Translation of Herodotus’ Histories
{"WorkMasterId":6601,"WpPageId":283391,"ParentWpPageId":193793,"Slug":"translation-of-herodotus","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/lorenzo-valla/translation-of-herodotus/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/lorenzo-valla/translation-of-herodotus/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":117519,"CleanHtmlLength":62768,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"Translation of Herodotus\u0027 Histories","Deck":"Valla\u0027s Herodotus work and marginalia show late humanist engagement with Greek historiography, source criticism, and Latin translation.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Lorenzo Valla","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/lorenzo-valla/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Lorenzo Valla","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/lorenzo-valla/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/lorenzo-valla-01-lorenzo-valla-portrait.jpg","ImageAlt":"Rijksmuseum/de Bry portrait print of Lorenzo Valla","FilterTerra":"Eastern Mediterranean","ClickText":"Lorenzo Valla","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/lorenzo-valla/","Copies":["1407 CE – 1457 CE","Rome","Italian Renaissance humanist, philologist, philosopher, textual critic, translator, and Catholic priest whose critique of scholasticism, Latin style, biblical scholarship, and exposure of the Donation of Constantine reshaped humanist method."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:3","Title":"Early Modern History","DateText":"1500 CE – 1799 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-early-modern-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:7","Title":"Renaissance and Reformation","DateText":"1500 CE – 1599 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-early-modern-history/philosophers-of-the-renaissance-and-reformation/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"1457 CE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Displayed as 1457 as a normalized late-life endpoint; notes preserve that work began after Thucydides and remained tied to his final Roman years.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:6"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:ITA:2"}],"OriginalTitle":"Herodoti Historiae Latina interpretatio","Language":"Latin","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:philosophy-of-language"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:epistemology"}],"Tradition":"Italian Renaissance humanism; philology; rhetoric; humanist moral philosophy; textual criticism; critique of scholasticism; biblical scholarship","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Perseus: Herodotus Histories Book I .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["Valla\u0027s Herodotus work and marginalia show late humanist engagement with Greek historiography, source criticism, and Latin translation."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Herodotus translation; Latin Herodotus; Histories","KeyConcepts":"Herodotus; Greek historiography; translation; marginalia; source criticism; humanist Latin","Methodology":"Direct Lorenzo Valla work-cluster record based on SEP, Britannica, Treccani, New Advent, catalog records, manuscript/source images, and scholarship rows. Readable source texts are cited only as external evidence.","Structure":"One work-cluster page with Latin and English title forms, explicit integer display year, date note, evidence note, source linkage, and discipline mapping."},"Arguments":["Valla\u0027s Herodotus work and marginalia show late humanist engagement with Greek historiography, source criticism, and Latin translation."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Cicero, Quintilian, Epicurean ethics, Christian theology, Greek historiography, Roman law and rhetoric, humanist circles around Rome, Pavia, Naples, and the papal court.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Accepted as a direct Valla translation/scholarship row from SEP, Commons Herodotus marginalia image, Brill/scholarship, and catalog evidence.","The work remains relevant to philology, textual criticism, language philosophy, historical method, rhetoric, moral philosophy, theology, and Renaissance humanism."],"EvidenceNote":["Accepted as a direct Valla translation/scholarship row from SEP, Commons Herodotus marginalia image, Brill/scholarship, and catalog evidence."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\"\u003ePerseus: Herodotus Histories Book I\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"/hopper/home\"\u003eHome\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"/hopper/collections\"\u003eCollections/Texts\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://catalog.perseus.org\"\u003ePerseus Catalog\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"/hopper/research\"\u003eResearch\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"/hopper/grants\"\u003eGrants\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"/hopper/opensource\"\u003eOpen Source\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"/hopper/about\"\u003eAbout\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"/hopper/help\"\u003eHelp\u003c/a\u003e\n \n\t\n \n \n\t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\t\n\t\n \n \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"fromdoc\" value=\"Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" /\u003e\n \u003c/form\u003e\n \n \n \n \u003cp\u003e7% of the text is displayed below. If you wish to\n view the entire text, please click \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1\u0026force=y\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \n\n\u003cb\u003e1.\u003c/b\u003e \n [\u003cspan\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e]\n \n\u003cp/\u003eThis is the display of the inquiry of Herodotus of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016142\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eHalicarnassus\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, so that things done by man not be forgotten in time, and that great and marvelous deeds, some displayed by the Hellenes, some by the barbarians, not lose their glory, including among others what was the cause of their waging war on each other.\n\n\u003cp/\u003eThe Persian learned men say that the Phoenicians were the cause of the dispute. These (they say) came to our seas from the sea which is called Red,\u003ca href=\"#note1\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and having settled in the country which they still occupy, at once began to make long voyages. Among other places to which they carried Egyptian and Assyrian merchandise, they came to \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Argos\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eArgos\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nwhich was at that time preeminent in every way among the people of what is now called \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000074\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eHellas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. The Phoenicians came to \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Argos\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eArgos\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and set out their cargo.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n On the fifth or sixth day after their arrival, when their wares were almost all sold, many women came to the shore and among them especially the daughter of the king, whose name was Io (according to Persians and Greeks alike), the daughter of Inachus.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\n As these stood about the stern of the ship bargaining for the wares they liked, the Phoenicians incited one another to set upon them. Most of the women escaped: Io and others were seized and thrown into the ship, which then sailed away for \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016833\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\n\n\u003cb\u003e2.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eIn this way, the Persians say (and not as the Greeks), was how Io came to \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016833\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and this, according to them, was the first wrong that was done. Next, according to their story, some Greeks (they cannot say who) landed at \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7002862\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eTyre\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e in \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,6004687\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003ePhoenicia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and carried off the king\u0027s daughter Europa. These Greeks must, I suppose, have been Cretans. So far, then, the account between them was balanced. But after this (they say), it was the Greeks who were guilty of the second wrong.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n They sailed in a long ship to \u003cspan\u003eAea\u003c/span\u003e, a city of the Colchians, and to the river \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7012263\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003ePhasis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003ca href=\"#note2\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and when they had done the business for which they came, they carried off the king\u0027s daughter Medea.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n When the Colchian king sent a herald to demand reparation for the robbery and restitution of his daughter, the Greeks replied that, as they had been refused reparation for the abduction of the Argive Io, they would not make any to the Colchians.\n\n\u003cb\u003e3.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eThen (they say), in the second generation after this, Alexandrus, son of Priam, who had heard this tale, decided to get himself a wife from \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000074\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eHellas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by capture; for he was confident that he would not suffer punishment.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n So he carried off Helen. The Greeks first resolved to send messengers demanding that Helen be restored and atonement made for the seizure; but when this proposal was made, the Trojans pleaded the seizure of Medea, and reminded the Greeks that they asked reparation from others, yet made none themselves, nor gave up the booty when asked.\n\n\u003cb\u003e4.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eSo far it was a matter of mere seizure on both sides. But after this (the Persians say), the Greeks were very much to blame; for they invaded \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e before the Persians attacked \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000003\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eEurope\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \n“We think,” they say, “that it is unjust to carry women off. But to be anxious to avenge rape is foolish: wise men take no notice of such things. For plainly the women would never have been carried away, had they not wanted it themselves.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n We of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e did not deign to notice the seizure of our women; but the Greeks, for the sake of a Lacedaemonian woman, recruited a great armada, came to \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=3\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and destroyed the power of Priam.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\n Ever since then we have regarded Greeks as our enemies.” For the Persians claim \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=4\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for their own, and the foreign peoples that inhabit it; \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000003\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eEurope\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and the Greek people they consider to be separate from them.\n\n\u003cb\u003e5.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eSuch is the Persian account; in their opinion, it was the taking of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Troy\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eTroy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e which began their hatred of the Greeks.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n But the Phoenicians do not tell the same story about Io as the Persians. They say that they did not carry her off to \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016833\u0026amp;n=3\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by force. She had intercourse in \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Argos\u0026amp;n=3\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eArgos\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e with the captain of the ship. Then, finding herself pregnant, she was ashamed to have her parents know it, and so, lest they discover her condition, she sailed away with the Phoenicians of her own accord.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n \n\u003cp/\u003eThese are the stories of the Persians and the Phoenicians. For my part, I shall not say that this or that story is true, but I shall identify the one who I myself know did the Greeks unjust deeds, and thus proceed with my history, and speak of small and great cities of men alike.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\n For many states that were once great have now become small; and those that were great in my time were small before. Knowing therefore that human prosperity never continues in the same place, I shall mention both alike.\n\n\u003cb\u003e6.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eCroesus was a Lydian by birth, son of Alyattes, and sovereign of all the nations west of the river \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,6002441\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eHalys\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, which flows from the south between \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000140\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSyria\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016760\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003ePaphlagonia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and empties into the sea called \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016619\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eEuxine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n This Croesus was the first foreigner whom we know who subjugated some Greeks and took tribute from them, and won the friendship of others: the former being the Ionians, the Aeolians, and the Dorians of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=5\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and the latter the Lacedaemonians.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n Before the reign of Croesus, all Greeks were free: for the Cimmerian host which invaded \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,6002765\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eIonia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e before his time did not subjugate the cities, but raided and robbed them.\n\n\u003cb\u003e7.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eNow the sovereign power that belonged to the descendants of Heracles\u003ca href=\"#note3\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e fell to the family of Croesus, called the Mermnadae, in the following way.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nCandaules, whom the Greeks call Myrsilus, was the ruler of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Sardis\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSardis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; he was descended from Alcaeus, son of Heracles; Agron son of Ninus, son of Belus, son of Alcaeus, was the first Heraclid king of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Sardis\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSardis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and Candaules son of Myrsus was the last.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n The kings of this country before Agron were descendants of Lydus, son of Atys, from whom this whole Lydian district got its name; before that it was called the land of the Meii.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\n The Heraclidae, descendants of Heracles and a female slave of Iardanus, received the sovereignty from these and held it, because of an oracle; and they ruled for twenty-two generations, or five hundred and five years, son succeeding father, down to Candaules son of Myrsus.\n\n\u003cb\u003e8.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eThis Candaules, then, fell in love with his own wife, so much so that he believed her to be by far the most beautiful woman in the world; and believing this, he praised her beauty beyond measure to Gyges son of Dascylus, who was his favorite among his bodyguard; for it was to Gyges that he entrusted all his most important secrets.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n After a little while, Candaules, doomed to misfortune, spoke to Gyges thus: “Gyges, I do not think that you believe what I say about the beauty of my wife; men trust their ears less than their eyes: so you must see her naked.” Gyges protested loudly at this.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n \n“Master,” he said, “what an unsound suggestion, that I should see my mistress naked! When a woman\u0027s clothes come off, she dispenses with her modesty, too.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\n Men have long ago made wise rules from which one ought to learn; one of these is that one should mind one\u0027s own business. As for me, I believe that your queen is the most beautiful of all women, and I ask you not to ask of me what is lawless.”\n\n\u003cb\u003e9.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eSpeaking thus, Gyges resisted: for he was afraid that some evil would come of it for him. But this was Candaules\u0027 answer: “Courage, Gyges! Do not be afraid of me, that I say this to test you, or of my wife, that you will have any harm from her. I will arrange it so that she shall never know that you have seen her.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n I will bring you into the chamber where she and I lie and conceal you behind the open door; and after I have entered, my wife too will come to bed. There is a chair standing near the entrance of the room: on this she will lay each article of her clothing as she takes it off, and you will be able to look upon her at your leisure.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n Then, when she moves from the chair to the bed, turning her back on you, be careful she does not see you going out through the doorway.”\n\n\u003cb\u003e10.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eAs Gyges could not escape, he consented. Candaules, when he judged it to be time for bed, brought Gyges into the chamber; his wife followed presently, and when she had come in and was laying aside her garments, Gyges saw her;\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nwhen she turned her back upon him to go to bed, he slipped from the room. The woman glimpsed him as he went out, and perceived what her husband had done. But though shamed, she did not cry out or let it be seen that she had perceived anything, for she meant to punish Candaules;\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nsince among the Lydians and most of the foreign peoples it is felt as a great shame that even a man be seen naked.\n\n\u003cb\u003e11.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eFor the present she made no sign and kept quiet. But as soon as it was day, she prepared those of her household whom she saw were most faithful to her, and called Gyges. He, supposing that she knew nothing of what had been done, answered the summons; for he was used to attending the queen whenever she summoned him.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n When Gyges came, the lady addressed him thus: “Now, Gyges, you have two ways before you; decide which you will follow. You must either kill Candaules and take me and the throne of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7016631\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eLydia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for your own, or be killed yourself now without more ado; that will prevent you from obeying all Candaules\u0027 commands in the future and seeing what you should not see.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n One of you must die: either he, the contriver of this plot, or you, who have outraged all custom by looking on me uncovered.” Gyges stood awhile astonished at this; presently, he begged her not to compel him to such a choice.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\n But when he could not deter her, and saw that dire necessity was truly upon him either to kill his master or himself be killed by others, he chose his own life. Then he asked: “Since you force me against my will to kill my master, I would like to know how we are to lay our hands on him.”\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\n She replied, “You shall come at him from the same place where he made you view me naked: attack him in his sleep.”\n\n\u003cb\u003e12.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eWhen they had prepared this plot, and night had fallen, Gyges followed the woman into the chamber (for Gyges was not released, nor was there any means of deliverance, but either he or Candaules must die). She gave him a dagger and hid him behind the same door;\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nand presently he stole out and killed Candaules as he slept. Thus he made himself master of the king\u0027s wife and sovereignty. He is mentioned in the iambic verses of Archilochus of \u003cspan\u003eParus\u003c/span\u003e who lived about the same time.\n\n\u003cb\u003e13.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eSo he took possession of the sovereign power and was confirmed in it by the Delphic oracle. For when the Lydians took exception to what was done to Candaules, and took up arms, the faction of Gyges came to an agreement with the rest of the people that if the oracle should ordain him king of the Lydians, then he would reign; but if not, then he would return the kingship to the Heraclidae.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n The oracle did so ordain, and Gyges thus became king. However, the Pythian priestess declared that the Heraclidae would have vengeance on Gyges\u0027 posterity in the fifth generation; an utterance to which the Lydians and their kings paid no regard until it was fulfilled.\n\n\u003cb\u003e14.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eThus the Mermnadae robbed the Heraclidae of the sovereignty and took it for themselves. Having gotten it, Gyges sent many offerings to \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Delphi\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eDelphi\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e: there are very many silver offerings of his there; and besides the silver, he dedicated a hoard of gold, among which six golden bowls are the offerings especially worthy of mention.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n These weigh thirty talents\u003ca href=\"#note4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and stand in the treasury\u003ca href=\"#note5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e of the Corinthians; although in truth it is not the treasury of the Corinthian people but of Cypselus son of Eetion. This Gyges then was the first foreigner whom we know who placed offerings at \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Delphi\u0026amp;n=3\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eDelphi\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e after the king of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,7002613\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003ePhrygia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, Midas son of Gordias.\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n For Midas too made an offering: namely, the royal seat on which he sat to give judgment, and a marvellous seat it is. It is set in the same place as the bowls of Gyges. This gold and the silver offered by Gyges is called by the Delphians “Gygian” after its dedicator.\n\n\u003cb\u003e15.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eAs soon as Gyges came to the throne, he too, like others, led an army into the lands of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Miletus\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eMiletus\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Smyrna\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSmyrna\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; and he took the city of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Colophon\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eColophon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. But as he did nothing else great in his reign of thirty-eight years, I shall say no more of him, and shall speak instead of Ardys son of Gyges, who succeeded him. He took \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Priene\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003ePriene\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and invaded the country of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Miletus\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eMiletus\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; and it was while he was monarch of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Sardis\u0026amp;n=3\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSardis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e that the Cimmerians, driven from their homes by the nomad Scythians, came into \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=6\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and took \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Sardis\u0026amp;n=4\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSardis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, all but the acropolis.\n\n\u003cb\u003e16.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eArdys reigned for forty-nine years and was succeeded by his son Sadyattes, who reigned for twelve years; and after Sadyattes came Alyattes,\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nwho waged war against Deioces\u0027 descendant Cyaxares and the Medes, drove the Cimmerians out of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;n=7\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, took \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Smyrna\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eSmyrna\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (which was a colony from \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Colophon\u0026amp;n=2\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eColophon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and invaded the lands of \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Klazomenai\u0026amp;n=1\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eClazomenae\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. But he did not return from these as he wished, but with great disaster. Of other deeds done by him in his reign, these were the most notable:\n\n\u003cb\u003e17.\u003c/b\u003e \n\u003cp/\u003eHe continued the war against the Milesians which his father had begun. This was how he attacked and beseiged \u003cspan\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;auth=perseus,Miletus\u0026amp;n=3\u0026amp;type=place\"\u003eMiletus\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e: he sent his army, marching to the sound of pipes and harps and bass and treble flutes, to invade when the crops in the land were ripe;\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nand whenever he came to the Milesian territory, he neither demolished nor burnt nor tore the doors off the country dwellings, but let them stand unharmed; but he destroyed the trees and the crops of the land, and so returned to where he came from;\n\n [\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\n \nfor as the Milesians had command of the sea, it was of no use for his army to besiege their city. The reason that the Lydian did not destroy the houses was this: that the Milesians might have homes from which to plant and cultivate their land, and that there might be the fruit of their toil for his invading army to lay waste.\n\n\u003cb\u003e18.\u003c/b\u003e \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003cbr /\u003eThis work is licensed under a \n \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License\u003c/a\u003e.\n \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn \u003ca href=\"dltext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126\"\u003eXML version\u003c/a\u003e of this text is available for download, \n with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted \n changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.\u003c/p\u003e \n \n \n\t\n\t\n \n \n \n \u0026nbsp;\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\t\n \u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/hopper/map?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126\"\u003eView a map\u003c/a\u003e of the most frequently mentioned places in this document.\u003c/p\u003e\n\t\n\tSort places\n\t\u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;ie_sort=display\"\u003ealphabetically\u003c/a\u003e,\n\t\u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;ie_sort=token\"\u003eas they appear on the page\u003c/a\u003e,\n\t\u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;ie_sort=freq\"\u003eby frequency\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\n\tClick on a place to search for it in this document.\n\t\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Sardis\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSardis (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (61)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Delphi\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDelphi (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (42)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1000004\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAsia\u003c/a\u003e (38)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Miletus\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMiletus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (26)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002626\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBabylon (Iraq)\u003c/a\u003e (25)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016833\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEgypt (Egypt)\u003c/a\u003e (17)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016631\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLydia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (16)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,6002765\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIonia\u003c/a\u003e (12)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1000074\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGreece (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (12)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7000231\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePersia (Iran)\u003c/a\u003e (11)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Smyrna\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSmyrna (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (10)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,6002441\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalys River (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (10)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1123842\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEuphrates\u003c/a\u003e (10)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Corinth\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCorinth (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (10)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Athens\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAthens (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (10)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Argos\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArgos (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (9)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Priene\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePriene (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (8)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7018000\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePhocaea (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (8)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7017998\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNineveh (Iraq)\u003c/a\u003e (8)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Tegea\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTegea\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7017076\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePeloponnesus (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002672\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLesbos (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Kyme\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKyme\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1000080\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eItaly (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1000003\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEurope\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Colophon\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eColophon\u003c/a\u003e (7)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002494\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBranchidae (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (6)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1000140\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSyria (Syria)\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016791\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRed Sea\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016619\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePontus\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Panionion\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePanionion\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016142\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalicarnassus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7012056\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCrete (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7004538\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArmenia\u003c/a\u003e (5)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Thebes\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThebes (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7004100\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTarentum (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002613\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePhrygia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7011019\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOlympus (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Mytilene\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMytilene (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Klazomenai\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKlazomenai\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002499\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEphesus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002115\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEcbatana (Iran)\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1108814\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCaucasus\u003c/a\u003e (4)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Xanthos\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eXanthos (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Troy\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTroy (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,6004687\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePhoenicia\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7012263\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePhasis (Georgia)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7012053\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNaxos (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Methymna\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMethymna\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7007512\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGades (Spain)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,2267015\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCreston (New Mexico, United States)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,6003016\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCappadocia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002735\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArcadia (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (3)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002862\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTyre (Lebanon)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1130850\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTigris\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Teos\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTeos\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Tenedos\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTenedos\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7003122\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSicily (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7004296\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRhegium (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7010770\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePytho (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Phthia\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePhthia\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016760\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePaphlagonia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Mykale\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMykale\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1121561\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMaeander (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7001294\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLycia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1000172\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLibya (Libya)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7011065\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLacedaemon (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Eretria\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEretria (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Eleusis\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEleusis (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Dodona\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDodona (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Delos\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDelos (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7010869\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCythera (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1006894\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCyprus\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7001093\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCorsica (France)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002358\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCaria (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002681\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAttica (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Atarneus\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAtarneus\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016761\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArabian Gulf\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016436\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAleria (France)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Abdera\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAbdera (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Abai\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAbai\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7008314\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eVelia (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Velia\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eVelia\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7003125\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eUmbria (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7001303\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThracia\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7001297\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThebes (Egypt)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1008845\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSyme (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7017509\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSusa (Iran)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Sinope\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSinope (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Sikyon\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSikyon (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002673\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSamos (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Rome\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRome (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7011266\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRhodes (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7023945\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePteria (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Pitane\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePitane\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016140\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePergamus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Pellene\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePellene\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Patrai\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePatrai (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Patara\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePatara\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Panormus\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePanormus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7004540\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePalestine\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1121195\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOxus\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Olympia\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOlympia (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Olenus\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOlenus\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002606\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNotium (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Nisaea\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNisaea\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1127805\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNile\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,5004385\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMyus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016748\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMysia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016737\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMyrina (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Mylasa\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMylasa (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002583\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMagnesia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7004610\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLucania (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Lindos\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLindos (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002745\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLaconia (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002814\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKizil Irmak (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1130481\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJaxartes (Kazakhstan)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016683\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIllyria\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016676\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIberia\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7011267\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIalysus (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002638\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHellespont (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Helike\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHelike\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7007769\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGuadalquivir (Spain)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002677\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEuboea (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Epidauros\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEpidauros\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Elea\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eElea\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Dyme\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDyme (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Kos City\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCos\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Cortona\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCortona (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,5003757\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCnidus (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002470\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCilicia (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Caunus\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCaunus\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016624\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCaspian Sea\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Caere\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCaere\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Bura\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBura\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7007850\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBruttium (Italy)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002683\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBoeotia (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7013255\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBabylonia (Iraq)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7014825\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAzov (Russia)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7006646\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAzerbaijan (Azerbaijan)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7014206\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAtlantic Ocean\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002294\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAsia Minor (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1099922\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAscalon (Israel)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7002838\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAras\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1112245\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAral Sea\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,1012700\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArabia\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,5004216\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAeolis (Turkey)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Aegira\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAegira\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=perseus,Aegae\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAegae (Greece)\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=tgn,7016532\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAdriatic Sea\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \n \u003cp\u003eDownload \u003ca href=\"/xml/urn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1.pleiades.rdf\"\u003ePleiades ancient places geospacial dataset for this text\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\t\n \n \n \n\t\n\t\n\tSort dates\n\t\u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;ie_sort=display\"\u003ealphabetically\u003c/a\u003e,\n\t\u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;ie_sort=token\"\u003eas they appear on the page\u003c/a\u003e,\n\t\u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1\u0026amp;ie_sort=freq\"\u003eby frequency\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\n\tClick on a date to search for it in this document.\n\t\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-709\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e709 BC\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-606\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e606 BC\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-585-05-28\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMay 28th, 585 BC\u003c/a\u003e (2)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-656\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e656 BC\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-560\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e560 BC\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-548\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e548 BC\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"nebrowser?id=-520\u0026amp;query=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e520 BC\u003c/a\u003e (1)\u003cbr /\u003e\n\t\n \n \n \n \n \n\t\n \u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eCross-references in general dictionaries to this page\n (30):\n \u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rta/bh\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eἀρτάβη\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=bassari/s\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eβασσαρ-ίς\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=dei/knumi\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eδείκνυμι\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=do/ru\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eδόρυ\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e(chkosto/s\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eἑξηκοστός\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)pi/2\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eἐπί\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)pikale/w\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eἐπικα^λέω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ei)/sw\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eεἴσω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=eu)xwlh/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eεὐχωλ-ή\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fane/rwsis\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eφα^νέρ-ωσις\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=i(stori/a\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eἱστορ-ία\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mnh/mh\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eμνήμ-η\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o(/risma\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eὅρισ-μα\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ou)de/teros\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eοὐδέτερ-ος\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=peri/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eπερί\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=plei/wn1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eπλείων\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pro/cenos\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eπρόξενος\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=qaumasto/s\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eθαυμ-αστός\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=r(ei=qron\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eῥεῖθρ-ον\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sakhfo/ros\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eσα^κ-ηφόρος\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sarkiko/s\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eσαρκ-ικός\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sfei=s\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eσφεῖς\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sta/dion\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eστάδιον\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=tarixeuth/r\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eτα^ρι_χ-ευτήρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=tre/xw\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eτρέχω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=u(peca/gw\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eὑπεξ-άγω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=u(po/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eὑπό\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=u(pode/w\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eὑποδέω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=u(pokri/nw\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eὑποκρίνω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eLSJ\u003c/cite\u003e, \u003ca href=\"text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=u(stere/w\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eὑστερ-έω\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\n\t\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u003cspan\u003eCitation URI:\u003c/span\u003e \u003ca href=\"http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1\"\u003ehttp://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1\u003c/a\u003e\n \n \u003cspan\u003eText URI:\u003c/span\u003e \u003ca href=\"http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1\"\u003ehttp://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1\u003c/a\u003e\n \n \u003cspan\u003eWork URI:\u003c/span\u003e \u003ca href=\"http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001\"\u003ehttp://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001\u003c/a\u003e\n \n \n \u003cspan\u003eCatalog Record URI:\u003c/span\u003e \u003ca href=\"http://data.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://data.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\n \u003c/article\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["Valla\u0027s Herodotus work and marginalia show late humanist engagement with Greek historiography, source criticism, and Latin translation."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Herodotus translation; Latin Herodotus; Histories"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"Herodotus; Greek historiography; translation; marginalia; source criticism; humanist Latin"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Direct Lorenzo Valla work-cluster record based on SEP, Britannica, Treccani, New Advent, catalog records, manuscript/source images, and scholarship rows. Readable source texts are cited only as external evidence."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"One work-cluster page with Latin and English title forms, explicit integer display year, date note, evidence note, source linkage, and discipline mapping."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Valla\u0027s Herodotus work and marginalia show late humanist engagement with Greek historiography, source criticism, and Latin translation."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Cicero, Quintilian, Epicurean ethics, Christian theology, Greek historiography, Roman law and rhetoric, humanist circles around Rome, Pavia, Naples, and the papal court."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Renaissance humanism, textual criticism, classical scholarship, humanist logic, biblical philology, Reformation-era critique, Erasmus, histories of the Donation of Constantine, and early modern debates over language and method."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct Valla translation/scholarship row from SEP, Commons Herodotus marginalia image, Brill/scholarship, and catalog evidence.","The work remains relevant to philology, textual criticism, language philosophy, historical method, rhetoric, moral philosophy, theology, and Renaissance humanism."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct Valla translation/scholarship row from SEP, Commons Herodotus marginalia image, Brill/scholarship, and catalog evidence."]}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Text","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":24,"Styles":2,"Scripts":1}}