Universal Love
{"WorkMasterId":6862,"WpPageId":285749,"ParentWpPageId":193893,"Slug":"universal-love","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/universal-love/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/universal-love/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":75155,"CleanHtmlLength":17814,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"Universal Love","Deck":"The chapter group defends impartial care as a remedy for partiality, conflict, family favoritism, and social disorder.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Mozi (Mo Di)","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Mozi (Mo Di)","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/mozi-mo-di-01-chinese-characters.png","ImageAlt":"Mozi in seal and regular script","FilterTerra":"China (East Asia)","ClickText":"Mozi (Mo Di)","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/","Copies":["470 BCE – 391 BCE","State of Lu or State of Song, Warring States China","Warring States philosopher of Mohism, jian ai, impartial care, anti-aggression, meritocracy, frugality, Heaven, ghosts, standards, logic, optics, and siege defense."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:1","Title":"Ancient History","DateText":"3000 BCE – 499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:2","Title":"Iron Age","DateText":"1200 BCE – 501 BCE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/philosophers-of-the-iron-age/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"400 BCE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Displayed as 400 BCE as an approximate Warring States proxy for the received Mozi and Mohist chapter traditions, not a secure autograph composition year.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:10"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:41"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:CHN:10"}],"OriginalTitle":"兼爱","Language":"Classical Chinese","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:ethics"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:political-philosophy"}],"Tradition":"Mohism, Warring States ethics, political philosophy, impartial care, anti-aggression, meritocratic order, practical benefit, Heaven, ghosts, Mohist logic, standards, optics, and siege defense","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Chinese Text Project: Universal Love .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["The chapter group defends impartial care as a remedy for partiality, conflict, family favoritism, and social disorder."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Jian ai; Impartial Care","KeyConcepts":"Universal Love; Mozi; Mo Di; Mohism; jian ai; impartial care; universal love; li; benefit; yi; righteousness; anti-aggression; meritocracy; frugality; anti-fatalism; Heaven; ghosts; fa; standards; Mohist Canons; siege defense; Warring States","Methodology":"Argument by practical benefit, moral-political criticism, appeal to standards, historical exempla, dialogical refutation, analogical reasoning, administrative prescription, and technical Mohist analysis.","Structure":"Registered Mozi/Mohist transmitted work or chapter group; the page summarizes title, date proxy, language, tradition, disciplines, received status, and source evidence without importing full text."},"Arguments":["Develops Mohist arguments about impartial care, public benefit, rejection of aggression, meritocratic administration, economy of use, ritual criticism, Heaven and ghosts, non-fatalism, standards of names and evidence, and practical defense."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Zhou political order, classical moral vocabulary, Confucian ritual debate, Warring States warfare, craft and artisan expertise, sage-king traditions, and practical administration.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Part of the received Mozi corpus or a major Mohist chapter group used to reconstruct the only major organized rival to early Confucianism in the Warring States period.","Used in debates about impartiality, consequentialism, pacifism and defensive war, meritocracy, public reason, standards of evidence, language, technology, optics, and non-Confucian Chinese ethics."],"EvidenceNote":["Accepted as a direct Mozi/Mohist work or named chapter group; the page must state that the received text is layered Mohist school transmission and has no verified full-text section here."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Versions","BodyHtml":"\u003cdiv class=\"dz-philo__full-version-grid\"\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-version-card\"\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"dz-philo__full-version-provider\"\u003eChinese Text Project\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch3 class=\"dz-philo__full-version-title\"\u003eUniversal Love\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"dz-philo__full-version-meta\"\u003eSectionText · LinkOnlyReady\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ca class=\"dz-philo__full-version-link\" href=\"https://ctext.org/mozi/jian-ai-shang\"\u003eOpen full version\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003c/article\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["The chapter group defends impartial care as a remedy for partiality, conflict, family favoritism, and social disorder."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Jian ai; Impartial Care"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"Universal Love; Mozi; Mo Di; Mohism; jian ai; impartial care; universal love; li; benefit; yi; righteousness; anti-aggression; meritocracy; frugality; anti-fatalism; Heaven; ghosts; fa; standards; Mohist Canons; siege defense; Warring States"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Argument by practical benefit, moral-political criticism, appeal to standards, historical exempla, dialogical refutation, analogical reasoning, administrative prescription, and technical Mohist analysis."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"Registered Mozi/Mohist transmitted work or chapter group; the page summarizes title, date proxy, language, tradition, disciplines, received status, and source evidence without importing full text."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Develops Mohist arguments about impartial care, public benefit, rejection of aggression, meritocratic administration, economy of use, ritual criticism, Heaven and ghosts, non-fatalism, standards of names and evidence, and practical defense."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Zhou political order, classical moral vocabulary, Confucian ritual debate, Warring States warfare, craft and artisan expertise, sage-king traditions, and practical administration."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Later Mohists, early Chinese logic, Warring States disputation, Xunzi, Han Feizi, debates over utilitarian or consequentialist ethics, Chinese philosophy of language, and histories of optics and defensive engineering."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Part of the received Mozi corpus or a major Mohist chapter group used to reconstruct the only major organized rival to early Confucianism in the Warring States period.","Used in debates about impartiality, consequentialism, pacifism and defensive war, meritocracy, public reason, standards of evidence, language, technology, optics, and non-Confucian Chinese ethics."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct Mozi/Mohist work or named chapter group; the page must state that the received text is layered Mohist school transmission and has no verified full-text section here."]},{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://ctext.org/mozi/jian-ai-shang\"\u003eChinese Text Project: Universal Love\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e兼愛上\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e聖人以治天下為事者也，必知亂之所自起，焉能治之，不知亂之所自起，則不能治。譬之如醫之攻人之疾者然，必知疾之所自起，焉能攻之；不知疾之所自起，則弗能攻。治亂者何獨不然，必知亂之所自起，焉能治之；不知亂之所自起，則弗能治。聖人以治天下為事者也，不可不察亂之所自起。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e當察亂何自起？起不相愛。臣子之不孝君父，所謂亂也。子自愛不愛父，故虧父而自利；弟自愛不愛兄，故虧兄而自利；臣自愛不愛君，故虧君而自利，此所謂亂也。雖父之不慈子，兄之不慈弟，君之不慈臣，此亦天下之所謂亂也。父自愛也不愛子，故虧子而自利；兄自愛也不愛弟，故虧弟而自利；君自愛也不愛臣，故虧臣而自利。是何也？皆起不相愛。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e雖至天下之為盜賊者亦然，盜愛其室不愛其異室，故竊異室以利其室；賊愛其身不愛人，故賊人以利其身。此何也？皆起不相愛。雖至大夫之相亂家，諸侯之相攻國者亦然。大夫各愛家，不愛異家，故亂異家以利家；諸侯各愛其國，不愛異國，故攻異國以利其國，天下之亂物具此而已矣。察此何自起？皆起不相愛。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e若使天下兼相愛，人若愛其身，惡施不孝？猶有不慈者乎？視子弟與臣若其身，惡施不慈？不孝亡，猶有盜賊乎？故視人之室若其室，誰竊？視人身若其身，誰賊？故盜賊亡有。猶有大夫之相亂家、諸侯之相攻國者乎？視人家若其家，誰亂？視人國若其國，誰攻？故大夫之相亂家、諸侯之相攻國者亡有。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e若使天下兼相愛，國與國不相攻，家與家不相亂，盜賊無有，君臣父子皆能孝慈，若此則天下治。故聖人以治天下為事者，惡得不禁惡而勸愛？故天下兼相愛則治，相惡則亂。故子墨子曰：「不可以不勸愛人者，此也。」\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/article\u003e"}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Versions","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note","Full Text"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":25,"Styles":3,"Scripts":1}}