentieth-century continental thought."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Included as one of the twenty-seven direct Karl Marx work pages approved for the Karl Marx full-process repair.","The work anchors Marx\u0027s continuing relevance for capitalism, labor, alienation, class, ideology, religion critique, political economy, state power, social transformation, and historical explanation."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct manuscript cluster through Marxists archive, MEGA context, SEP, and scholarship evidence; HasFullText remains false."]}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Text","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":24,"Styles":2,"Scripts":1}}