SEP context for Abhidharma analysis, an important background for Yogācāra taxonomies of mind and dharmas.

SEP context for Abhidharma analysis, dharmas, causation, mind, and scholastic Buddhist philosophy.

SEP context for Adam Smith moral and political philosophy.

SEP context for aesthetic judgment.

SEP entry for African Sage Philosophy, centered on Oruka's project of philosophic sagacity, rational interrogation, folk sages, philosophic sages, and African philosophy method.

SEP archive context for African Sage Philosophy.

SEP search surface for African Sage Philosophy.

SEP Africana Philosophy context for African philosophy, postcolonial intellectual debate, philosophical method, and Oruka's broader field; not a dedicated Oruka profile.

Scholarly encyclopedia anchor for Camus's absurdism, revolt, moral philosophy, politics, literature, and relation to existentialism.

SEP context for Albert the Great.

SEP context for al-Fārābī and the Arabic Aristotelian logical setting around Baghdad.

SEP source for Farabi's metaphysics, including the Book of Letters, being, and the hierarchy of principles.

SEP source for logic, language, demonstrative method, grammar, and philosophical translation.

SEP source for Farabi on political community, religion, prophecy, happiness, and the relation between philosophy and law.

SEP source for intellect, imagination, epistemology, psychology, prophecy, and human perfection.

Primary academic rulebook source for philosopher fields and works.

Context row for alienation and Marx's theory of estranged labor.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on al-Kindi, central to early Arabic-Islamic philosophy, Greek-Arabic transmission, logic, metaphysics, and scientific inquiry.

Context article for Damascius Alexandrian philosophical milieu, Ammonius, and late antique classroom continuity.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for analogy and analogical reasoning, relevant to Aquinas's account of divine names.

SEP archived entry for later Navya-Nyaya analytic traditions and Nyaya reception in Indian philosophy.

Reference entry on Anaxagoras, Nous, mixture, infinite divisibility, cosmology, and the surviving fragments.

SEP context row for comparative ancient atomism; not a dedicated Kaṇāda profile.

SEP context on Epicurean adaptation of ancient atomism and natural explanation.

Context entry for ancient ethics, virtue, practical reason, and the broader ethical world of Marcus Aurelius.

SEP context for Antisthenes in ancient logic, especially predication, definition, and Socratic-Platonic logical controversy.

SEP context row for Greek political philosophy, Socratic politics, kingship, law, and civic order.

SEP context row for ancient skepticism, Pyrrhonian practice, Academic comparison, Aenesidemus, Agrippa, Sextus, and later skeptical reception.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Thales on soul, magnetism, and the report that all things are full of gods.

SEP context for ancient psychology and soul theory relevant to Iamblichus' On the Soul and vehicle of the soul doctrine.

SEP article on Boethius, his life, logic, theological treatises, Consolation, and transmission of Greek philosophy to the Latin Middle Ages.

SEP entry on Anselm, his theistic arguments, divine attributes, truth, freedom, and perfect-being reasoning.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Aquinas on virtue, natural law, politics, legal philosophy, and practical reason.

SEP search surface for Aquinas.

Metaphysics context for necessity, existence, causality, and late Islamic philosophical theology behind Dawwani's corpus.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Arabic and Islamic natural philosophy, useful for Qutb's medicine, astronomy, and natural-philosophical setting.

SEP context for kalām atomism, natural philosophy, and Ashʿarī alternatives to philosophical natural causation.

SEP context for Arabic and Islamic philosophy.

SEP context for falsafa, Islamic Aristotelianism, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Ibn Tufayl, and Ibn Rushd.

SEP context for Arabic logic, Ghazālī, kalām, and the disciplined use of logic in Islamic scholarship.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Arabic mathematical philosophy, including scholarship on Thabit and infinity.

SEP context for Arabic-Islamic philosophy of religion, theological debates, and critiques of philosophical necessity.

SEP context for Arabic and Islamic philosophy of religion.

SEP context for Arabic and Islamic psychology and philosophy of mind.

Reference article for Arcesilaus that places him at the Academy with Crantor, Polemo, and Crates before the skeptical turn.

SEP profile for Aristotle, his life, corpus, logic, metaphysics, science, ethics, politics, rhetoric, and poetics.

Reference context for Aristotle, mathematical sciences, and ancient evidence for the history of mathematics connected to Eudemus' historiographical reception.

SEP entry on Aristotle's four causes and explanatory theory.

SEP entry on the Aristotelian corpus, its textual transmission, ancient ordering, and commentary tradition.

SEP context for Aristotle and Peripatetic biological inquiry, the background for Theophrastus botanical work.

SEP context row for Nussbaum's Aristotelian ethics background.

SEP article on Aristotle's syllogistic, demonstration, modal logic, dialectic, and logical works.

SEP context for Aristotle's criticism of Academic forms and numbers.

Archived SEP context noting Ishaq ibn Hunayn's Arabic De anima translation in the later Arabic Aristotelian tradition.

SEP entry on Aristotle's poetics, tragedy, imitation, and aesthetic explanation.

SEP entry on Aristotle's politics, constitutions, citizenship, and the polis.

SEP entry on Aristotle's De Anima, soul, perception, and mind.

SEP entry on Aristotle's rhetoric, persuasion, argument, and public speech.

SEP profile for Schopenhauer, will, representation, pessimism, aesthetics, ethics, and Kantian inheritance.

SEP context for speech acts and illocutionary force relevant to Austinian philosophy of language.

SEP context for later revival and transformation of atomist ideas in modern philosophy and science.

SEP context for autonomy, self-legislation, and Rousseau's influence.

Stanford Bartholomew's World context for Bede's computistical, geographical, and theological writings.

SEP overview of Spinoza's life, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, psychology, biblical criticism, and political philosophy.

SEP overview of Russell's life, logicism, theory of descriptions, logical atomism, epistemology, ethics, and political thought.

SEP context for Locke as a central British empiricist.

SEP Buddhist philosophy context row retained for Xuanzang's Buddhist tradition.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Buddhist ethics, compassion, non-harm, and moral cultivation.

SEP context for Callicles and Thrasymachus.

SEP supplement context for Carnap's inductive logic, confirmation, probability, and logical foundations of probability.

SEP supplement context for Carnap on theoretical terms, Ramsey-style reconstruction, and scientific theories.

Reference entry on Carneades, his Academic skepticism, epistemology, pithanon, and dialectical attack on dogmatic criteria.

SEP context for kalām causation, divine omnipotence, Ashʿarī occasionalism, and al-Ghazālī on necessary connection.

SEP Chan Buddhism entry directly discusses Huineng, the Platform Sutra, no-thought, Buddha-nature, meditation and wisdom, and the philosophical profile of Chan.

SEP profile covering Peirce as founder of pragmatism and pragmaticism, theorist of logic, signs, categories, inquiry, science, realism, and evolutionary metaphysics.

SEP Chinese Ethics includes Chinese Buddhist ethical context relevant to Huiyuan's monastic discipline, karmic responsibility, and lay-monastic distinction.

SEP context for Chinese philosophy and Chinese medicine.

SEP context for Chinese political philosophy, monarchy, public responsibility, statecraft, and anti-autocratic arguments relevant to Mingyi daifang lu.

SEP entry for Christian Wolff, Wolffian systematic philosophy, metaphysics, method, and historical setting.

Archived SEP surface for Christian Wolff and Wolffian philosophy.

Earlier SEP archive for Christian Wolff and the Wolffian system.

Scholarly reference entry for Cicero life, Academic skepticism, ethics, political thought, theology, rhetoric, and Latin philosophical writing.

Civic-humanism context for Petrarch, Salutati, Renaissance humanism, classical rhetoric, and political-humanist reception.

Context row for Renaissance civic humanism, education, virtue, rhetoric, and public life.

SEP context row for the logic background of Quine's technical work.

SEP entry on analysis as a method and ideal within analytic philosophy.

Philosophy reference for Confucius on ritual, ethics, political order, the Analects, early Chinese intellectual context, and later reception.

Consciousness context for embodied experience.

Context row for consequentialism and utilitarian ethics.

Context for eighteenth-century analysis, limits, and mathematical foundations.

Scholarly reference overview of Copernicus's life, astronomy, and philosophical significance

Context row for cosmopolitan moral and political philosophy relevant to Appiah; not a dedicated Appiah profile.

SEP search surface for criterion.

SEP context for Frankfurt School critical theory, emancipation, ideology, social philosophy, and Marcuse's intellectual setting.

Context for Crates, Cynicism, simplicity, and the Cynic background to Zeno's early Stoicism.

SEP article on the Cyrenaic school, Aristippus, pleasure, present experience, epistemology, and ancient hedonism.

Scholarly reference for Dai Zhen on evidence, language, desire, principle, moral feeling, and Qing Confucian critique.

SEP context row for philosophical Daoism, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Wang Bi, Dao, wuwei, ziran, and later religious Daoist reception.

Detailed academic entry on Hume's empiricism, causation, induction, moral philosophy, religion, aesthetics, political thought, and reception.

SEP context for Derrida's deconstructive method and its philosophical reception.

SEP democracy context for Dewey's democratic experimentalism.

Academic entry for Democritus, atomism, perception, ethics, epistemology, natural philosophy, works, and source problems.

Context entry for the Leucippus-Democritus attribution problem and the development of Presocratic atomism.

SEP entry on Diderot, materialism, aesthetics, the Encyclopedie, and Enlightenment criticism.

SEP context for methodic doubt, clear and distinct perception, skepticism, and Cartesian knowledge.

Stanford Encyclopedia entry for Descartes's life, works, publications, correspondence, and philosophical career.

SEP context for Cartesian necessity, possibility, divine power, and modal metaphysics.

SEP context for Descartes's arguments concerning God, essence, existence, and the Meditations.

SEP context for Descartes's mechanical philosophy, matter, motion, vortices, and natural explanation.

SEP context for Descartes’ method.

Academic entry on Erasmus as Christian humanist, biblical philologist, moral reformer, and critic of scholastic and ecclesiastical abuses.

SEP context for Dewey's Art as Experience and aesthetic theory.

Reference context for the Dialectical School, Megaric terminology, and the lineage from Euclides to Diodorus and Philo.

Reference context for Diodorus and the tradition linked to Euclides of Megara, including later modal logic reception.

SEP context row for political liberalism and capabilities justice.

SEP context for illumination and religious knowing relevant to medieval mystical theology.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for divine simplicity, a central theme in Aquinas's theology and metaphysics.

SEP context for dualism.

SEP context for rationalist method, metaphysics, and the Leibniz-Wolff background.

Major scholarly reference for Husserl as founder of phenomenology, his development from anti-psychologism to transcendental phenomenology, and his principal works.

SEP context for equality and distributive justice, useful for situating Young's critique of distribution-centered justice.

Embodied cognition context for Merleau-Ponty's influence.

SEP entry grounding Du Châtelet as a philosopher of physics, metaphysics, Newtonian science, and happiness.

SEP context for Derrida's engagement with Levinas, ethics, alterity, and Adieu.

SEP context row for emotions and moral psychology relevant to Upheavals of Thought and Political Emotions.

Reference entry for Empedocles, including the four roots, Love and Strife, cognition, religion, and the fragmentary poems.

SEP archive entry on Enlightenment reason, religion, science, political reform, and the philosophes.

SEP context for Enlightenment reason, autonomy, critique, public use of reason, and Kant's place in eighteenth-century thought.

SEP context for environmental ethics, deep ecology, intrinsic value, and Næss as a defining figure in ecological philosophy.

Reference entry for Epictetus, his life at Hierapolis and Nicopolis, prohairesis, use of impressions, kinship with god, and Arrianic transmission.

Academic context for Epicurean physics, epistemology, ethics, death, pleasure, gods, and the tradition Diogenes publicly inscribed.

SEP context for epistemic closure.

SEP context for epistemology.

SEP context for Chinese epistemology, evidence, Gu Yanwu, Dai Zhen, and kaozheng methodology.

SEP context for equality and impartial consideration.

Reference entry for Mach's empiricism, anti-metaphysics, analysis of sensations, mechanics, and influence on logical empiricism.

SEP context for the Arabic and Islamic essence/existence debate shaped by Avicennian metaphysics.

Existentialism context for postwar French philosophy.

Context row for exploitation, labor, surplus, and capitalist social relations.

SEP context for ecofeminist philosophy and Plumwood's critique of deep ecology and value dualisms.

SEP context for feminist environmental philosophy and debates around deep ecology, selfhood, and ecological ethics.

SEP context row for feminist ethics and Nussbaum; not a dedicated Nussbaum profile.

Context row for social ontology, gender categories, and metaphysical debates around construction and embodiment.

SEP context for feminist power and domination; it explicitly places Young in debates over power as resource, domination, and structural relation.

Context row for sex, gender, social construction, performativity, and feminist ontology.

Archived SEP body entry that treats Young's early essays as important feminist phenomenology of embodied experience.

Context row for embodiment, materialization, vulnerability, and gendered bodies.

Archived SEP context for feminist accounts of self, body, identity, and agency relevant to Young's embodied phenomenology.

Context row for subjectivity, agency, social formation, identity, and Butler's theory of the subject.

SEP overview of feminist philosophical approaches and topics that frame Young's work on justice, body, oppression, and democracy.

Context row for language, speech acts, injurious speech, and performativity.

Context row for feminist political philosophy, vulnerability, precarity, assembly, and norms.

Reference entry for Bacon's philosophy of science, induction, idols of the mind, natural history, and reform of learning.

Reference entry for Hutcheson's moral sense theory, aesthetics, benevolence, natural rights, and Scottish Enlightenment reception.

SEP archive context for Francis Hutcheson.

Scholarly context for Frege's predicate calculus, concept-script, theorem, Basic Law V, Hume's Principle, and the foundations of arithmetic.

Reference entry for Nietzsche's life, perspectivism, morality, values, religion critique, will to power, eternal recurrence, and reception.

Reference entry for Schelling's German Idealism, Naturphilosophie, identity philosophy, subjectivity, freedom, Hegel critique, and contemporary reception.

Reference entry for Galileo's mathematized natural philosophy, mechanics, astronomy, scientific method, and philosophy of science.

SEP context for game theory and strategic choice.

Reference entry for Hegel's life, systematic idealism, logic, spirit, freedom, history, art, religion, and reception.

SEP context for Berkeley as a central British empiricist and critic of material substance.

Reference entry for Pico's life, 900 Conclusions, Oration, concordism, Christian Kabbalah, astrology critique, and Renaissance reception.

SEP global justice context for cosmopolitan duties, international institutions, inequality, and human rights.

Scholarly overview for Leibniz life, chronology, metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of religion, and the major writings used by the profile and direct works manifest.

Scholarly overview for Frege life, Jena career, predicate logic, ontology, philosophy of language, logicism, and the direct writings used in the repair.

SEP context for Hunayn, Ishaq ibn Hunayn, and the translation of Aristotelian, Galenic, and late antique philosophical materials into Syriac and Arabic.

SEP context for Han intellectual life, court debates, cosmology, and the political setting in which Dong Zhongshu is interpreted.

SEP context for hedonism as the ethical setting for Epicurean pleasure theory.

Reference context for determinate negation, dialectical development, sublation, logic, and the movement of Hegel's system.

SEP search surface for Henry Odera Oruka.

SEP context for Sidgwick and systematic utilitarian ethics.

SEP profile for Heraclitus, supporting the logos, flux, unity of opposites, fire cosmology, dates, and fragmentary textual tradition.

SEP profile for Herbert Marcuse, critical theory, Freudo-Marxism, aesthetics, technology, liberation, and the Frankfurt School.

SEP context for interpretation, language, and understanding debates around Lyotard.

SEP context for Aristoxenus, ancient harmonics, perception, musical intervals, and philosophy of music before 1800.

Stanford Encyclopedia entry for Hobbes on moral and political philosophy, social contract, sovereignty, and laws of nature.

SEP context for Hobbes's moral and political philosophy.

Huayan Buddhism reference context for Fazang, dependent origination, interpenetration, Indra's net, and Huayan doctrinal reception.

SEP human-rights context for cosmopolitan moral standing and global political norms.

SEP entry on Hume's empiricist moral psychology, sentiment, sympathy, and naturalistic ethics.

SEP supplement context for Hutcheson on passions, affections, moral sense, and eighteenth-century emotion theory.

Context article for the Neoplatonic theology and theurgic inheritance that shaped Damascius treatment of ineffability and divine causation.

SEP entry for Ibn Arabi on Akbarian metaphysics, imagination, divine names, prophecy, sainthood, cosmology, and later reception.

SEP profile for Ibn Rushd, biography, corpus, religious treatises, Aristotelian commentaries, reception, and dated work inventory.

SEP entry for Averroes on physics, nature, soul, causes, change, time, place, natural science, and Aristotelian physical works.

SEP profile for Ibn Sina on metaphysics, essence and existence, psychology, logic, natural philosophy, and influence.

SEP entry on Avicenna's logic, conceptualization, assent, syllogism, and logical method.

SEP entry on Avicennian metaphysics, essence and existence, necessity, and the necessary existent.

SEP entry on Avicenna's natural philosophy, psychology, body, soul, and causation.

SEP context for idealism and Fichte's post-Kantian position.

Context row for identity politics relevant to Appiah; not a dedicated Appiah profile.

Reference context for ideology critique, social consciousness, and materialist accounts associated with Marx and Engels.

SEP profile for Kant, critical philosophy, transcendental idealism, cognition, morality, aesthetics, religion, politics, and the critical corpus.

SEP pragmatics context placing Austin near later ordinary-language and conversational analysis.

SEP context for Indian philosophy of language and the philosophical role of speech and teaching.

Intentionality context for phenomenological perception.

Context for Newtonian mathematical physics and d'Alembert's mechanics.

SEP search surface for Islamic Cosmology.

SEP search surface for Shiʿi philosophy context.

SEP profile for Derrida, deconstruction, differance, writing, trace, phenomenology, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and language.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Zen practice, nondual language, meditation, and Buddhist philosophical method.

SEP profile for Baudrillard, simulation, simulacra, hyperreality, symbolic exchange, postmodernism, media, objects, and contemporary theory.

SEP profile for Lyotard, postmodernism, the differend, phrase regimens, paganism, justice, and aesthetics.

SEP context for Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

SEP context for Bentham and classical utilitarianism.

SEP profile for Fichte, the Wissenschaftslehre, self-consciousness, practical reason, right, religion, and late work.

SEP context for Johannes Kepler.

SEP search surface for Johannes Tauler.

SEP profile for Dewey, pragmatism, instrumentalism, experience, inquiry, democracy, education, and naturalism.

SEP context for John Duns Scotus.

SEP profile for Austin, ordinary language philosophy, other minds, truth, excuses, performatives, and speech act theory.

SEP profile for Locke, human understanding, empiricism, political thought, religion, education, and science.

SEP profile for John Scottus Eriugena, life, works, Periphyseon, predestination, Dionysian translations, and Christian Neoplatonism.

SEP profile for Mill, life, works, logic, epistemology, ethics, liberty, political economy, religion, and influence.

SEP profile for Vives, Renaissance humanism, education, psychology, language, social reform, and Christian philosophy.

SEP profile for Habermas, communicative rationality, discourse ethics, public sphere, democracy, law, religion, and postmetaphysical philosophy.

SEP account of the Critique of Judgment, beauty, the sublime, genius, teleology, and reflective judgment.

SEP context for Kant's critical response to dogmatic metaphysics and the Wolffian background.

SEP account of autonomy, duty, the categorical imperative, dignity, freedom, and Kantian moral theory.

SEP account of Kant's pre-critical development, early natural philosophy, metaphysics, and the path toward the critical philosophy.

SEP account of intuition, construction, mathematics, geometry, arithmetic, and synthetic a priori cognition.

SEP account of moral religion, God, radical evil, ethical community, and Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason.

SEP account of natural science, laws, matter, Newtonian physics, and the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science.

SEP account of right, freedom, republicanism, public reason, cosmopolitanism, and perpetual peace.

SEP context for the transcendental idealism inherited and transformed by Fichte.

SEP account of sensibility, understanding, imagination, apperception, self-consciousness, and Kant's theory of mind.

Reference context for Engels's collaboration with Marx, historical materialism, alienation, class analysis, and Marxist reception.

SEP Korean Buddhism row noting Zongmi's importance for sudden and gradual cultivation debates.

SEP profile for Laozi, the Daodejing/Laozi text, traditional biography, historicity problems, Guodian and Mawangdui manuscript evidence, Dao, de, and wuwei.

Context for the legal-obligation problem associated with Plato's Crito and the question of whether Socrates should escape.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for legal positivism and command-centered accounts of law.

SEP context for Han Fei, the fa tradition, impartial standards, administrative techniques, positional power, human nature, political realism, and the Han Feizi as a major surviving fa text.

Scholarly topic entry for possible worlds, necessity, contingency, sufficient reason, and modal metaphysics in Leibniz.

Academic entry focused on Leucippus, atomism, the source problem, ancient testimony, and his relation to Democritus.

Context row for liberalism, liberty, individuality, and Mill's political philosophy.

Archived SEP supplement on Hui Shi's statesman, disputer, law-code, and Zhuangzi traditions, retained because the current SEP page links the biographical supplement historically.

SEP context for Locke on natural law, moral obligation, demonstrative morality, and motivation.

SEP context for Locke on consciousness, personhood, memory, and identity.

SEP context for Locke on corpuscularianism, natural philosophy, observation, and science.

SEP context for Locke on natural rights, consent, property, toleration, and political authority.

Reference context for early Chinese logic, language, disputation, names, Mohist argument, School of Names, and Gongsun Long's white-horse and hard-white arguments.

SEP context for Indian logic, inference, debate, and Nyāya reasoning.

SEP context for logical empiricism, the Vienna Circle, scientific philosophy, and Carnap's movement setting.

SEP profile for Valla, his life, works, critique of scholastic philosophy, logic, moral philosophy, philology, and biblical scholarship.

Context for Epicurean physics, ethics, religion, and reception, used because SEP has no dedicated Hermarchus profile.

SEP entry for Madhyamaka as a Mahāyāna Buddhist school centered on emptiness of inherent nature, middle-way reasoning, two truths, and Indian commentarial development.

SEP context for Madhyamaka emptiness, two truths, and Buddhist metaphysical critique.

SEP context for Marcus Aurelius.

SEP profile for Ficino, his works, Platonic Theology, ontology, psychology, ethics, love, ancient theology, and legacy.

SEP context for destruction, metaphysics, presence, and Derrida's Heidegger reception.

SEP profile for Merleau-Ponty, embodiment, perception, ontology, and politics.

SEP entry supporting Horkheimer, critical theory, works, themes, and twentieth-century placement.

SEP context for encyclopedic, sentential, etymological, and pedagogical forms of medieval philosophical writing without inventing a dedicated Isidore profile.

SEP context for medieval philosophy, Latin learning, patristic inheritance, education, and the early medieval encyclopedic setting around Isidore.

Scholarly political-philosophy context for late medieval rule, justice, counsel, law, and civic ethics, with Christine treated as part of the medieval political thought field.

SEP context for medieval universals.

SEP analogy context for Eckhart, scholastic language, and divine predication.

SEP context for medieval moral psychology and spiritual formation.

SEP context row for medieval cognition and consciousness debates relevant to Ockham.

SEP context for medieval proof, teaching, and scholastic method around Victorine pedagogy.

SEP context for medieval theories of haecceity.

SEP context for medieval theories of modality.

SEP context for medieval theories of relations.

SEP Eckhart context for the Dominican and Rhenish mystical tradition surrounding Johannes Tauler.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry for Mencius, human nature, moral psychology, political thought, and Warring States Confucianism.

SEP context for li, qi, change, cosmology, and classical metaphysical vocabulary relevant to Huang's Confucian and Yijing scholarship.

SEP context for the Foucault relation relevant to Forget Foucault and Baudrillard's theory of power and simulation.

SEP context for Mill and utilitarian liberalism.

SEP context row for Xunzi on heart-mind, nature, qing, names, and moral psychology.

SEP context for Buddhist philosophy of mind, consciousness, cognition, and mental construction.

SEP modal logic context row for necessity, possibility, accessibility, frame semantics, and the logic background behind Kripke's technical work.

SEP entry for Mohism, Mozi, inclusive care, utility, anti-aggression, Heaven, ghosts, epistemology, language, and later Mohist logic.

SEP context for Mohist language, inference, models, similarity, distinction, and the logical background near School of Names disputation.

SEP archive profile for Montesquieu on laws, liberty, constitutional forms, climate, commerce, separation of powers, and political moderation.

SEP entry on Montesquieu, comparative political analysis, laws, liberty, and separation of powers.

Context entry for virtue and moral character relevant to the Meditations.

SEP moral luck context supports Nagel's central role in debates over responsibility and luck.

Context row for relativism, moral universalism, and cosmopolitan ethics; not a dedicated Appiah profile.

SEP context for moral sentiment, pity, and moral psychology.

SEP search surface for moral sentimentalism.

SEP context for Mulla Sadra and later Islamic metaphysics.

SEP context for mystical experience, union, apophasis, ineffability, and contemplative epistemology relevant to Suso's wisdom mysticism; not a dedicated Suso profile.

SEP context for the School of Shiraz, Dawwani, Lawami al-ishraq, Shawakil al-hur, and Islamic mystical-philosophical synthesis.

SEP entry for Nagarjuna on Madhyamaka, emptiness, svabhava, dependent origination, the two truths, logic, and major works.

SEP entry for Nāgārjuna, used for Madhyamaka lineage, emptiness, dependent origination, and the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā context.

SEP context for nationalism as a main interlocutor and rival of cosmopolitanism.

SEP context for natural theology.

SEP context for Samkhya and related Indian accounts of nature, causality, and metaphysical classification.

SEP context row for naturalized epistemology.

SEP context for He Yan, Wang Bi, xuanxue, the Learning of the Profound, nonbeing, namelessness, sagehood, qingtan, and Wei-Jin philosophical transformation.

SEP context for Iamblichus within late antique Neoplatonism and post-Plotinian metaphysical system building.

SEP context for Newton philosophy.

SEP archive entry for Machiavelli on political realism, republican liberty, fortune, virtue, religion, and interpretation.

SEP context for Niccolò Machiavelli.

SEP context for Nicolaus Copernicus.

Scholarly reference overview of Oresme's philosophy, mathematics, natural philosophy, and economics

Reference context for Nietzsche's aesthetics, tragedy, art, Dionysian and Apollonian interpretation, and aesthetic life-affirmation.

Reference context for Nietzsche's genealogy, value critique, morality, politics, aristocratic radicalism, and anti-egalitarian reception debates.

SEP entry including Islamic occasionalism, al-Ashʿarī, and al-Ghazālī as central figures in occasionalist theology.

SEP context row for Quinean ontological commitment.

SEP entry on ordinary language philosophy and its place in later analytic method.

Scholarly reference overview of Origen's philosophy, theology, exegesis, and reception

Scholarly reference overview of Parmenides, the poem, and major interpretations

Academic context for the Parmenidean background to Melissus and Eleatic monism.

SEP context for classical Indian accounts of perception, cognition, and pramana relevant to Yoga epistemology.

SEP context for perception in classical Indian philosophy.

Context row for identity and personhood relevant to Appiah; not a dedicated Appiah profile.

SEP context for Samkhya-Yoga accounts of purusha, personhood, liberation, and classical Indian philosophy.

Scholarly reference overview of Abelard's logic, metaphysics, ethics, and theology

SEP context for Peter Abelard.

Phenomenology context for Husserl's method, intentionality, description of experience, and later phenomenological movement.

SEP context for effective altruism, Singer's famine argument, the pond example, impartial aid, and evidence-guided giving.

SEP reference entry for Philodemus, Herculaneum papyri, Epicurean aesthetics, ethics, theology, and sign inference.

Context row for historical development, materialism, and explanatory method.

SEP context for philosophy of linguistics.

SEP technology context for enframing and modern technology.

SEP physicalism context frames Nagel's critique of reductive materialism and naturalist explanation.

Scholarly context for Plato, Socratic dialogue, and the fragmentary remains of non-Platonic Socratic writers including Aeschines.

SEP context for Plato on eros, friendship, love, and philosophical ascent.

SEP context for Plato on rhetoric, poetry, mimesis, persuasion, and philosophical speech.

SEP context for Plato's Republic, Laws, political philosophy, and ideal-city arguments.

SEP context for Plato's Laws, its unfinished status, political theology, education, and late Platonic setting for Philip's editorial tradition.

SEP context for the institution Xenocrates led after Speusippus.

SEP context for Hippias Major and the inquiry into beauty; no dedicated SEP Hippias profile is asserted.

Scholarly reference context for Plato's reception of Parmenides

Reference article for Plato Timaeus, the dialogue Crantor interpreted in the early Platonic commentary tradition.

SEP context for Plotinian metaphysics and soul theory that Iamblichus revised through theurgy and hierarchy.

SEP reference entry for Plutarch, Middle Platonism, ethics, politics, religion, and the Moralia.

SEP context for political obligation.

SEP context for political realism in international relations.

SEP search surface for Political Realism.

SEP context for representation, social perspective, democratic inclusion, and political voice relevant to Young's democratic theory.

SEP reference entry for Porphyry, his life, works, logic, metaphysics, religion, and relation to Plotinus.

SEP context for Porphyry, Iamblichus' teacher and critic in the background to De mysteriis.

SEP context for positive and negative liberty.

SEP row for possible worlds and modal metaphysics, retained as context for Kripke's necessity, identity, and reference work.

SEP context for Baudrillard in postmodern and poststructuralist thought.

SEP context row for James and pragmatic truth.

SEP context for use, context, meaning, implicature, and speech action after Austin.

SEP context for pragmatism and Dewey's place in the tradition.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for Thales, the Milesians, water as arche, and early Greek natural inquiry.

SEP context for Anaximander within early Greek natural philosophy, the apeiron, Milesian cosmology, and Presocratic inquiry.

SEP context for the principle of sufficient reason.

SEP row for the private-language and rule-following debates surrounding Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language.

Context article for the late Neoplatonic tradition Damascius inherited and criticized through aporetic first-principles inquiry.

SEP supplement listing the main extant works of Proclus, including Elements of Theology, Platonic Theology, commentaries, physical works, and hymns.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Protagoras, man-measure, agnosticism, political teaching, and Platonic testimony.

SEP context for Protagoras.

Context row for the Dionysian corpus translated and interpreted by Eriugena; not a dedicated Eriugena profile.

Context row for public reason, deliberation, legitimacy, and democracy.

SEP context for punishment and utilitarian legal reform.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry for Pyrrho, his life, relation to Anaxarchus and eastern travel, indeterminacy, appearances, suspension, and the later Pyrrhonian tradition.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry for Pythagoras, early evidence, legend, mathematical reception, way of life, and the problem of reconstructing Pythagoras.

Stanford Encyclopedia archive context for Pythagoreanism, number, school traditions, and later Pythagorean reception.

SEP context for Pythagorean philosophy, number, communal discipline, and the Iamblichean Pythagorean curriculum.

SEP context for Qing philosophy.

SEP context for Gu Yanwu in early Qing philosophy, practical learning, historical inquiry, moral-political responsibility, and critique of empty metaphysical speculation.

SEP qualia context connects the bat essay to contemporary debates over phenomenal character.

Context row for race, social categories, and identity debates relevant to Appiah; not a dedicated Appiah profile.

SEP search surface for Rationalism.

Context row for early modern epistemology and empiricist reception of Vives's psychology and educational philosophy.

SEP search surface for Reform Confucianism.

SEP context for Reid on memory and personal identity.

SEP entry on Reid's direct realist account of memory and his criticism of Locke on personal identity.

SEP entry on Reid's moral philosophy, duty, moral first principles, and active powers.

Context row for religion in the public sphere and postsecular democratic theory.

SEP context for Hindu intellectual traditions and modern science-religion discussion involving yoga reception.

SEP context row for James's religious-experience work.

SEP context for René Descartes.

SEP context for republicanism.

SEP search surface for Rhineland Mysticism.

SEP row for rigid designation, names, necessity, and the central conceptual terrain of Naming and Necessity.

SEP context for Robert Boyle.

SEP context for Robert Grosseteste and the Oxford scientific, optical, and theological background influencing Bacon.

Stanford Bartholomew's World page for Bacon's works and medieval science context.

Stanford Encyclopedia entry for Bacon's life, works, grammar, logic, optics, natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and theology.

SEP search surface for Rousseau.

Stanford Encyclopedia archive entry for Carnap's life, logical empiricism, syntax, semantics, probability, and philosophy of science.

SEP profile for Augustine on knowledge, will, time, evil, love, signs, and Christian Platonism.

SEP article on Bonaventure, his Franciscan intellectual setting, exemplarism, illumination, metaphysics, and mystical theology.

SEP search surface for Samkhya.

SEP context for later Buddhist synthesis involving Yogācāra and Madhyamaka materials.

SEP reference entry on Kripke and modal logic, naming, necessity, and reference.

SEP search surface for School of Mind and Wang Yangming.

Reference entry for the School of Names, Gongsun Long, Hui Shi, paradox, disputation, names, actualities, and early Chinese philosophy of language.

SEP search surface for School of Names.

SEP search surface for Schopenhauerianism.

SEP context for Schopenhauer aesthetics.

SEP scientific-method context for Dewey's logic of inquiry and experimentalism.

SEP context for scientific revolutions.

SEP search surface for Scotism.

SEP search surface for Scottish Enlightenment.

Context row for Reid within Scottish Enlightenment philosophy, common sense realism, moral philosophy, and Humean debate.

SEP context for self-knowledge in classical Indian philosophy.

SEP search surface for Self-Strengthening Movement.

SEP row for Seneca's life, Stoicism, moral psychology, political circumstances, literary method, and philosophical corpus.

Archived SEP article on Bonaventure, metaphysics, epistemology, theology, and Franciscan scholasticism.

SEP overview of existentialism as a movement organized around existence, freedom, anxiety, authenticity, and situated meaning.

SEP entry on feminist ethics, care, oppression, nonideal contexts, and ethical theory.

SEP context for feminist debates about autonomy, relationality, oppression, and agency.

SEP entry on sex, gender, social construction, and feminist metaphysical debates.

SEP overview of feminist philosophy as intellectual commitment and political movement against sexism and oppression.

SEP entry on feminist political philosophy, equality, freedom, justice, institutions, and feminist political critique.

SEP entry on feminist social epistemology, situated knowledge, authority, objectivity, and power.

SEP entry on Greek sources in Arabic and Islamic philosophy, including Neoplatonic materials, translation, and adaptation.

SEP article on Hegel, idealism, logic, spirit, political philosophy, and systematic philosophy.

SEP article on Hegel's dialectical method and speculative logic.

SEP article on Hegel's ethical life, state, civil society, right, and freedom.

SEP article on Huayan Buddhism, interpenetration, non-obstruction, Fazang, Zongmi, and Avatamsaka metaphysics.

SEP bibliography for Kant primary works, editions, translations, and major scholarship.

SEP article on Wollstonecraft, education, rights, reason, social criticism, and feminist political philosophy.

Archived SEP entry on the medieval problem of universals, used for Porphyry and Boethius background, realism, conceptualism, and nominalist alternatives.

SEP context for Plotinus, Proclus, emanation, intellect, soul, and late antique Neoplatonic background.

SEP treatment of nominalism in metaphysics, supporting claims about universals, particulars, ontology, anti-realism, and sparse ontological commitment.

SEP context for Presocratic philosophy and Heraclitus.

Bibliography section for Sartre scholarship.

SEP entry on Yogacara philosophy, consciousness-only interpretation, cognition, and Buddhist metaphysics.

SEP direct entry on Sartre's ontology, freedom, bad faith, ethics, politics, and literature.

Context row for Sartre's existential Marxism and Critique of Dialectical Reason.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for early modern British philosophy and Hobbes's intellectual setting.

SEP row for Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhonism, appearances, suspension, tranquility, modes, proof, signs, criterion debates, and the surviving corpus.

SEP context for Vedantic use and critique of yogic action, meditation, and liberation practice.

Scholarly row for Beauvoir on existential ethics, ambiguity, freedom, The Second Sex, aging, literature, and feminist philosophy.

SEP context for skepticism.

SEP context for Chinese social and political thought.

SEP context for social contract theory.

Stanford Encyclopedia context for social contract theory and Hobbes's founding role in the tradition.

Context row for social ontology and identity categories relevant to Appiah; not a dedicated Appiah profile.

Context row for socialism, communism, property, and Marxist political philosophy.

Scholarly context for Socrates and the dialogues, supporting Crito as a Socratic interlocutor rather than a securely transmitted author.

SEP note evidence for Aeschines of Sphettus among the Socratic discourse tradition, surviving fragments, and presence at Socrates' execution.

SEP search surface for Socratic method.

SEP context for Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi within Song-Ming Confucianism, principle, moral psychology, self-cultivation, and later Cheng-Zhu and Lu-Wang lines.

Scholarly row for Kierkegaard on indirect communication, subjectivity, pseudonyms, Christianity, ethics, despair, anxiety, and modern reception.

SEP context for sovereignty.

SEP context for locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts shaped by Austin's How to Do Things with Words.

SEP gives the most detailed modern orientation to Speusippus, the Old Academy, metaphysics, classification, and attribution cautions.

SEP context for Xenocrates' predecessor in the Academy.

SEP context for Spinoza’s modal metaphysics.

SEP subentry on Spinoza's democratic political theory, freedom, sovereignty, religion, and republican context.

Analytic-philosophy context for Wittgenstein, Frege, Russell, logical analysis, and ordinary language.

SEP context for pramāṇa debates and Indian epistemology, used for Jain epistemology and logic context.

SEP entry for Jaina philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, anekāntavāda, syādvāda, liberation, and Jain textual corpora.

Context for the Tractatus and logical atomist reception.

Logical truth and tautology context relevant to the Tractatus.

Core SEP profile for life, early work, later work, and philosophical influence.

SEP context for Jain views of soul/personhood, karmic embodiment, and liberation.

Language-philosophy context for meaning, use, reference, and linguistic analysis.

Context for remarks on foundations of mathematics and later rule-following debates.

SEP search surface for Statecraft School.

SEP context for Stoicism, Middle Stoicism, Panaetius, Posidonius, physics, logic, ethics, and Roman reception.

Scholarly entry for Stoicism that situates Chrysippus after Zeno and Cleanthes and explains Stoic logic, physics, ethics, providence, fate, and rational order.

SEP context for signs, structures, and the intellectual background of Baudrillard's early work.

Illuminationist context for Dawwani's commentary on Suhrawardi's Hayakil al-nur and his integration of ishraqi materials.

Context for Zeno-style issues of infinity, completion, motion, and supertasks.

SEP argument supplement used for Indian logic, debate, inference, and Nyaya-related argument context.

Context article for the Athenian Neoplatonic line that runs through Syrianus, Proclus, and the later school Damascius led.

SEP archived entry on a central analytic debate over analyticity, necessity, meaning, and Quinean criticism.

SEP context row for the analytic-synthetic distinction and Quine's critique.

Core reference for Sen's capability approach, its account of functionings and capabilities, and its ethical and political-philosophical use.

SEP context row for early Chinese emotions and Zhuangzi authorship/transmission issues.

Context row for Bentham, Mill, and the utilitarian tradition.

SEP row for the modern development of modal logic, including the formal context around Kripke semantics and possible-worlds methods.

SEP context for animal moral status, speciesism, sentience, and the philosophical frame of Singer's animal ethics.

SEP context for demanding beneficence and Singer's argument about duties to prevent severe suffering.

Context row for induction and Mill's logical method.

SEP truth-theory row retained as context for fixed-point and revision approaches around Kripke's theory of truth.

SEP context for Antiphon among the sophists, including law, nature, justice, and fifth-century intellectual culture.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry for Adorno, negative dialectics, culture industry, aesthetics, and critical theory.

SEP entry on Adorno, negative dialectics, culture industry, aesthetics, and critical social theory.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry for Theophrastus, Lyceum succession, extant works, logic, metaphysics, biology, ethics, rhetoric, and legacy.

Stanford Encyclopedia entry for Aquinas, including metaphysics, epistemology, natural law, theology, and philosophical method.

Scholarly reference row for More as humanist, author of Utopia, political thinker, and religious controversialist.

Scholarly reference row for Reid on common sense, perception, first principles, action, and the Scottish Enlightenment.

SEP archive context for Thomas Reid.

SEP Tiantai row for Zhiyi, three truths, panjiao, and Lotus Sutra hermeneutics.

SEP search surface for Tiantai.

SEP gives the strongest modern account of Timon's life, writings, Silloi, Indalmoi, Pytho, and philosophical activity.

SEP toleration context for Locke and religious liberty.

SEP historical context for Cappadocian Trinitarian doctrine, including Gregory of Nyssa, ousia, hypostasis, divine unity, and the not-three-gods problem.

SEP profile for Vasubandhu, a central Yogācāra systematizer and linked philosopher on this school page.

SEP profile for Vasubandhu on Abhidharma, Yogācāra, disputed biography, major works, no-self, and appearance-only arguments.

Reference context for Mach's influence on Vienna Circle empiricism and later philosophy of science.

SEP entry on Voltaire as an Enlightenment critic of intolerance, authority, and religious persecution.

Archived SEP version retained as chronology and source-context evidence.

SEP context for Wang Yangming and the Lu-Wang School of Mind that developed Lu Jiuyuan's xinxue inheritance.

SEP search surface for Wang Yangming.

SEP context for philosophy of war.

SEP context for welfare and well-being.

SEP profile row for Quine, ontology, naturalism, language, logic, and epistemology.

SEP profile for William James and his pragmatism, radical empiricism, psychology, and philosophy of religion.

SEP context for William of Ockham.

SEP context for cosmopolitan institutional arguments about world government and global order.

SEP evidence for the early Academy and Crantor relation to Xenocrates, Timaeus interpretation, and world-soul metaphysics.

Archived SEP edition preserving Xenocrates dates, Diogenes title-list notes, and source-critical discussion.

SEP profile row for Xenophanes and interpretive issues.

SEP entry for Xunzi, biography uncertainty, human nature, ritual, language, Heaven, political order, and received text history.

SEP entry for Yogācāra philosophy, consciousness-only analysis, three natures, store consciousness, and Buddhist philosophy of mind.

SEP Yogacara context row for Xuanzang's Faxiang and consciousness-only philosophical setting.

Academic context for the Eleatic anti-pluralist school alongside Melissus.

SEP Zhu Xi row retained as Zhou Dunyi reception context through Zhu Xi's Taijitu and li-qi system.

SEP context for the Zhuangzi, its reception, commentary traditions, naturalness, spontaneity, language, and Daoist philosophical interpretation.