General reference for A Critique of Pure Tolerance and Marcuse's Repressive Tolerance essay.

Public context page for A Darwinian Left.

Public work page for A Letter Concerning Toleration.

Public reference page for Austin's 1957 Presidential Address on excuses, action, and ordinary-language method.

Public context page for A Pluralistic Universe.

Public context page for A System of Logic.

Wikipedia row for Rights of Men.

Wikipedia context page for the Abbey of Saint-Victor in Paris.

Place context for the Abdera tradition associated with Leucippus and Democritus.

Wikipedia context page for abhava.

Reference context for Abhidharma analysis and scholastic traditions.

Public work-context row for the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya.

Literary context row for the Śakuntalā tradition; not promoted to a direct Kaṇva work.

Public context page for idealist reception.

Reference context for al-Ashʿarī and early Ashʿarī theology.

Reference spine for al-ʿAmiri as a Muslim theologian and philosopher concerned with the relation between philosophy and revealed religion.

Reference context for Abū Bishr Mattā as translator and teacher in the Baghdad Aristotelian school.

Reference context for al-Tawḥīdī as reporter of Baghdad philosophical conversations and adab culture.

Reference profile for Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani, al-Mantiqi, his Sijistan origins, Baghdad circle, and dates.

General reference context for Academic skepticism, its dates, Academy lineage, and ancient evidence.

Reference context for Cicero's Academica as a major source for Academic Skepticism.

Wikipedia context page for Achard of Saint Victor.

Reference spine for biography, influences, principal works, appointments, awards, and image provenance cross-checks.

Context page for the Achilles-and-tortoise paradox.

Wikipedia context page for act utilitarianism.

Wikipedia context page for Actus Purus.

Reference context for Adam Ferguson within the Scottish Enlightenment and common-sense milieu.

Wikipedia context page for Adam Smith.

Public work page for Addresses to the German Nation.

Wikipedia context page for Advaita Vedanta.

Reference spine for Aenesidemus, the Pyrrhonian Discourses, the Ten Modes, and later transmission through Photius and Sextus Empiricus.

Reference spine for Aeschines of Sphettus, his Socratic identity, dates, father, deme, and the seven dialogue titles attributed by Diogenes Laertius.

Context page for Aesthetic Theory.

General African philosophy context for Oruka's four trends, professional philosophy, sage philosophy, ethnophilosophy, and postcolonial debate.

Public context page for Porphyry anti-Christian polemic and fragmentary transmission.

Context for Plotinus' anti-Gnostic treatise and defense of the cosmos.

Context row for the Adversus Mathematicos corpus, including the professor books and the grouped logical, physical, and ethical books.

Reference spine for Agastya as a Vedic sage, rishi, and broad Hindu/Tamil/Southeast Asian tradition figure, with links to attributed texts and iconography.

Secondary reference for the Agastya Samhita title and the tradition of works attributed to Agastya.

Reference context for Agattiyam, the lost Tamil grammatical text traditionally attributed to Agastya/Akattiyar.

Reference context for the Age of Enlightenment, its figures, themes, and reception.

Context row for Agesilaus and Xenophon's late encomium.

Concept context for Protagoras' agnostic fragment in On the Gods and later theological reception.

Ai Lian Shuo context row for lotus prose and literary reception.

Context row for Wonders of Creation and its illustrated manuscript tradition.

Context page for King Ajatasattu, whose question frames the Samannaphala Sutta report.

Reference spine for Ajita as a sixth-century BCE Indian materialist and forerunner of Cārvāka/Lokāyata thought.

Context for the Ājīvika movement, niyati, determinism, asceticism, and Makkhali Gośāla reception.

Tradition row for Ajñana as ancient Indian skepticism and for Sanjaya as a major associated figure.

Wikipedia context page for akasha.

Public context row for Akbarian metaphysics and the later school associated with Ibn Arabi.

General reference context for Akbarism as the school or tradition associated with Ibn ʿArabī.

Reference context for the no-action doctrine in early Indian debate.

Context row for Akṣapāda Gautama and the Nyāyasūtra tradition.

Wikipedia context for store consciousness.

Reference context for al-Bāqillānī as an early Ashʿarī theologian.

Reference spine for Camus's dates, Algerian origins, works, Nobel Prize, absurdism, politics, and public reception.

Albertus Magnus context for Dominican scholastic background.

Reference spine for al-Biruni's life, dates, disciplines, major works, and reception as a Persian polymath.

Context page for Alcuin and Carolingian transmission of Northumbrian learning.

Wikipedia context page for Baumgarten as a Wolffian successor.

Context for one of Plutarch's major Life subjects.

General reference spine for names, life, fields, reception, and image provenance cross-checks.

Public work context for Ibn Arabi's Meccan Revelations.

Reference context for al-Ghazālī as Ashʿarī theologian, philosopher, jurist, and Sufi.

Context row for the Perfect Human and its place in Islamic mystical philosophy.

Reference context for al-Juwaynī as a major Ashʿarī theologian and teacher of al-Ghazālī.

Reference profile for al-Kindi's biography, Abbasid context, works, and image records.

Context for the cave allegory and Platonic education.

Context row for Ptolemy's Almagest and its Arabic transmission associated with Ishaq ibn Hunayn and Thabit ibn Qurra.

Reference profile for Amartya Sen's biography, Nobel award, social choice theory, capability approach, justice, and major works.

Context page for amicable numbers and the rule associated with Thabit ibn Qurra.

Context for Ammonius Saccas as Plotinus' teacher in Alexandria.

Modern classification context for amorality, included only as background for the school label.

Public work page for Locke's Essay.

General reference for An Essay on Liberation, aesthetic sensibility, radical politics, and Marcuse's late-1960s theory of liberation.

Reference context for Reid's Inquiry and its common-sense critique of the theory of ideas.

Context row for Anabasis and the Ten Thousand.

Analects context row for Lunyu Jizhu.

Context page for analytic geometry and Descartes's mathematical reception.

General reference context for analytic philosophy, its history, themes, and subfields.

Context page for the analytic-synthetic distinction and Quine-Carnap reception.

Reference profile for Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, his Athens period, exile tradition, cosmology, and reception.

Reference profile for Anaximander of Miletus, his dates, Milesian setting, apeiron, cosmology, map tradition, and reception.

Reference profile for Anaximenes of Miletus, his Milesian setting, air principle, cosmology, and traditional chronology.

Context for the astronomical and mathematical topics in Philip's attributed title list.

Broader ancient Greek philosophy context for Leucippus as a Presocratic atomist.

Context page for Osiander and the anonymous preface to De revolutionibus

Wikipedia context page for Andrew of Saint Victor.

Public context for Aṅgiras and Āṅgirasa lineage tradition connected with Kutsa.

Public context page for Animal Liberation and its animal ethics reception.

Public context page for animal rights.

Reference context for Anniceris and friendship-oriented Cyrenaic revision.

Context page for AD dating and Bede's role in popularizing the era.

Reference profile for Anselm of Canterbury, his Bec and Canterbury career, writings, and reception.

General reference for Kant's essay on Enlightenment and the public use of reason.

Context page for anthropocentrism, a central object of Plumwood's critique.

General reference for Kant's late anthropology and pragmatic study of human beings.

Reference context for Antiochus and the break from Academic skepticism toward a dogmatic Old Academy.

Reference profile for Antiphon of Rhamnus, the Athenian orator, logographer, oligarchic political actor, and disputed identity with Antiphon the Sophist.

Reference profile for Antisthenes of Athens, his Socratic circle, Cynic reception, writings, and ancient testimonia.

Context row for Marcus' adoptive father and Antonine dynastic setting.

Context for Apamea on the Orontes, Posidonius birthplace and Hellenistic Syrian city setting.

Context page for Apollonius and the Conics tradition associated with Thabit's translation/revision work.

Context row for Plato's Apology as a literary account of Socrates' defense, not a Socrates-authored treatise.

Public concept page for negative theology and apophatic discourse.

Public context page for applied ethics.

Concept row for apūrva, unseen ritual potency, and Mīmāṃsā accounts of action and result.

Wikipedia context page for Aranyaka literature.

Reference context for Arcesilaus, the New Academy, and skepticism.

Context page for Archimedes and the Greek mathematical tradition transmitted through Arabic and Latin sources.

Public work page for Derrida's Archive Fever.

Context page for Archytas as a later Pythagorean mathematician, statesman, and philosophical successor.

Reference context for Arete of Cyrene and Cyrenaic teaching lineage.

Reference context for Arian controversy against which the Cappadocians argued.

Reference context for Ariel Salleh and materialist ecofeminism.

Reference profile for Aristippus of Cyrene, Socratic association, Cyrenaic school, biography, and ancient source traditions.

Reference context for Aristippus the Younger as a systematizer of Cyrenaic doctrine.

Reference context for Peripatetic, Islamic, Jewish, Christian, scholastic, and modern Aristotelian traditions.

Context row for Aristotle's criticism of Xenocratean Academic metaphysics.

Reference profile for Aristoxenus of Tarentum, Peripatetic background, harmonics, rhythmics, and surviving titles.

Reference profile for Arne Næss, Norwegian philosopher, mountaineer, Gandhian, and founder of deep ecology.

Context page for the Arrow paradox.

Public work page for Art as Experience.

Reference profile for Schopenhauer, his Danzig birth, Frankfurt death, works, influences, and legacy.

Wikipedia context for Asaṅga and classical Yogācāra lineage.

Reference context for ascetic practice as a central Cynic discipline.

Reference context for Asclepiades of Phlius and the Eretrian school lineage.

Reference context for Ashʿarism, its doctrines, history, and role in Sunni theology.

Context for the eight limbs of Yoga

Wikipedia context page for the eight-limbed Yoga path.

Context page for ataraxia, the tranquility associated with Pyrrhonian practice.

Context row for Monuments of the Lands and its geographical-topographical content.

Reference context for traditionist theology and critiques of kalām.

Wikipedia context page for Atharvaveda.

Context for the Atlantis story in Timaeus and Critias.

Context for ātman and self-knowledge, central to the Maitreyī-Yājñavalkya dialogue.

Context row for atomism and comparative background.

Reference profile for Atri as Vedic sage, Saptarishi figure, and Atreya lineage anchor.

Reference profile for Augustine, Tagaste, Hippo, writings, controversies, and later influence.

Wikipedia context page for Augustinian canons.

Reference context for Augustinian grace, predestination, sin, and salvation debates.

Reference context for Augustinian accounts of evil as privation and the problem of evil.

General reference context for Augustinianism, its doctrines, medieval role, and relation to Pelagianism and Thomism.

Context page for ANU, Plumwood's doctoral and institutional context.

General reference for Averroes biography, works, fields, and reception.

General reference for Averroism, Latin reception, unity of intellect, and scholastic debates.

Reference profile for Avicenna's life, works, medicine, philosophy, and later reception.

Context row for Tusi's Avicennan inheritance and commentary tradition.

Context row for tathagatagarbha and Huayan/Chan synthesis relevant to Zongmi.

Reference context for Ambedkar and socially transformative Buddhist conversion.

Context page for Baalbek, ancient Heliopolis, Qusta's birthplace.

Reference profile for Bādarāyaṇa as the traditional author of the Brahma Sūtras and a foundational Vedānta figure.

Context page for the Banu Musa brothers who brought Thabit into the Baghdad scholarly network.

Context for the Barabar cave complex and early Ājīvika dedication history.

Reference profile for Spinoza's life, works, excommunication, metaphysics, ethics, and reception.

Reference profile for Basil of Caesarea, his Cappadocian setting, Nicene theology, monastic rule, writings, and later reception.

Context for Sudās, Vasiṣṭha, Viśvāmitra, and RV 7 conflict memory.

Public context page for Bede's life, Wearmouth-Jarrow, works, AD dating, history, and sanctity.

General work context for Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift, concept-script, quantification, variables, proof, and modern predicate logic.

Context page for Behemoth and Hobbes's account of the English Civil War.

Wikipedia row for Being and Time.

Context page for Benedict Biscop and the founding of the Wearmouth-Jarrow environment.

Context for Abelard's later opponent

Wikipedia row for Rossellino, creator of the Bruni tomb.

Reference profile for Russell's biography, works, logic, politics, Nobel Prize, and public activism.

Public work page for Between Facts and Norms.

Reference context for the Bhagavad Gītā as a philosophical dialogue within the Mahābhārata tradition.

Context row for the Kapila-Devahūti teaching tradition in Purāṇic reception.

Reference profile for Bharadvaja as Vedic rishi, Bharadvaja-family seer, and later Hindu sage figure.

Reference profile for Bhartṛhari as Sanskrit grammarian, philosopher, and traditionally attributed poet.

Wikipedia context page for Bhedabheda.

Wikipedia context page for biblical hermeneutics.

Context row for Kierkegaard's works and chronology.

Reference context for biocentric ethics related to deep ecology.

Public context page for bioethics.

Public concept context for biopolitics and biopower.

Context-only row for the Black Notebooks; not promoted as a direct work in this pass.

Reference context for Bodhidharma and patriarchal origins of Chan lineage narratives.

Reference context for the bodhisattva ideal behind much engaged Buddhist ethics.

Public work page for Bodies That Matter.

Wikipedia body schema context row.

Context for Plutarch's Boeotian setting.

Reference profile for Boethius, his Roman career, execution, logical works, theological treatises, and Consolation.

Public context page for the Book of Divine Consolation.

Public work/context page for Datong shu / Book of Great Unity.

Context page for the Book of Lemmas and the Archimedean Arabic attribution/transmission associated with Thabit.

General reference for Hunayn's Ten Treatises on the Eye, manuscript tradition, theory of vision, eye anatomy, pneuma, and Galenic sources.

Context page for botany, the discipline for which Theophrastus is a foundational ancient source.

Context for Brahma as later creator deity and Prajapati identification.

Reference context for the Brahma Sūtras, their Vedānta structure, attributed authorship, and commentarial history.

Context for Brahman and ultimate reality in early Upanishadic thought.

Context for Brahmana texts and ritual-theological explanation in which Prajapati is central.

Corpus context for the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad dialogues involving Yājñavalkya, Gārgī, Maitreyī, and Janaka.

Public context page for British empiricism.

Context for Buddhist source transmission, śramaṇa debates, and the Samaññaphala account.

Context page for Buddhist ethics, compassion, non-harm, and precept practice.

Reference context for Buddhist modernism and modern social engagement.

Reference context for Buddhist Peace Fellowship and socially engaged Buddhist activism.

Wikipedia context for Buddhist philosophical traditions.

Reference context for Buddhist textual traditions and canons.

Public context page for Li Si's book-burning memorial tradition.

Place context for Origen's later teaching and library setting

Concept context for the pinhole/camera-obscura principle associated with Mohist optical passages.

Public context row for Candide.

Public context page for the Cangjie Primer and Qin script-standardization tradition.

Wikipedia context page for canons regular.

Context for Canopus, the star tied to Posidonius earth-circumference tradition.

Historical context row for Wang Bi's Cao Wei setting.

Reference context for the Caodong school and later Sōtō transmission.

Public concept page for capabilities approach context.

Reference context for Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa as the Cappadocian theologians of late antique Nicene thought.

Reference context for Carneades and Academic skeptical arguments.

Reference context for Carolyn Merchant and ecofeminist history of science.

Context page for Cartesianism and later Cartesian philosophical reception.

Context for the Alexandrian teaching environment associated with Origen

Context for Aristotle's Categories, the work introduced by Porphyry's Isagoge.

Concept context for necessity, cause, and explanation in the reception of Leucippus atomism.

Context page for the Cavendish family patronage and household world connected to Hobbes.

Context for the philosopher criticized in Against Celsus

Context for Plutarch's hometown.

Place context for Xenocrates' birthplace.

General reference for the Chaldean Oracles, Iamblichean theurgy, and later Neoplatonic ritual metaphysics.

General reference for Chan Buddhism, Huineng, the Southern school, Platform Sutra, and later East Asian Chan/Zen development.

Public context page for Li Si's chancellorship.

General context row for the Chandogya Upanishad, its Sama Veda setting, and the chapter-four episode used for the accepted work page.

Context page for Theophrastus Characters and later character-writing reception.

Reference context for Beitz and political theory of global justice.

Reference profile for Peirce as American philosopher, logician, mathematician, scientist, founder of pragmatism, and theorist of semiotics.

Reference bibliography for Peirce editions, papers, published articles, manuscripts, edited collections, and scholarship used to separate direct works from edited collections.

Context page for Oresme's royal patron

Context for Cārvāka/Lokāyata materialism and the later tradition that preserves Ajita as an early materialist authority.

Public place context for Montesquieu's birthplace and estate near Bordeaux.

Reference profile for Cheng Hao as Northern Song Neo-Confucian philosopher, Cheng Mingdao, elder brother of Cheng Yi, and influential source for later Confucian moral metaphysics.

Public work-context row for Cheng Weishi Lun and Xuanzang's Faxiang synthesis.

Cheng Yi context row for Cheng-Zhu school lineage.

Cheng-Zhu school row for Zhou Dunyi's reception through Zhu Xi.

Reference context for Chinese Buddhism, its history, schools, texts, and institutions.

Reference context for the Chinese Buddhist canon and its textual organization.

Context row for Liang's historiographical and historical-method works.

Concept context for the ti-yong formula associated with late Qing reform thought, retained as background rather than a Feng-authored work.

Context row for Liang's civic and nationalist political vocabulary.

Context row for classical Chinese philosophy and Xunzi.

Reference context for Christian humanism and its Renaissance representatives.

Wikipedia context page for Christian mysticism.

Reference context for Christian Platonism and its figures and doctrines.

Wikipedia context page for Christian Wolff.

Reference profile for Christine as Italian-born French author, court intellectual, defender of women, and writer of political, ethical, literary, and Joan of Arc works.

General reference page for Chrysippus of Soli, his dates, move to Athens, relation to Cleanthes, enormous lost corpus, and reputation as the second founder of Stoicism.

General reference page for Cicero dates, Arpinum birthplace, consulship, writings, death in the proscriptions, and reputation as Roman orator, philosopher, and statesman.

Context for ancient measurements of the circumference of Earth, including the Posidonius tradition.

Reference context for the Cistercian reform movement in which Bernard became the most influential abbot and writer.

Context row for ancient Citium/Kition in Cyprus.

Wikipedia context row for civic humanism and Bruni reception.

Public concept page for civil religion.

General reference page for Cleanthes of Assos, his approximate dates, succession to Zeno, Hymn to Zeus, lost writings, and nickname traditions.

General reference page for Titus Flavius Clemens, his dates, Alexandrian teaching role, Christian Platonism, and main writings.

Context row for the Lucretian swerve or clinamen.

Reference context for Clitomachus as interpreter and transmitter of Carneades.

Context page for the cogito as a central Cartesian argument and slogan.

Wikipedia work-context row for Valla's Collatio Novi Testamenti.

Context row for Colophon in Ionia.

Public work page for Color Conscious.

Wikipedia row for Coluccio Salutati, Bruni's mentor and predecessor.

Context row for the Column of Marcus Aurelius and Marcomannic War visual evidence.

Context row for the commandery policy connected to Li Si's anti-feudal memorial.

Reference context for the commentary tradition in which Averroes became the Commentator.

Context page for Copernicus's early manuscript outline

Reference context for common sense as a philosophical category and its Scottish school use.

Public concept page for communicative rationality.

Context page for computus and the Easter calculation tradition central to Bede.

General work context for Frege's 1892 Concept and Object article and the concept-object distinction in logic and language.

Context row for Concluding Unscientific Postscript, subjectivity, truth, and Climacus.

Context row for the Paris condemnations that shaped the reception of Siger and other arts masters.

Context page for the 1277 condemnations and late medieval Aristotelian controversy.

Reference context for Augustine's Confessions, inwardness, memory, conversion, and time.

Public work page for Confessions.

Context row for Quinean confirmation holism.

Public context page for Confucian religious reform and Kang-related movements.

Confucianism context row for ren, yi, ritual cultivation, and Mencius as a central later figure.

General reference page for Confucius names, dates, Qufu and Lu setting, family details, teaching themes, and later temple and state-cult reception.

Wikipedia context page for consequentialism.

Public context page for Considerations on Representative Government.

Public work page for Montesquieu on Rome, republican virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation.

Context row for Spartan Constitution.

Public concept context for constitutional limits, mixed government, and legal institutions.

Reference context for deconstruction within continental philosophy.

Context page for Origen's apologetic work Against Celsus

Wikipedia row for Contributions to Philosophy / Of the Event.

Context page for Copernicus's heliocentric model

Context page for the later transformation associated with Copernicus's astronomy

Reference context for the traditional arrangement, titles, and authenticity questions of Aristotle's works.

Wikipedia context row for the Hermetica translated by Ficino.

Reference context for early modern corpuscularian revival of atomist-style explanation.

Wikipedia context page for cosmology as special metaphysics.

Public concept page for cosmopolitanism context.

Public work page for Cosmopolitanism.

Context for condemnation of Abelard's early theology

General reference for Counterrevolution and Revolt, Marcuse's analysis of repression, revolt, ecology, and radical social movements.

General reference page for Crantor of Soli, his Old Academy setting, On Grief, poetry evidence, and the tradition that he was an early commentator on Plato.

General reference page for Crates of Athens as the Old Academy scholarch and pupil or companion of Polemo.

Context row for Crates, Zeno's Cynic teacher.

Public work page for Creating Capabilities.

General context for critical theory, social critique, emancipation, ideology, and Marcuse's philosophical program.

General reference for aesthetics, teleology, judgment, beauty, and the sublime.

General reference for the second Critique, practical reason, freedom, God, and immortality.

General reference for the Critique of Pure Reason, editions, structure, and philosophical claims.

General reference for Crito of Alopece as the Athenian companion of Socrates and namesake of Plato's Crito.

Context page for Croton, the South Italian setting of the Pythagorean community.

Context page for the culture industry concept associated with Adorno and Horkheimer.

Context page for Saint Cuthbert and Bede's verse and prose lives.

Reference context for ancient Cynicism, Diogenes, Antisthenes, and the Cynic way of life.

Reference context for the Cyrenaic school founded by Aristippus and developed through later Cyrenaic philosophers.

Reference context for Cyrene as the geographic identity of Aristippus and the Cyrenaic school.

Context row for Cyropaedia.

Context row for Cyrus the Younger and the expedition.

General reference for Dai Zhen names, dates, Qing scholarship, and major works including Mengzi ziyi shuzheng.

Context row for Xenocrates' demonology reception.

Context for Daksha as a Prajapati and later mythic reception figure.

Public concept page for the d'Alembert operator and wave mathematics.

Public concept page for d'Alembert's paradox in fluid mechanics.

Public concept page for d'Alembert's principle in mechanics.

General reference for Hongren as the fifth Chan patriarch in the transmission story that gives Huineng robe and bowl authority.

General reference for Damascius names, dates, Damascus birth, Academy leadership, and surviving works.

Place context for Ibn Arabi's final home, teaching, death, and tomb.

General reference for Dao'an, Huiyuan's teacher and a key influence on early Chinese Buddhist textual method.

General reference for Dao'an, dates, Chinese Buddhist context, translation organization, monastic surname practice, and influence.

Public context page for Das Kapital.

Concept context for Dasein.

General reference for Hume's life, publications, Scottish Enlightenment context, skepticism, empiricism, and reception.

Reference context for Aristotle's psychology and theory of soul.

Context page for De Cive and its place in Hobbes's philosophical system.

Context row for On Clemency and Seneca's political advice to Nero about mercy, power, and rule.

Context page for De Corpore and Hobbes's natural philosophy and method.

Public context page for Periphyseon / De divisione naturae.

Context page for De ente et essentia and Aquinas's essence/existence metaphysics.

Context page for De Homine and Hobbes's philosophy of man.

Wikipedia work-context row for De libero arbitrio.

General reference for De mysteriis / On the Mysteries and its traditional title and attribution.

Public reference context for the title De natura rerum and Isidore's natural-philosophy/scientific compilation.

Context page for Bede's De natura rerum and natural-philosophy teaching.

Context page for Oresme's monetary treatise

Reception context for atomist natural philosophy in Lucretius.

Reference context for Lucretius's De Rerum Natura and its Epicurean doctrines.

Context page for the publication and reception of De revolutionibus

Reference context for Augustine's On the Trinity and psychological Trinitarian analogy.

Wikipedia row for De vita libri tres.

Reference context for Ibn Rushd's Decisive Treatise on philosophy and religious law.

Public deconstruction context linked to Derrida.

Reference context for the deep ecology movement, its platform, Ecosophy T, and Næss's role in its formation.

The pseudo-Platonic Definitions context helps explain why Speusippus' lost Definitions title needs caution.

Public context row for deism and natural religion.

Public concept page for deliberative democracy.

Context for Delphi, Apollo, and Plutarch's priesthood.

Public work page for Democracy and Education.

General reference for Democritus biography, Abdera, atomism, works lists, ethics, and later reception.

Reference context for Diderot, the Encyclopedie, criticism, and materialist Enlightenment thought.

Public concept context for despotism, fear, arbitrary rule, and political liberty.

Context row for Devahūti, Kapila's traditional mother and interlocutor in Purāṇic teaching narratives.

Reference context for Sen's Development as Freedom and development-as-capability framework.

Dhammapada/Dharma verses context row for the Faju Jing cluster.

Concept row for dharma, the central object of Jaimini's inquiry.

Reference context for Dharmarakṣa and Chinese Buddhist translation history.

Context for the dharmaśāstra tradition of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti.

Wikipedia context page for meditation in Hindu and Yoga contexts.

Wikipedia Dialectic of Enlightenment work context.

Context page for the Dichotomy paradox.

Public context row for the Philosophical Dictionary.

Wikipedia context page for Hugh's Didascalicon.

Context for Presocratic fragment organization and source-numbering practice.

Public concept page for Derrida's differance.

Context page for the Digha Nikaya, the Pali canonical collection that transmits DN 2.

Reference context for Diogenes and the ancient kosmopolites tradition.

General reference retained for names, chronology, Apollonia Pontica, works, fragments, and source navigation without using Wikimedia images.

General reference for Oenoanda, the Hadrianic dating, the large stoa inscription, fragment history, and source navigation.

Context page for Diophantus and the arithmetic tradition transmitted through Arabic mathematics.

Reference context for direct realism and the representational theories Reid criticized.

General profile identifying Dīrghatamas as a Rigvedic seer associated with philosophical verses and especially Rigveda 1.164.

Public work page for Discipline and Punish.

Public concept page for discourse ethics.

Public work page for the Second Discourse.

Context page for Discourse on the Method and its 1637 essays.

Public work context for Discourses on Livy.

Public work page for Derrida's Dissemination.

Reference context for Derrida's Dissemination.

Context for two-sided argument traditions related to sophistic antilogy and opposed logoi.

Doctrine of the Mean context row for Zhongyong Zhangju.

Dominican Order context for Eckhart formation, preaching, and administration.

Wikipedia context row for the forgery exposed by Valla.

General profile for Dong Zhongshu, his dates, Guangchuan background, Gongyang learning, and role in Western Han Confucian policy.

General reference for Donglin Temple, the Mount Lu community, and Huiyuan's institutional setting.

Public concept context for commerce, manners, moderation, and political economy.

Concept row for dravya or substance in Vaiśeṣika category theory.

Reference context for Dugald Stewart and the transmission of Scottish common-sense philosophy.

Wikipedia context page for Duns Scotus.

Context page for Durham Cathedral and Bede's tomb.

Wikipedia context page for Dvaita Vedanta.

Reference context for the larger East Asian Buddhist setting of Chan, Zen, Sŏn, and Thiền.

Context row for Sengzhao in the early Chinese Madhyamaka and later Sanlun reception frame.

Public reference page for East Asian Yogācāra context.

Context for the Eastern Zhejiang School and the practical, historical, and statecraft learning associated with Huang Zongxi.

Context page for Bede's Ecclesiastical History and its manuscript and historical reception.

Wikipedia Eclipse of Reason work context.

Context page for the solar-eclipse tradition associated with Thales and Herodotus.

Reference context for ecocentrism and ecological value theory.

Context page for ecofeminism and feminist environmental critique.

Reference context for ecosophy and Naess's ecological philosophy.

Wikipedia Husserl context row.

Public context page for effective altruism.

Context page for Egbert of York, Bede's correspondent and later archbishop.

Context row for Either/Or, its pseudonymous framing, aesthetic and ethical sections, and 1843 publication.

Wikipedia context page for Ekayana.

Spanish public work page for De subventione pauperum.

Context page for the Eleatic school including Parmenides, Zeno, and Melissus.

Source row for Elements of the Philosophy of Newton; retained as evidence only, with no full text imported.

Context page for Elements of Theology and its Greek, Arabic, Latin, and medieval reception.

Context for Elis, Phaedo's home city and the place where he founded his school after Socrates' death.

Wikipedia embodied cognition context row.

Wikipedia context page for Émile, or On Education.

General profile used for aliases, dates, works, and reception, checked against specialist references.

General reference for Empedocles, Acragas, four roots, Love and Strife, and the two-poem transmission.

Reference context for empiricism, its history, central claims, and major figures.

Public context page for the Encyclopedie co-edited by Diderot and d'Alembert.

Reference context for the Encyclopedie as a defining French Enlightenment publication.

Public context page for the encyclopedists and d'Alembert's role.

Context page for engaged Buddhism and Thich Nhat Hanh's antiwar, social-service, and ethical movement context.

Context page for the English Civil War, central to Hobbes's political analysis and Behemoth.

Reference context for Enlightenment philosophy, reason, progress, liberty, and reform.

Public context page for the Porphyrian arrangement, chronological order, and six Enneads.

Reference context for environmental ethics and deep ecology.

Context page for environmental humanities and the broader field Plumwood helped shape.

Reference context for environmental justice and ecofeminist intersectional politics.

Reference context for the environmental movement in which deep ecology developed.

Context page for environmental philosophy and ecological ethics.

General reference for Epictetus, his dates, slavery and freedom, Nicopolis teaching, Arrian, Discourses, Enchiridion, and fragments.

Context for the Epicurean school, pleasure, atomism, justice, gods, and later reception.

Reference context for Epicureanism, its doctrines, texts, communities, and later reception.

General reference for Epicurus, his life, school, works, atomism, canon, ethics, and later reception.

Public context page for Epinomis, its astral theology, education program, and disputed authorship.

Context row for the Moral Letters to Lucilius and the epistolary form of Seneca's mature ethical teaching.

Context page for epoche, suspension of judgment in ancient skepticism.

Context row for the Capitoline equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.

General reference for Erasmus dates, names, travels, works, portrait tradition, Catholic humanism, and Reformation-era reception.

Context page for Eresos on Lesbos, Theophrastus birthplace.

Context for the school of Elis becoming the Eretrian school through Menedemus and Asclepiades.

General reference for Mach's life, psychophysics, mechanics, philosophy, and later reception.

General reference for Eros and Civilization, Marcuse's Freudo-Marxist argument about repression, civilization, and liberation.

Source row for Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of Nations; retained as evidence only, with no full text imported.

Public work page for Essay on the Origin of Languages.

Reference context for Reid's Essays on the Active Powers and his account of agency.

Reference context for Spinoza's Ethics, its geometric structure, posthumous publication, and major doctrines.

Public reference for the Etymologiae, structure, transmission, and encyclopedic scope.

Context page for Euclid and mathematical commentary traditions tied to Qusta.

General reference for Euclid of Megara, his Socratic setting, Megarian school, chronology, and work-title testimony.

Context row for Euclid's Elements, the translated mathematical text represented in Ishaq's Arabic tradition.

General reference for Eudemus, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Rhodes, lost works, histories of mathematics and astronomy, Physics, Analytics, On Discourse, and On the Angle.

General reference for Eudoxus, used only for identity, chronology variants, works testimony, and stale-image rejection checks.

Reference context for Eunomius and anti-Eunomian Cappadocian polemic.

Public work page for Excitable Speech.

Public work page for Experience and Education.

Public work page for Experience and Nature.

General reference for Fahai as the disciple traditionally associated with recording the Platform Sutra teachings of Huineng.

Reference context for Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and later Ashʿarī kalām synthesis.

Public context page for Singer's famine-relief essay and drowning-child argument.

Context row for Faustina the Younger and the coin/betrothal evidence.

Context for the Faxiang school associated with Xuanzang and Kuiji.

Faxiang/Hosso context row for Xuanzang and Kuiji reception.

General reference for Fazang identity, names, dates, Huayan role, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Context row for Fear and Trembling, Johannes de silentio, Abraham, faith, and the ethical.

Reference context for feminist environmental philosophy and ecofeminism.

General reference for Feng Guifen identity, names, Qing career, reform writing, and stale Wikimedia-image rejection checks.

Reference context for the council that canonized Cappadocian Trinitarian theology.

Context row for the Opium War crisis behind Wei Yuan's maritime and statecraft works.

Context page for Aquinas's Five Ways as arguments within broader works, not as a standalone work row.

Reference context for Avicenna's floating man argument and philosophy of self-awareness.

Reference context for Florence as civic and institutional setting.

Public work context for Machiavelli's Florentine Histories.

Context row for flux in philosophy, preserving the Heraclitean doctrine of change and the later reception of river-fragment interpretations.

Context for the Good in Republic and Platonic metaphysics.

Wikipedia context page for formal distinction.

Context row for marine fossils and early natural interpretation.

Public context page for Foucault's College de France lecture courses.

Public work page for Foundations of Natural Right.

Four Books context row for Zhu Xi commentary canon.

Context row for the canonical setting of the Mencius among the Four Books.

Reference context for the Aristotelian doctrine of four causes.

Context row for the Sanaka/Sanatkumara sage tradition in later Hindu literature.

Reference context for the Four Noble Truths.

Public work page for Frames of War.

General reference for Bacon's life, titles, works, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Wikipedia context page for Francis Hutcheson.

Context page for the Franciscan order and Bacon's institutional setting.

General context for the Frankfurt School, Institute for Social Research, critical theory, exile, and Marcuse's place in the tradition.

Reference context for the French Enlightenment and philosophe networks.

General reference for Engels's life, works, Marx collaboration, socialism, materialism, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

General reference for Nietzsche's life, works, chronology, family, influence, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

General reference for Schelling's chronology, names, works, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Public context page for Friends of God and later Tauler reception traditions.

Place context for Copernicus's cathedral chapter and later memory

General work context for Frege's 1891 Function and Concept lecture and article on functions, concepts, objects, and truth values.

Public work context for Fusus al-Hikam and its later commentary tradition.

Context for Gadara, the Decapolis city attached to Philodemus' origin.

Context row for the Roman dedicatee of De rerum natura.

General reference for Galen and the Galenic corpus whose Syriac and Arabic transmission depended heavily on Hunayn and his circle.

General reference for Galileo's chronology, family, works, trial context, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Context for Ganganath Jha as translator and Sanskrit scholar connected to modern reception.

Wikipedia context page for Gargi Vachaknavi.

General reference for Gārgī Vācaknavī, her appearance in Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.6 and 3.8, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Reference context for Siddhārtha Gautama, the Buddha, his life, teaching, and reception.

Context for the Gāyatrī mantra in RV 3.62.10 and its attribution to Viśvāmitra.

Public concept page for gender performativity and Butler's influence.

Public work page for Gender Trouble.

Public concept page for Rousseau's general will.

Wikipedia context page for Meier and Wolffian logic/aesthetics reception.

Context page for Rheticus and the publication network around Copernicus

General reference for Hegel's chronology, family, works, offices, influence, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Reference context for Berkeley as a major British empiricist.

Context page for Gerard of Cremona and the Latin translation/reception of Arabic science, including Thabit material.

Wikipedia context page for the German Enlightenment.

Public context page for German idealism.

Tradition context for German mysticism, Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Heinrich Suso, Dominican preaching, vernacular theology, and late medieval mystical philosophy.

Public context page for Fichte's later political reception.

Wikipedia Gestalt psychology context row.

General reference for Pico's chronology, family, works, Roman disputation, condemnation, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Public work page for Derrida's Glas.

Reference context for global citizenship and cosmopolitan education.

Reference context for global justice debates linked to political cosmopolitanism.

Context row for Zhuangzi transmission, editions, and commentary terminology.

Wikipedia context page for Godfrey of Saint Victor.

Wikipedia context page for Gong Zizhen.

General reference for Gongsun Long's chronology, Zhao setting, School of Names affiliation, White Horse Discourse, works, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

Wikipedia context page for Gongsun Longzi.

Public context page for Gongyang learning used in Kang's Confucian reformism.

General reference for Gorgias' chronology, Leontini birthplace, father, works, pupils, Plato reception, and stale Wikimedia image rejection checks.

General reference for dates, family, places, chronology, notable works, public-domain media provenance checks, and legacy media search terms.

General reference for Frege biography, dates, major works, Jena career, sense-reference distinction, logicism, Russell's paradox, and media provenance checks.

Public concept context for governmentality.

General reference for the translation movement, Greek-Arabic scholarly transfer, and Hunayn's place among translators.

Great Learning context row for Daxue Zhangju.

Public work-context row for Xuanzang's travel record.

Context for the anthology tradition preserving Philodemus' epigrams.

Concept context for Greek atomism as a rival to element theories.

Context for arithmetic, optics, means, and mathematical topics in the testimonial list.

General reference for Gregory of Nazianzus, his Cappadocian setting, Constantinople ministry, Theological Orations, parents Nonna and Gregory the Elder, dates, and image provenance.

General reference for Gregory of Nyssa, his Cappadocian family, bishopric, dates, Macrina, Basil, philosophical theology, works, and the two existing live media records.

Alias and tradition context for Gregory the Theologian, preserving the standard ecclesial title attached to Gregory of Nazianzus in Eastern Christian usage.

Context for the monetary principle also associated with Copernicus's coinage writings

Reference context for Greta Gaard and ecofeminist animal/environmental ethics.

General reference identifying Gritsamada as a Rigvedic rishi associated with most hymns of Mandala 2 and with the Gritsamada family tradition.

Public context page for Eckhart ground-of-the-soul concept.

General reference for the Groundwork and the categorical imperative.

Public context page for Grundrisse.

General reference for Gu Yanwu, also known as Gu Tinglin, his dates, Kunshan origin, Ming-Qing transition, philology, geography, history, and major works.

Wikipedia context page for Guanding.

Public context page for the emperor associated with the Hundred Days Reform.

Public reference row for Zongmi, dates, Xichong/Sichuan, Huayan, Heze Chan, works, and death tradition.

Wikipedia context page for guna.

Concept context for guṇas as the constituents of prakṛti in Sāṃkhya.

General reference for Guo Xiang, dates 252-312, alternate romanization Kuo Hsiang, the Zhuangzi revision, commentary, ziran, and influence on Daoist interpretation.

Context row for Guodian manuscript evidence connected to accepted image rows.

Guoqing Temple context row for Zhiyi and Tiantai institutional memory.

Wikipedia context page for haecceity.

Wikipedia context page for Haiguo Tuzhi.

General reference for Han Fei, also called Han Feizi, dates 280-233 BCE, Warring States Legalism, the state of Han, Xunzi, Li Si, and the Han Feizi.

General reference for the Han Feizi text, its 55 chapters, Legalist essays, xingming, state power, and reception as the most intact surviving fa-tradition work.

Reference context for Han Learning as a Qing evidential and philological scholarly current.

Reference context for Hans Baron and the modern civic-humanism thesis.

Wikipedia context page for Hans Morgenthau.

Industrial and technological modernization context tied to Zhang Zhidong's Hubei reforms.

Industrial modernization context row for Zhang Zhidong's ironworks program.

Public context page for the harm principle.

Context page for Harran, Thabit's native city and Sabian intellectual setting.

Context row for He Changling as co-editor of Huangchao Jingshi Wenbian.

Context row for He Yan and early xuanxue debates near Wang Bi.

Reference context for hedonism and Cyrenaic place in ancient pleasure theory.

General reference for Marcuse's Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity and its relation to Heidegger, Hegel, and historicity.

Reference context for Hegesias and pessimistic Cyrenaic hedonism.

Context row for major Heideggerian terms.

Context row for Xenophon's Hellenica.

Context page for Heloise and the Abelard-Heloise tradition

Context for henads, divine unities, and Proclus' theology.

Context for union with the One and late antique mystical ascent.

General reference for Henry Odera Oruka, dates 1944-1995, Siaya County birth, Nairobi death, sage philosophy, publications, institutions, and public reception.

Wikipedia context page for Henry Sidgwick.

General reference for Heinrich Suso, Heinrich Seuse, Henry Suso, dates 1295-1366, Dominican life, relation to Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler, and major devotional works.

General reference for Heraclitus, dates, Ephesus, logos, fire, flux, unity of opposites, fragments, and later influence.

General reference for Herbert Marcuse, dates, Berlin birth, exile, Frankfurt School, major works, New Left reception, and bibliography.

Context for the Vesuvian site where the papyri and villa library were preserved.

Context for the carbonized library that preserves many Philodemus works.

Context for the Choice of Heracles, the ethical parable attributed to Prodicus and known through Xenophon.

General reference for Hermarchus of Mytilene, his father Agemarchus, Epicurean succession, dates, and lost works.

Context page for Hero and mechanics translation context associated with Qusta.

Wikipedia context row for Valla's Herodotus work.

Context row for Heshang Gong commentary tradition, not a direct Laozi work.

Context row for Hesiodic divine genealogy criticized by Xenophanes.

Context page for the Hexapla

General reference for Shenhui, Southern school polemics, and the later construction of Huineng as Sixth Patriarch.

Context row for Hiero.

Wikipedia context page for Hindu atomism.

Broader Hindu philosophy context row for Nyāya.

Reference context for Hipparchia and Cynic philosophical practice.

General reference for Hippias of Elis, his sophistic career, fields, ancient sources, and works.

Context for Plato's Hippias Major, with Hippias as the interlocutor in the inquiry into beauty.

Context for Plato's Hippias Minor, with Hippias examined on Homer, lying, and voluntary wrongdoing.

Context for Hiranyagarbha, the golden germ or womb of creation associated with Rigveda 10.121 and Prajapati.

Context page for the Hiranyagarbha Sukta as the direct work anchor.

Context page for Abelard's autobiographical work

Public reference for Isidore's history of the Goths, Vandals, and Suebi.

Context page for Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants and ancient botanical classification.

Public context page for historical materialism.

Wikipedia context row for Florence and Bruni's historical subject matter.

Public work page for History of Madness.

Context row for the poetic tradition Xenophanes criticized.

Reference context for homoousion and Nicene consubstantiality.

General reference for Suso's Latin Horologium Sapientiae, its wisdom dialogue form, reception, manuscript tradition, and influence in late medieval devotion.

Context row for Medici power, exile, and Machiavelli's dedication of The Prince.

General reference for the Abbasid scholarly setting in which Hunayn and the translation movement are normally placed.

Public reference page for Austin's William James Lectures and posthumous book.

General reference for Huang Zongxi, dates, aliases, Yuyao origin, Ming loyalism, political thought, and major works.

Reference context for Huang Zongxi's father Huang Zunsu and the Donglin/Ming loyalist political background.

Context row for early Daoist/Huang-Lao reception.

Huayan context row for Zongmi as a later Huayan patriarch and synthesizer.

Wikipedia context page for Hugh of Saint Victor.

General reference for Hui Shi, Huizi, dates, prime-minister tradition, School of Names, paradoxes, and Zhuangzi dialogues.

General reference for Huineng, names, dates, Sixth Patriarch tradition, biography, Platform Sutra, and modern scholarship caveats.

Reference context for human development economics and capability-informed development evaluation.

Reference context for the Human Development and Capabilities Association.

Reference context for human development measurement associated with capability theory.

Reference context for human rights as a cosmopolitan moral and political framework.

General reference for Hunayn's names, dates, translation school, medical works, and Arabic/Syriac/Greek transmission.

Context row for the 1898 reform setting and Zhang Zhidong's Quanxue Pian.

Context row for the Warring States intellectual world of Mohism, Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, and disputation.

Reference context for Aristotelian form-matter analysis.

Public concept page for hyperreality, a central Baudrillardian theme.

Book of Changes context row for Zhouyi Benyi and Yi Xue Qimeng.

General reference for Iamblichus biography, works, sources, and reception.

Context page for Ibn al-Haytham as later Arabic mathematical and optical heir to the exact-science tradition.

General reference row for Ibn Arabi biography, names, travels, works, doctrine, and reception.

General reference for Kant's universal-history essay and cosmopolitan teleology.

Context page for Ilchester, Bacon's traditional birthplace.

Context row for the Ilkhanid world in which Tusi worked after the Mongol conquests.

Context row for the ishraqi tradition, light metaphysics, presential knowledge, and later illuminationist reception.

Context row for Hai Guo Tuzhi / Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms.

Wikipedia context page for Imamah in Twelver doctrine.

Wikipedia context page for Immaculate Conception.

General reference for Kant's biography, works, critical philosophy, and reception.

Context row for Zhang Zhidong's role in late Qing educational reform and examination abolition.

Public context page for the 1329 bull condemning propositions from Eckhart writings.

Public work page for In My Father's House.

Reference context for Erasmus's Praise of Folly and humanist satire.

Public reference page for Young's democratic theory work on inclusion, communication, multicultural democracy, and representation.

Context row for indeterminacy of translation.

Context row for Indian logic and Nyāya reasoning.

Wikipedia context page for Indian philosophy.

Context for Indra, the central deity across much of the Kutsa-associated hymn material.

Reference context for induction as a central empiricist and scientific method issue.

Larger Sukhavativyuha/Pure Land context row for Da Amituo Jing attribution evidence.

Context page for the Institute for Social Research.

Wikipedia instrumental reason/value rationality context.

Public concept page for Dewey's instrumentalism.

Reference context for the dream-interpretation work traditionally associated with Antiphon.

Reference context for intrinsic value in ethics and environmental philosophy.

Wikipedia row for Introduction to Metaphysics.

Gewu context row for Zhu Xi epistemology and Great Learning interpretation.

Context row for Ionian Greek setting.

Context page for Ionian natural philosophy and the Milesian tradition.

Context for Ioulis, the Cean city associated with Prodicus' birthplace.

Public reference page for Young's biography, works, socialist feminism, justice, difference, embodiment, and structural responsibility.

Wikipedia context page for Isaac Newton.

Public context page for the Isagoge and the predicables.

General reference for Ishaq ibn Hunayn, father Hunayn, Baghdad, translations, and date variants.

Context page for Ishvara in Indian philosophy

Public reference for Isidore's biography, family, works, Etymologiae, education, and reputation.

Context page for medieval Islamic astronomy and the Maragha mathematical astronomy milieu.

Context row for Islamic cosmological traditions relevant to al-Qazwini's Wonders of Creation.

Context row for Islamic geography and the tradition behind Monuments of the Lands.

Reference context for Avicennism within Islamic philosophy.

Public reference spine for Īśvarakṛṣṇa, classical Sāṃkhya, and the Sāṃkhyakārikā.

Context row for the wars and state crisis behind Machiavelli's political thought.

Public reference page for Austin's biography, works, ordinary language philosophy, and wartime intelligence work.

Context row for Austin's colleague and editor J. O. Urmson, visible in the accepted Saturday seminar photograph.

Held-context row for the Jabala Upanishad name surface; it is not accepted as a direct Satyakama work in this pass.

Public reference page for Derrida's biography, works, deconstruction, and influence.

Reference context for Lefevre dEtaples and French Christian humanist biblical scholarship.

Wikipedia context page for Jaʿfari jurisprudence.

Context row for Jaimini as the sūtra author whose work Śabara interprets rather than a separate Śabara work.

Reference profile for Dawwani's dates, location, works, image context, and post-Avicennian philosophical setting.

Reference context for James Beattie and popularization of common-sense philosophy against skepticism.

Context for King Janaka of Videha as Yājñavalkya's royal interlocutor.

Public reference page for Baudrillard's life, works, simulation, hyperreality, and cultural theory.

Public context row for the Calas affair and Voltaire's toleration campaign.