Will of Heaven
{"WorkMasterId":6866,"WpPageId":285753,"ParentWpPageId":193893,"Slug":"will-of-heaven","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/will-of-heaven/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/will-of-heaven/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":76140,"CleanHtmlLength":18799,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"Will of Heaven","Deck":"The chapter group treats Heaven as a moral source supporting righteousness, impartial care, and condemnation of aggression.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Mozi (Mo Di)","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Mozi (Mo Di)","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/mozi-mo-di-01-chinese-characters.png","ImageAlt":"Mozi in seal and regular script","FilterTerra":"China (East Asia)","ClickText":"Mozi (Mo Di)","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/mozi-mo-di/","Copies":["470 BCE – 391 BCE","State of Lu or State of Song, Warring States China","Warring States philosopher of Mohism, jian ai, impartial care, anti-aggression, meritocracy, frugality, Heaven, ghosts, standards, logic, optics, and siege defense."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:1","Title":"Ancient History","DateText":"3000 BCE – 499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:2","Title":"Iron Age","DateText":"1200 BCE – 501 BCE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/philosophers-of-the-iron-age/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"400 BCE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Displayed as 400 BCE as an approximate Warring States proxy for the received Mozi and Mohist chapter traditions, not a secure autograph composition year.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:10"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:41"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:CHN:10"}],"OriginalTitle":"天志","Language":"Classical Chinese","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:philosophy-of-religion"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:ethics"}],"Tradition":"Mohism, Warring States ethics, political philosophy, impartial care, anti-aggression, meritocratic order, practical benefit, Heaven, ghosts, Mohist logic, standards, optics, and siege defense","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Chinese Text Project: Will of Heaven .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["The chapter group treats Heaven as a moral source supporting righteousness, impartial care, and condemnation of aggression."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Tian zhi","KeyConcepts":"Will of Heaven; Mozi; Mo Di; Mohism; jian ai; impartial care; universal love; li; benefit; yi; righteousness; anti-aggression; meritocracy; frugality; anti-fatalism; Heaven; ghosts; fa; standards; Mohist Canons; siege defense; Warring States","Methodology":"Argument by practical benefit, moral-political criticism, appeal to standards, historical exempla, dialogical refutation, analogical reasoning, administrative prescription, and technical Mohist analysis.","Structure":"Registered Mozi/Mohist transmitted work or chapter group; the page summarizes title, date proxy, language, tradition, disciplines, received status, and source evidence without importing full text."},"Arguments":["Develops Mohist arguments about impartial care, public benefit, rejection of aggression, meritocratic administration, economy of use, ritual criticism, Heaven and ghosts, non-fatalism, standards of names and evidence, and practical defense."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"Zhou political order, classical moral vocabulary, Confucian ritual debate, Warring States warfare, craft and artisan expertise, sage-king traditions, and practical administration.","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Part of the received Mozi corpus or a major Mohist chapter group used to reconstruct the only major organized rival to early Confucianism in the Warring States period.","Used in debates about impartiality, consequentialism, pacifism and defensive war, meritocracy, public reason, standards of evidence, language, technology, optics, and non-Confucian Chinese ethics."],"EvidenceNote":["Accepted as a direct Mozi/Mohist work or named chapter group; the page must state that the received text is layered Mohist school transmission and has no verified full-text section here."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Versions","BodyHtml":"\u003cdiv class=\"dz-philo__full-version-grid\"\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-version-card\"\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"dz-philo__full-version-provider\"\u003eChinese Text Project\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch3 class=\"dz-philo__full-version-title\"\u003eWill of Heaven\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"dz-philo__full-version-meta\"\u003eSectionText · LinkOnlyReady\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ca class=\"dz-philo__full-version-link\" href=\"https://ctext.org/mozi/tian-zhi-shang\"\u003eOpen full version\u003c/a\u003e\n \u003c/article\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["The chapter group treats Heaven as a moral source supporting righteousness, impartial care, and condemnation of aggression."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Tian zhi"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"Will of Heaven; Mozi; Mo Di; Mohism; jian ai; impartial care; universal love; li; benefit; yi; righteousness; anti-aggression; meritocracy; frugality; anti-fatalism; Heaven; ghosts; fa; standards; Mohist Canons; siege defense; Warring States"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Argument by practical benefit, moral-political criticism, appeal to standards, historical exempla, dialogical refutation, analogical reasoning, administrative prescription, and technical Mohist analysis."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"Registered Mozi/Mohist transmitted work or chapter group; the page summarizes title, date proxy, language, tradition, disciplines, received status, and source evidence without importing full text."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["Develops Mohist arguments about impartial care, public benefit, rejection of aggression, meritocratic administration, economy of use, ritual criticism, Heaven and ghosts, non-fatalism, standards of names and evidence, and practical defense."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":"Zhou political order, classical moral vocabulary, Confucian ritual debate, Warring States warfare, craft and artisan expertise, sage-king traditions, and practical administration."},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":"Later Mohists, early Chinese logic, Warring States disputation, Xunzi, Han Feizi, debates over utilitarian or consequentialist ethics, Chinese philosophy of language, and histories of optics and defensive engineering."}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Part of the received Mozi corpus or a major Mohist chapter group used to reconstruct the only major organized rival to early Confucianism in the Warring States period.","Used in debates about impartiality, consequentialism, pacifism and defensive war, meritocracy, public reason, standards of evidence, language, technology, optics, and non-Confucian Chinese ethics."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Accepted as a direct Mozi/Mohist work or named chapter group; the page must state that the received text is layered Mohist school transmission and has no verified full-text section here."]},{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://ctext.org/mozi/tian-zhi-shang\"\u003eChinese Text Project: Will of Heaven\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e天志上\u003c/h3\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e子墨子言曰：「今天下之士君子，知小而不知大。何以知之？以其處家者知之。若處家得罪於家長，猶有鄰家所避逃之。然且親戚兄弟所知識，共相儆戒，皆曰：『不可不戒矣！不可不慎矣！惡有處家而得罪於家長，而可為也！』非獨處家者為然，雖處國亦然。處國得罪於國君，猶有鄰國所避逃之，然且親戚兄弟所知識，共相儆戒皆曰：『不可不戒矣！不可不慎矣！誰亦有處國得罪於國君，而可為也』！此有所避逃之者也，相儆戒猶若此其厚，況無所避逃之者，相儆戒豈不愈厚，然後可哉？且語言有之曰：『焉而晏日焉而得罪，將惡避逃之？』曰無所避逃之。夫天不可為林谷幽門無人，明必見之。然而天下之君子天也，忽然不知以相儆戒，此我所以知天下士君子知小而不知大也。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e然則天亦何欲何惡？天欲義而惡不義。然則率天下之百姓以從事於義，則我乃為天之所欲也。我為天之所欲，天亦為我所欲。然則何欲何惡？我欲福祿而惡禍祟。然則我率天下之百姓，以從事於禍祟中也。然則何知天之欲義而惡不義？曰天下有義則生，無義則死；有義則富，無義則貧；有義則治，無義則亂。然則天欲其生而惡其死，欲其富而惡其貧，欲其治而惡其亂，此我所以知天欲義而惡不義也。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e曰且夫義者政也，無從下之政上，必從上之政下。是故庶人竭力從事，未得次己而為政，有士政之；士竭力從事，未得次己而為政，有將軍大夫政之；將軍大夫竭力從事，未得次己而為政，有三公諸侯政之；三公諸侯竭力聽治，未得次己而為政，有天子政之；天子未得次己而為政，有天政之。天子為政於三公、諸侯、士、庶人，天下之士君子固明知，天之為政於天子，天下百姓未得之明知也。故昔三代聖王禹湯文武，欲以天之為政於天子，明說天下之百姓，故莫不犓牛羊，豢犬彘，潔盛酒醴，以祭祀上帝鬼神，而求祈福於天。我未嘗聞天下之所求祈福於天子者也，我所以知天之為政於天子者也。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e故天子者，天下之窮貴也，天下之窮富也，故於富且貴者，當天意而不可不順，順天意者，兼相愛，交相利，必得賞。反天意者，別相惡，交相賊，必得罰。然則是誰順天意而得賞者？誰反天意而得罰者？」子墨子言曰：「昔三代聖王禹湯文武，此順天意而得賞也。昔三代之暴王桀紂幽厲，此反天意而得罰者也。然則禹湯文武其得賞何以也？」子墨子言曰：「其事上尊天，中事鬼神，下愛人，故天意曰：『此之我所愛，兼而愛之；我所利，兼而利之。愛人者此為博焉，利人者此為厚焉。』故使貴為天子，富有天下，業萬世子孫，傳稱其善，方施天下，至今稱之，謂之聖王。」然則桀紂幽厲得其罰何以也？」子墨子言曰：「其事上詬天，中詬鬼，下賊人，故天意曰：『此之我所愛，別而惡之，我所利，交而賊之。惡人者此為之博也，賊人者此為之厚也。』故使不得終其壽，不歿其世，至今毀之，謂之暴王。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e然則何以知天之愛天下之百姓？以其兼而明之。何以知其兼而明之？以其兼而有之。何以知其兼而有之？以其兼而食焉。何以知其兼而食焉？四海之內，粒食之民，莫不犓牛羊，豢犬彘，潔為粢盛酒醴，以祭祀於上帝鬼神，天有邑人，何用弗愛也？且吾言殺一不辜者必有一不祥。殺不辜者誰也？則人也。予之不祥者誰也？則天也。若以天為不愛天下之百姓，則何故以人與人相殺，而天予之不祥？此我所以知天之愛天下之百姓也。\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e順天意者，義政也。反天意者，力政也。然義將柰何哉？」子墨子言曰：「處大國不攻小國，處大家不篡小家，強者不劫弱，貴者不傲賤，多詐者不欺愚。此必上利於天，中利於鬼，下利於人，三利無所不利，故舉天下美名加之，謂之聖王，力政者則與此異，言非此，行反此，猶倖馳也。處大國攻小國，處大家篡小家，強者劫弱，貴者傲賤，多詐欺愚。此上不利於天，中不利於鬼，下不利於人。三不利無所利，故舉天下惡名加之，謂之暴王。」\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e子墨子言曰：「我有天志，譬若輪人之有規，匠人之有矩，輪匠執其規矩，以度天下之方圜，曰：『中者是也，不中者非也。』今天下之士君子之書，不可勝載，言語不可盡計，上說諸侯，下說列士，其於仁義則大相遠也。何以知之？曰我得天下之明法以度之。」\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/article\u003e"}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Versions","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note","Full Text"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":25,"Styles":3,"Scripts":1}}