Huiyuan
{"TemplateVersion":1,"WpPageId":193908,"ParentWpPageId":159379,"Slug":"huiyuan","Title":"Huiyuan","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/huiyuan/","Kicker":"Philosopher Profile","DisplayTitle":"Huiyuan","Deck":"Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, karmic retribution, monastic autonomy from royal ritual, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Philosophers","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/"},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Title":"Ancient History","DateText":"3000 BCE – 499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Title":"Classical Antiquity","DateText":"500 BCE – 499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/philosophers-of-classical-antiquity/"},{"Label":"Born","Title":"334 CE","DateText":"","Url":""},{"Label":"Died","Title":"416 CE","DateText":"","Url":""}],"GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:10"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:41"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:CHN:10"}],"School":{"Label":"School","Title":"Pure Land Buddhism","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/schools/pure-land-buddhism/","Deck":"Pure Land Buddhism centers devotion to Amitabha and rebirth in Sukhavati, with this page focused on Huiyuan and the Chinese Mount Lu/Donglin formation of Pure Land practice.","Ring":"#000000","TerraRing":"#000000"},"Birthplace":{"Title":"Loufan, Yanmen Commandery, Bingzhou, near modern Ningwu County, Shanxi"},"Images":[{"ImageMasterId":2353,"ImageOrdinal":1,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-01-wanxiaotang-hui-yuan-portrait.jpg","Alt":"Wanxiaotang portrait of Huiyuan","Caption":"Wanxiaotang portrait of Huiyuan","Description":"A Wanxiaotang portrait presents Huiyuan with scholar robes and direct name association. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277291,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hui_Yuan.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Hui_Yuan.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-01-wanxiaotang-hui-yuan-portrait.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2354,"ImageOrdinal":2,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-02-sanjiao-yuanliu-huiyuan-chanshi.jpg","Alt":"Huiyuan chanshi from Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan","Caption":"Huiyuan chanshi from Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan","Description":"The Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan plate names Huiyuan chanshi and situates him within the three-teachings visual tradition. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277292,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81%E6%90%9C%E7%A5%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8%EF%BC%89.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81%E6%90%9C%E7%A5%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8%EF%BC%89.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-02-sanjiao-yuanliu-huiyuan-chanshi.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2355,"ImageOrdinal":3,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-03-zhusheng-temple-huiyuan-statue.jpg","Alt":"Statue of Huiyuan at Zhusheng Temple, Hunan","Caption":"Statue of Huiyuan at Zhusheng Temple, Hunan","Description":"The Zhusheng Temple sculpture presents Huiyuan in a modern devotional setting rather than generic Buddhist scenery. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277293,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Huiyuan,_Zhusheng_Temple_(Hunan).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Statue_of_Huiyuan%2C_Zhusheng_Temple_%28Hunan%29.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-03-zhusheng-temple-huiyuan-statue.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2356,"ImageOrdinal":4,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-04-southern-song-lotus-society-scroll.jpg","Alt":"Southern Song Lotus Society scroll","Caption":"Southern Song Lotus Society scroll","Description":"The Southern Song Lotus Society scroll represents the devotional community associated with Huiyuan, Mount Lu, Amitabha practice, and early Pure Land reception. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277294,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E8%8E%B2%E7%A4%BE%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E8%8E%B2%E7%A4%BE%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-04-southern-song-lotus-society-scroll.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2357,"ImageOrdinal":5,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-05-huxi-sanxiao-national-palace-museum.jpg","Alt":"Three Men Laughing by Tiger Creek","Caption":"Three Men Laughing by Tiger Creek","Description":"The Tiger Creek painting depicts Huiyuan with Tao Yuanming and Lu Xiujing in the famous three-teachings anecdote. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277295,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Huxisanxiaotu.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Huxisanxiaotu.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-05-huxi-sanxiao-national-palace-museum.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2358,"ImageOrdinal":6,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-06-three-laughers-of-the-tiger-glen.jpg","Alt":"Three Laughers of the Tiger Glen","Caption":"Three Laughers of the Tiger Glen","Description":"This Tiger Glen work preserves the same Huiyuan, Tao Yuanming, and Lu Xiujing visual tradition in a distinct version. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277296,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Laughers_of_the_Tiger_Glen.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Three_Laughers_of_the_Tiger_Glen.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-06-three-laughers-of-the-tiger-glen.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2359,"ImageOrdinal":7,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-07-soga-shohaku-three-laughers-tiger-ravine.jpg","Alt":"Soga Shōhaku, The Three Laughers of Tiger Ravine","Caption":"Soga Shōhaku, The Three Laughers of Tiger Ravine","Description":"Soga Shōhaku's Indianapolis work carries the Tiger Ravine theme into Japanese reception of the Huiyuan anecdote. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277297,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Three_Laughers_of_Tiger_Ravine,_Soga_Shohaku_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00768.JPG","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/The_Three_Laughers_of_Tiger_Ravine%2C_Soga_Shohaku_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00768.JPG","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-07-soga-shohaku-three-laughers-tiger-ravine.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2360,"ImageOrdinal":8,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-08-li-shida-tiger-brook-fan.png","Alt":"Li Shida, Tiger Brook Three Laughs fan painting","Caption":"Li Shida, Tiger Brook Three Laughs fan painting","Description":"Li Shida's fan painting gives another direct Tiger Brook visual witness for Huiyuan and the three-teachings motif. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277298,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9D%8E%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%BE%E8%99%8E%E6%BA%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%91%E6%89%87.png","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%E6%9D%8E%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%BE%E8%99%8E%E6%BA%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%91%E6%89%87.png/1280px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%BE%E8%99%8E%E6%BA%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%91%E6%89%87.png","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-08-li-shida-tiger-brook-fan.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2361,"ImageOrdinal":9,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-09-xiaobai-three-laughers-boston.jpg","Alt":"Soga Shōhaku, Three Laughers at Tiger Brook, Boston","Caption":"Soga Shōhaku, Three Laughers at Tiger Brook, Boston","Description":"The Boston Shōhaku Tiger Brook painting offers another major museum-held version of the Huiyuan scene. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277299,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%95%AD%E7%99%BD%E3%80%8C%E8%99%8E%E6%BA%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%91%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%88%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8%EF%BC%89.jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/%E8%95%AD%E7%99%BD%E3%80%8C%E8%99%8E%E6%BA%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%91%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%88%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8%EF%BC%89.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-09-xiaobai-three-laughers-boston.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":2362,"ImageOrdinal":10,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-10-huiyuan-master-collection-nlc-scan.jpg","Alt":"Huiyuan dashi ji, National Library of China scan","Caption":"Huiyuan dashi ji, National Library of China scan","Description":"The NLC Huiyuan dashi ji scan connects Huiyuan's profile to textual transmission and collected writings. Huiyuan 慧遠, also Lushan Huiyuan, Huiyuan of Mount Lu, Shi Huiyuan, Hui-yuan, Hui-yüan, Hui Yuan, Huìyuǎn, Donglin Huiyuan, First Pure Land Patriarch, 廬山慧遠, 東林慧遠, 釋慧遠, and 遠公, was an Eastern Jin Chinese Buddhist scholastic monk associated with Mount Lu, Donglin Temple, early Chinese Pure Land devotion, Prajnaparamita interpretation, monastic autonomy, karma, rebirth, and the correspondence with Kumārajīva.","WpMediaId":277300,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NLC416-01jh000146-10142_%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB%E9%9B%86.pdf","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NLC416-01jh000146-10142_%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB%E9%9B%86.pdf/page1-500px-NLC416-01jh000146-10142_%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB%E9%9B%86.pdf.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-10-huiyuan-master-collection-nlc-scan.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9522,"ImageOrdinal":11,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-00-statue-of-huiyuan-zhusheng-temple-hunan-jpg.jpg","Alt":"Statue of Huiyuan at Zhusheng Temple","Caption":"Statue of Huiyuan at Zhusheng Temple","Description":"The image shows a statue of Huiyuan at Zhusheng Temple in Hunan. It belongs on the Huiyuan profile as a direct sculptural depiction of the Buddhist thinker.","WpMediaId":319247,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Huiyuan,_Zhusheng_Temple_(Hunan).jpg","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Statue_of_Huiyuan%2C_Zhusheng_Temple_%28Hunan%29.jpg/1920px-Statue_of_Huiyuan%2C_Zhusheng_Temple_%28Hunan%29.jpg","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-00-statue-of-huiyuan-zhusheng-temple-hunan-jpg.jpg"},{"ImageMasterId":9523,"ImageOrdinal":12,"ImageUrl":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/huiyuan-00-the-three-laughers-of-tiger-ravine-soga-shohaku-indianapolis-museum-of-art-dsc00768-jpg.jpg","Alt":"The Three Laughers of Tiger Ravine","Caption":"The Three Laughers of Tiger Ravine","Description":"The image shows Soga Shohaku's painting of The Three Laughers of Tiger Ravine, a traditional scene involving Huiyuan. It belongs on the Huiyuan profile as a reception image from the well-known Huiyuan legend.","WpMediaId":319248,"SourcePageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Three_Laughers_of_Tiger_Ravine,_Soga_Shohaku_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00768.JPG","SourceImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Three_Laughers_of_Tiger_Ravine%2C_Soga_Shohaku_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00768.JPG/1920px-The_Three_Laughers_of_Tiger_Ravine%2C_Soga_Shohaku_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00768.JPG","LocalPath":"Media\\Philosophy\\Images\\Huiyuan\\huiyuan-00-the-three-laughers-of-tiger-ravine-soga-shohaku-indianapolis-museum-of-art-dsc00768-jpg.jpg"}],"Video":{"Title":"","Iframes":[]},"HasVideo":false,"IdentityFields":[{"Label":"Full Name","Value":"Huiyuan"},{"Label":"Native Name","Value":"慧遠"},{"Label":"Other Names","Value":"Lushan Huiyuan; Huiyuan of Mount Lu; Shi Huiyuan; Hui-yuan; Hui-yüan; Hui Yuan; Huìyuǎn; Donglin Huiyuan; First Pure Land Patriarch; 廬山慧遠; 東林慧遠; 釋慧遠; 遠公"},{"Label":"Sex","Value":"Male"},{"Label":"Nationality","Value":"Chinese / Eastern Jin Buddhist scholastic monasticism"},{"Label":"Religion","Value":"Mahayana Buddhism / early Chinese Pure Land and Prajnaparamita"},{"Label":"Mother","Value":"unknown"},{"Label":"Father","Value":"unknown"}],"MajorWorks":[{"Title":"Nianfo sanmei shiji xu / Preface to the Collection of Poems on the Buddha-Remembrance Samadhi","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/huiyuan/preface-to-buddha-remembrance-samadhi-poems/","ClassName":"dz-philo__profile-work-card","HasFullText":false,"Copies":["402 CE","The preface frames nianfo samadhi as a contemplative practice whose poetic community joins visualization, memory, devotion, and disciplined mental concentration."],"CopyItems":[{"Text":"402 CE","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""},{"Text":"The preface frames nianfo samadhi as a contemplative practice whose poetic community joins visualization, memory, devotion, and disciplined mental concentration.","ClassName":"dz-philo__card-copy","Style":""}],"Text":"Nianfo sanmei shiji xu / Preface to the Collection of Poems on the Buddha-Remembrance Samadhi 402 CE The preface frames nianfo samadhi as a contemplative practice whose poetic community joins visualization, memory, devotion, and disciplined mental concentration.","Style":"","DataSearch":"nianfo sanmei shiji xu / preface to the collection of poems on the buddha-remembrance samadhi 402 ce the preface frames nianfo samadhi as a contemplative practice whose poetic community joins visualization, memory, devotion, and disciplined mental concentration. eastern thought china (east asia) north china plain & loess belt aesthetics philosophy of religion","DataPeriod":"","DataEra":"","DataRegion":"Eastern Thought","DataTerra":"China (East Asia)","DataTerraRegion":"North China Plain & Loess Belt","DataCoreAreas":"Aesthetics Philosophy of Religion","DataSchool":"","DataFilterTitle":"Nianfo sanmei shiji xu / Preface to the Collection of Poems on the Buddha-Remembrance Samadhi","DataFilterSearch":"Nianfo sanmei shiji xu / Preface to the Collection of Poems on the Buddha-Remembrance Samadhi 402 CE The preface frames nianfo samadhi as a contemplative practice whose poetic community joins visualization, memory, devotion, and disciplined mental concentration. 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