Means
{"WorkMasterId":7071,"WpPageId":287385,"ParentWpPageId":193721,"Slug":"means","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/philip-of-opus/means/","RelativeUrl":"theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/philip-of-opus/means/","HasFullText":true,"RawHtmlLength":118539,"CleanHtmlLength":63788,"Kicker":"Philosophy Work","Title":"Means","Deck":"This lost mathematical title is registered as testimony for Philip\u0027s interest in proportions, means, and mathematical structure.","BackLink":{"Text":"Back to Philip of Opus","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/philip-of-opus/"},"AuthorCard":{"Label":"Author","Title":"Philip of Opus","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/philip-of-opus/","MediaHref":"","ImageSrc":"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/philip-of-opus-01-epinomis-codex-parisinus.jpg","ImageAlt":"Epinomis in Codex Parisinus graecus 1807","FilterTerra":"Eastern Mediterranean","ClickText":"Philip of Opus","ClickHref":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/philosophers/philip-of-opus/","Copies":["380 BCE – 330 BCE","Opus (Locris)","Early Academic philosopher of Opus, Plato\u0027s Academy, mathematical astronomy, Epinomis, astral theology, Opuntian Locris, and the reported arrangement of Plato\u0027s Laws."]},"ContextCards":[{"Label":"Period","Key":"Period:1","Title":"Ancient History","DateText":"3000 BCE – 499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/"},{"Label":"Era","Key":"Era:3","Title":"Classical Antiquity","DateText":"500 BCE – 499 CE","Url":"https://chrisdeasy.com/theos/humanities/philosophy/eras-of-thought/philosophers-of-ancient-history/philosophers-of-classical-antiquity/"},{"Label":"Composition","Title":"333 BCE","Url":"","DateText":""}],"DateNote":"Source-backed approximate date; no full text imported.","GeoCards":[{"Label":"Region","Key":"Region:1"},{"Label":"Terra Avita","Key":"TerraAvita:2"},{"Label":"Terra Avita Region","Key":"TerraAvitaRegion:8"},{"Label":"Modern Country","Key":"Country:GRC:2"}],"OriginalTitle":"Means","Language":"Ancient Greek","DisciplineCards":[{"Label":"Primary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:mathematics"},{"Label":"Secondary Discipline","Key":"Discipline:logic"}],"Tradition":"Platonic Academy / Early Academic astronomy","FullText":{"Title":"Full Text","Copy":"Full text from Wikisource: Means of Helping the Population Suffering from Bad Harvests .","Url":"","Label":"","Kicker":"","Cards":[]},"CoreThesis":["This lost mathematical title is registered as testimony for Philip\u0027s interest in proportions, means, and mathematical structure."],"Classification":{"AlternateTitles":"Mathematical means","KeyConcepts":"Mathematical means","Methodology":"Source-backed direct work registration; no full text imported.","Structure":"Lost, fragmentary, testimonial, or contested work; no full text imported"},"Arguments":["This lost mathematical title is registered as testimony for Philip\u0027s interest in proportions, means, and mathematical structure."],"Influence":{"InfluencedBy":"","InfluenceOn":""},"Significance":["Suda title evidence only; no surviving text is imported.","Means is registered as a source-backed Philip of Opus work or attributed title. The page records testimonial and reception evidence only; no full text is imported."],"EvidenceNote":["Suda title evidence only; no surviving text is imported."],"MainSections":[{"Kind":"RawSection","Title":"Full Text","BodyHtml":"\u003cp class=\"dz-philo__section-copy dz-philo__full-text-source\"\u003eFull text from \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Means_of_Helping_the_Population_Suffering_from_Bad_Harvests\"\u003eWikisource: Means of Helping the Population Suffering from Bad Harvests\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003carticle class=\"dz-philo__full-text-body\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\nHELP for the population suffering from bad harvests may have two objects\u0026#160;: support of the peasant proprietors and prevention of people running the \nrisk of illness, and even death, from want and from the \nbad quality of food. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre these objects attained by the aid now extended in \nthe form of twenty or thirty pounds of flour a month to \neach consumer, reckoning or not reckoning laborers? I \nthink not. And I think not from the following considerations\u0026#160;: \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the peasant families of all agricultural Russia \nmay be distributed under three types. First, the \nwealthy farm with eight or ten souls, on the average \ntwelve souls to a family, with from three to five hired \nmen, on the average four, from three to five horses, on \n.the average four, and from three to nine desyatins of \nland, on the average six. That is a rich farmer. Such \na muzhik not only feeds his family with his grain, but \nfrequently hires one or two laborers, buys up land of \nthose worse off than himself, and sells them grain and \nseed. All this, maybe, is done on conditions not favorable for the poor, but the result is that in the country, \nwhere there are ten per cent of these rich men, the land \nis not idle, and in case of necessity the poor man may \nhave the means of obtaining grain, seed, even money. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second type is that of the average muzhik, with \ngreat difficulty making the ends of the year meet by \nmeans of his two parcels of land, and one or two \" hands,\" and one or two horses. This dvor is almost \nwholly supported by its own grain. What it lacks is \nobtained by a member of the family living out. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnd the third type is the poor fellow with a family of \nfrom three to five \" souls,\" with one laboring man, and \nfrequently with no horse. This kind never has grain \nenough\u0026#160;; every year he is obliged to invent some means \nof getting himself out of his tight place, and he is \nalways within a hair\u0027s breadth of being a pauper, and at \nthe slightest misfortune he will beg. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aid given in the form of flour to the inhabitants \nof the famine-stricken places is distributed by means of \nlists of peasant families according to their means. By \nmeans of these lists calculations are made as to how \nmuch help is to be afforded to any particular family. \nAnd this help is given only to the very poorest, that \nis to say, to the families of the third type. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA \"dvor\" of the first type, belonging to the rich or well-to-do peasant who still has several chetverts of oats, who has two horses, a cow, sheep, receives no help. But investigation into the condition, not only of the average, but of the rich muzhik, makes one see that if the peasant agricultural class is to be sustained, these are the very farmers that need help most. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLet us suppose that a rich peasant has still a little rye \nleft, he has twenty or more chetverts of oats, he has \nfive horses and two cows and eighteen sheep, and because he has all this he receives no help. But reckon \nup his income and his expenses, and you will see that \nhe is in just as much need as the poor man. In order \nto support the rotation which he has undertaken with \nhis hired land, he must sow about ten chetverts. What \ngrain remains, at forty, fifty, even sixty rubles, is nothing \nin comparison with what he needs for his family of twelve \nsouls. For twelve souls he needs fifteen puds at one \nruble fifty kopeks twenty-two rubles fifty kopeks a \nmonth two hundred and twenty-five rubles for ten \nmonths. Moreover, he needs forty, fifty, or seventy rubles to satisfy the rent on his hired land\u0026#160;; he has to \npay his taxes. The members of his family living out \nthis year either receive less than before, by grain being \nhigh, or are entirely paid off. He needs three hundred \nand fifty rubles, but he receives even less than two hundred, and therefore one thing is left for him to do, to \ngive up his hired land, to sell his seed oats, to sell a \npart of his horses, for which there is no price, in \nother words, to descend to the level of the average \nmuzhik, and even lower, because the average muzhik \nhas a smaller family. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut no help, or very little, is given to the average \nmuzhik if he has any oats left or a horse or two. So \nthat he is obliged to sell his land to the exceptionally \nrich, to eat his seed oats, and then also his horse. So \nthat by the distribution of help as it obtains now, the \nrich must infallibly descend to the level of the average \nand the average to the level of the poor. And by the \nconditions obtaining this year, almost all, except the \nunusually rich, are obliged to descend in this way. \nThe distribution of flour, not attaining its object of supporting the peasant husbandry, does not attain its second \nobject either that of safeguarding the people from \nfamine diseases. The distribution of flour by \"souls\" \ndoes not secure this for the following reasons\u0026#160;: \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the first place, because in such a distribution of \nflour there is always a possibility that th\u0027e person receiving it will yield to the temptation of squandering what \nhe has received, and selling it for drink, and this has \nhappened, though not in many instances. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the second place, because this help, falling into \nthe hands of the poor, saves them from starvation only \nin case the family has some means of its own. The \nlargest apportionment amounts to thirty pounds to each \nman. And if thirty pounds of flour, together with \npotatoes and some admixture with the flour for baking \nbread, may support a man for the period of a month, \nthen in complete poverty, when they have not the wherewithal to buy even lebeda-weed to mix with their bread, \nthirty pounds of flour is used up in the form of unmodified bread in the course of fifteen or twenty days, and \nthe people, left in an absolutely starving condition for \nten days, are likely to become sick and even to die from \nlack of food. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the third place, the distribution of flour among \npoor families, even among those that still have means \nof their own, does not attain the purpose of forefending \nmen from famine diseases, because in a family where \nstrong men easily get along with poor food, the weak, \nthe young, and the old contract disease from want and \nthe poor quality of food. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn all famine-stricken places all families, both rich \nand poor, eat miserable bread made with lebeda-weed. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrange to say now in a large number of cases the very \npoor, on receiving grain from the zemstvo, eat unmodified bread, while almost all the rich families eat it with \norach, with this year\u0027s disgusting unripe lebeda-weed. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnd it all the time happens that while the stronger \nmembers of a rich family thrive on the lebeda-weed \nbread, the weaker, older members pine away and die \nof it. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus a sick woman comes from a rich farm, carrying \nin her hand a piece of black lebeda-weed bread constituting her principal article of food, and asking admission \nin the eating-room simply because she is sick, and then \nonly while she is sick. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother example\u0026#160;: I come to a muzhik who is not \nreceiving assistance and considers himself rich. He \nlives alone with his wife\u0026#160;; they have no children. I find \nthem at dinner. Potato soup and bread with the lebedaweed. In the trough is new bread, likewise adulterated \nwith a large proportion of the lebeda. The husband \nand wife are healthy and happy, but on the stove is an old woman who is ill from the effects of the lebedaweed bread, and declares that it is better to eat once a day only to have good bread to eat, but that this \ndoes not keep up one\u0027s strength. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOr a third case\u0026#160;: a peasant woman comes from a rich \nfarm to ask for her thirteen-year-old daughter admission to the eating-room because they cannot feed her at \nhome. This daughter is of illegitimate birth, and therefore she is not liked and is not willingly fed. There \nare many similar cases, and therefore the distribution of \nhelp in flour from hand to hand does not keep the \nold, the feeble, and the unpopular members of the family from sickness and death, in consequence of the unsuitability or lack of food. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePainful as it is to say this, notwithstanding the remarkable energy and even self-control of the majority \nof provincial workers, their activity, consisting in the \ndistribution of help in corn, does not fulfil its purpose \nof supporting the agricultural peasantry or of preventing \nthe possibility of diseases from famine. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut if what is done now is not good, what is good\u0026#160;? \nWhat should be done\u0026#160;? \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo things in my opinion are necessary, not for the \nsupport merely of the agricultural peasantry, but to \nprevent them from ultimate ruin\u0026#160;: the organization of \nwork for every community able to work\u0026#160;; and the establishment of free refectories for the young, the old, the \nfeeble, and the sick in all country places suffering from \nthe famine. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe organization of labor ought to be such that it \nshould be accessible, well-known, and familiar to the \npopulation, and not such as the people have never occupied themselves with or even seen, or else such as they \nare often unable to perform\u0026#160;; as, for instance, by compelling the members of the families who have never \ngone away to leave home, or undergo other adverse conditions, such as lack of clothing. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWork ought to be such that, besides their work out of \ndoors, to which all the capable and able-bodied muzhiks \ncan resort for wages, there should be domestic work suitable for the whole population of the famine-stricken \nplaces men, women, hale old men, and half-grown \nchildren. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis year\u0027s distress is due not only to lack of grain, \nbut also to the no less absolute lack of both money and \nchances of earning money there is no work, and several millions of the population are condemned to enforced \nidleness. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf the grain necessary for the support of the population is at hand, in other words can be placed where it is \nneeded, at a price within their reach, then the starving \npeople might earn this grain for themselves, provided \nonly there was an opportunity of work, and materials \nfor work and sale. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut if they do not have this opportunity, hundreds of \nmillions will be irrevocably wasted in the distribution of \ngratuitous aid, but the misery will not be relieved. The \nmatter is not wholly in the material loss\u0026#160;; the idleness \nof a whole population receiving gratuitous food has a \nterribly demoralizing tendency. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutside industries may be organized in the most \nvaried ways, both for winter and still more for summertime, and God grant that these industries may be organized as speedily as possible and on the largest \npossible scale. But besides these great private industries, it is a matter of immediate necessity and enormous \nimportance that the population be furnished with the \nopportunity of doing their own familiar work, without \nleaving their homes and their accustomed surroundings, \nand of getting pay for it, even though it be at a very \ncheap rate. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the famine-stricken country districts neither hemp \nnor flax grew, oats almost wholly failed, and the women \nhave no yarn and nothing to weave. The wives, the \ngirls, and the old women, ordinarily occupied, sit idle. \nMoreover, the muzhiks, who stay at home and have no \nmoney to buy linden bark, also sit without their usual \nwinter avocations the weaving of lapti, or bark shoes. \nThe children, as well, waste their time idly, for the \nschools are for the most part closed. The population, having to face only the trying scenes of a more exag- \ngerated need, deprived of their ordinary and more than \never indispensable means of recreation and forgetfulness, of work, sit for whole days at a time with folded \nhands, discussing various rumors and propositions about \nhelp given and to be given, but especially about their \npoverty\u0026#160;; \" they grow gloomy and lose their spirits, and \nthat is the reason more than anything else that they \nget sick,\" said a sensible old man to me. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot to mention the economical significance of work \nfor this year, its moral significance is enormous. Work, \nany kind of work which should employ the idle people \nthis year, is a most pressing necessity. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUntil we shall see organized the great industries for \nwhich there were various very sensible plans, now, \nit is rumored, being established, and destined to confer \ninestimable blessings, if only in the establishment of \nthem the habits and convenience of the population are \ntaken into consideration, if only in all the famine-stricken districts the opportunity is given for all the \nremaining people to work at the work they are accustomed to, the men to pleat lapti and the women to \nspin and weave, and the opportunity is given to sell \nwhat they make by this labor, then this would be, at \nleast, a great help against the decline of the Russian \nhusbandry, even if it did not entirely stop it. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf it be granted that a place can be obtained for cloth \nat eight kopeks the arshin and this is possible when \nit is produced in large quantities and that lapti which \nwill last for years will be bought at ten kopeks a pair, \nthen each man\u0027s earnings will be at the very least five \nkopeks, that is to say one ruble fifty kopeks a month. \nIf in addition to this it is admitted that in every family \non the average not more than one-fourth of the members are unable to work, then it seems that for every \nperson in a family there will be earned one-fourth of \n4.50 kopeks, in other words 1.12 kopek; that is to say, \nconsiderably more than what now comes from the zemstvo with such strain, bickerings, and quarrels, and \nproducing such general discontent. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuch would be the calculation, if work familiar to all \nthe country population, unquestionably accessible, and \nthe very cheapest, were performed. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeans would be received exceeding that which is \nnow received from a gratuitous or loan distribution, to \nsay nothing of the insoluble difficulty of giving it out, \nand especially the discontent which is produced by individual distribution. For the attainment of this it would \nbe necessary to spend comparatively small sums for the \npurchase of materials for labor flax and linden bark, \nand secure a place for these productions. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the organization of these industries, and the furnishing the women with materials for spinning and the \nsale of the fabric spun by them, many people are \nalready interested, but as yet only on a very small \nscale. We have also begun this work, but up to the present time have not yet the flax, wool, and bast ordered. \nOur proposition to the peasants to occupy themselves \nwith work for the sale of lapti and cloth was everywhere \nreceived with enthusiasm. They would say to us\u0026#160;: \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"If we earn only three kopeks a day it is far better than to sit idle.\" \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course this refers only to the five winter months; during the four summer months, till the first fruits, their industries might be vastly more productive. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the attainment of our purpose, not, perhaps, the \nsupport of peasant husbandry, but at least the stoppage \nof its decay, there is in my opinion only this means \nthe organization of industries. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.For the attainment of our second purpose, the salvation of the people from disease consequent on bad and \ninsufficient food, in my opinion, the only infallible means \nis the organization in every village of a free table at \nwhich every man may have enough to eat if he is \nhungry. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe organization of free tables, begun by us more \nthan a month ago, is now carried on with a success \nexceeding our expectations. These eating-rooms are \narranged in the following way\u0026#160;: \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn my arrival at Yepifansky District, toward the end of September, I met my old friend, I. I. Rayevsky, to \nwhom I communicated my intention of establishing free \ntables in the famine-stricken districts. He invited me \nto take up my quarters at his house, and while not desisting from all other forms of help, not only approved \nmy plan of establishing free tables, but undertook to \nassist me in this work; and with that love for the people, \nresolution, and simplicity characteristic of him, immediately, even before our arrival at his house, began this \nbusiness, opening six such eating-rooms in his own \nvicinity. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe method employed by him consisted in his proposing to widows or the poorest inhabitants of the poorest villages to feed those that should come to them, and in furnishing the necessary provisions for this purpose. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe starosta and his assistants made out a list of the \nchildren and old people deserving of maintenance at the \nfree table, and these eating-rooms were opened in six \nvillages. These eating-rooms, in spite of the fact that \nthey were opened by the starostas and Rayevsky\u0027s steward, without his personal superintendence, went very \nwell and were maintained about a month. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToward the time of our arrival, which coincided with \nthe first distribution of help from the government, five \nof the free eating-rooms were closed, because the persons frequenting them began to receive a monthly allowance, and consequently did not need double help. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery soon, however, in spite of the distribution of \naid, the need had so increased that it was felt to be \nnecessary to reopen the closed eating-rooms and establish new ones. In the course of the four weeks spent \nby us here we opened thirty. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt first we opened them in accordance with information received concerning the most poverty-stricken villages, but now for more than a week, from various \ndirections, petitions have come to us in regard to opening new eating-rooms, but we have not yet had time to grant them. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe act of opening eating-rooms is as follows we at least have proceeded in this way\u0026#160;: Having learned of a particularly needy village, we drive to it, go to the starosta, and having explained our purpose, we call in \nsome of the old men and question them about the actual \ncondition of the farms from one end of the village to \nthe other. The starosta, his wife, the old men, and perhaps one or two more who have come out of curiosity \nto the izba, describe to us the state of affairs in the \nvillage. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Well, on the left hand side: Maksim Aptokhin. \nHow is he?\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" His is a hard case. He has children, seven of \nthem. And no bread this long time. We must relieve \nhim of his old woman and one child.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe write down, \"From Maksim Aptokhin two.\" Then comes Feodor Abramof. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" They are in a bad case too. Still, they can get \nalong.\" But here the starosta\u0027s wife puts in a word, \nand says that he is in a bad state and we must relieve \nhim of one child. Then comes an old man, a soldier of \nNicholas\u0027s time. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"He is almost dead of starvation.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemyon Sapronof \"they are subsisting.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnd thus the whole village is scanned. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA proof of the justice and lack of caste feeling shown \nby the peasants in appraising the needs of the villagers \nmay be seen in this\u0026#160;: that notwithstanding the fact that \nmany peasants were not admitted in the first village, \nin the village of Tatishchevo in Ruikhotskaya Volost\u0027, \nwhere we opened an eating-room, in the number of the \nunquestionably poor whom we had to admit to the free \ntable, the peasants nominated, without the slightest hesitation, the widow of a pope and her children and the \nwife of a diacJiok or sexton. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus all the enumerated forms were generally divided \naccording to the report of the starosta and the neighbors \ninto three classes: those unquestionably hard up, some \nof whom ought to be admitted to the free table\u0026#160;; those \nthat were unquestionably well off, such as could support themselves\u0026#160;; and thirdly, those concerning whom \nthere was some question. This doubt was generally settied by the number of people coming to the eating-room. \nTo feed more than forty persons is no easy matter for \nthe hosts. And therefore, if the number of those applying is less than forty, the doubtful ones are admitted; but if more, then some have to be turned away. Gen- \nerally some persons unquestionably deserving of sustenance at the public tables seem left out, and according \nto the force of testimony changes and additions are \nmade. If it is learned that in a village there are very \nmany unquestionably needy persons, then a second and \nsometimes even a third eating-room is opened. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the average, both at our establishments as well as \nat those of our neighbor, N. F., who is acting independently of us, the number of persons getting their meals \nat the public table always constitutes about one-third \nof all the effective population. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are many almost every householder willing \nto keep the eating-room, that is, to bake bread, to cook, \nto boil, to serve the pensioners, in exchange for the right \nof having free food and fuel. To such a degree are \nthey desirous of keeping the eating-rooms, that in both \nof the first villages where we established eating-rooms, \nthe starostas, both of them rich peasants, proposed to \nhave them at their houses. But as those that keep the \neating-houses are guaranteed all fuel and food, we usually select the poorest, provided they live near the center of the hamlet, so that the distance to be traversed \nshall not be disproportionate in either direction. On \nthe place itself we do not lay much stress, as even in a \ntiny six-arshin izba there is room enough to feed thirty \nor forty men. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe next thing to do is to get the food to each eatingroom. It is managed in this way\u0026#160;: In one place, taken \nas the central point of the institutions, there is arranged \na storehouse of all necessary provisions. Such a storehouse was for us at first found in Rayevsky\u0027s \" Ekonomia \"\u0026#160;; but as our work widened, three other storehouses \nwere arranged, or rather selected, on the estates of wealthy \nlandowners where there were granaries and some provisions for sale. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs soon as the location of the eating-room was selected and the persons privileged to avail themselves of it were inscribed on a list, the day was designated on which the keepers of the eating-room or the cart whose turn it was should go for the provisions. As now in a large number of eating-rooms, it was a trouble to give out the provisions every day, two days each week Tuesday and Friday were set apart for that purpose. \nAt the storehouse the keeper of the eating-room was given a little book or schedule in this form\u0026#160;: \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/https://chrisdeasy.com/wp-content/uploads/philosophy-full-text-work-7071-means-be020e4aa0-f1c7db72f155b56f.png\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to this book the provisions are received and entered. Besides the provisions, on a designated day from all the hamlets where the free tables are established come carts after fuel; at first this was peat, but now, as there is no more peat, firewood. On the same day the provisions are taken the loaves are made, and on the third day the eating-rooms are opened. The question as to the cooking utensils, the bowls, spoons, tables, is decided by the keepers of the rooms. Each eating-room keeper uses his own dishes. But if he has none, he gets them of those that come to him. Each person brings his own spoon. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first eating-room was opened at the house of a blind old man who had a wife and orphan grandchildren. When, on the day it was opened, I went to this blind \nman\u0027s izba at eleven o\u0027clock, the wife had everything all ready. The loaves had come out of the oven and were placed on the table and on the benches. On the \nstove, which was heated and closed, stood shchi, potatoes, and beet soup. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the izba, besides the blind man and his wife, were \ntwo neighbors and a homeless old woman who had \nbegged permission to come there so as to get something \nto eat and warm herself. There were no people as yet. \nIt seemed that they were expecting us, and no announcements had been made. A boy and a muzhik were delegated to spread the news. I asked the woman how all \nwould find seats. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" I will arrange it all satisfactorily, don\u0027t be troubled,\" \nsaid the woman. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis housekeeper was a thick-set woman of fifty, with \ntimid and anxious, but intelligent, eyes. Until the opening of the eating-room she had begged, and had thus \nsupported herself and her family. Her enemies declared that she drank too much. But, notwithstanding \nthese reports, she attracted due favor by her attentions to \nher husband\u0027s orphan grandchildren, and to the blind \nold man himself, lying half dead with consumption on \nthe sleeping-bunk. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mother of the orphans had died the year before, \nthe father had deserted them, and gone to Moscow, \nwhere he had disappeared. The children a boy and \na girl were very pretty, especially the boy, who was \nabout eight\u0026#160;; and, notwithstanding their poverty, were \nwell clothed and shod, and they clung to their grandmother, and kept asking things of her, as spoiled children generally do. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" All will be in good order,\" said the mistress of the \nhouse. \" And I will get a table. And those that can\u0027t \nsit down may eat afterward. Nine loaves,\" she confided to me, \" took four pounds, and moreover I squeezed \nout some kvas. Only I had a hard time with the peat,\" \nshe said. \" It doesn\u0027t heat. I had to get some of our \nown straw from the shed. I opened the shed, and then \nthe peat would not burn.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs there was nothing for me to do there, I went behind \nthe ravine to the eating-room of the next hamlet, fearing \nthat they might be expecting me also there. And in reality they were waiting here also. And here was the same \nthing the same odor of hot bread, the same round loaves on the tables and benches, the same pots and \nkettles on the stove, and the same inquisitive people in \nthe izba. In the same way the benevolent ran around \nto make the announcements. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving talked with the mistress of the house, who also \ncomplained that the peat did not heat, and that she had \nsplit her trough in making the loaves, I went back to the \nfirst eating-room, thinking that I might find some misunderstanding or difficulty which might need regulating. \nI went to the blind man\u0027s. The izba was full of people, \nand was swarming with restrained motion like a beehive \nopen on a summer night. Steam was pouring out of \nthe door. There was an odor of bread and shchi, and \nthe sound of eating was heard. The izba was tiny and \ndark with two diminutive windows, and on the outside a \ngreat heap of manure on both sides. The floor was of \nearth, very uneven. So dark, especially from the people obstructing the windows with their backs, that at \nfirst you could distinguish nothing. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut, notwithstanding these inconveniences and the narrow quarters, the meal was proceeding with the greatest \ngood order. Along the front wall, at the left of the door, \nwere two tables, around which on all sides the people \neating sat in order. In the middle of the izba, from \nthe outside wall to the stove was a bunk on which the \nemaciated blind man was, not lying as before, but sitting \nclasping his naked knees, listening to the conversation and \nthe sounds of eating. At the right, in an empty corner \nbefore the stove door, stood the mistress of the house \nand her benevolent assistants. They were all watching \nthe wants of the pensioners and serving them. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the table in the front corner under the images stood the soldier of Nicholas\u0027s time, then an old man of the hamlet, then an old woman, then the children. At the second table nearer the stove, with their backs leaning against the wall, a pope\u0027s wife, withered looking, with children grouped around boys and girls and the pope\u0027s daughter, a grown-up girl. On each table was a \nbowl of shchi, and the pensioners were taking sips of it, eating the fresh, savory bread with it. The cups of shchi were emptied. \" Eat your fill, eat your fill\u0026#160;! \" exclaimed the mistress of the house, gaily and hospitably, \npassing slices of bread over the heads. \" There\u0027s still enough To-day we have nothing but shchi and potatoes,\" said she to me\u0026#160;; \" there was not time for \nsvekol\u0027nik. We\u0027ll have it for dinner.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn old woman, scarcely alive, standing near the stove, \nasked me to give her some bread to carry home\u0026#160;; she had \nmanaged to drag herself there that day, but she could \nnot come every day, but her boy would be eating there \nand he could bring it to her. The mistress of the house \ncut her off a piece. The old woman stored it carefully \naway behind her apron and expressed her thanks, but \nshe did not offer to go. The sexton\u0027s wife, a lively \nwoman, standing near the stove and helping the mistress \nof the house, eloquently and vivaciously expressed her \nthanks for her daughter, who was also eating there, sitting near the partition, and timidly asked if she herself, \nthe diachikha, might not eat there. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" It is long since I have tasted any pure bread\u0026#160;; you \nsee this is like sweet honey to us\u0026#160;! \" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving received permission, the sexton\u0027s wife crossed \nherself, and crawled over the plank which was stretched \nfrom a stool to a bench. A boy, her neighbor on one \nside, and an old woman on the other made room and the \ndiachikha sat down. The mistress of the house gave \nher bread and a spoon. After the first course of shchi, \nshe had some potatoes. From the common salt-cellar \neach person took a little salt and heaped it up on the \ntable and dipped the peeled potato into it. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll this the service at the table and the acceptance \nof the food and the disposition of the people was \ndone with deliberation, politeness, and dignity, and at \nthe same time in such a matter-of-fact way that it \nseemed as if it had always been done so, would be done \nso, and could not be done otherwise. There was something in it like a natural phenomenon. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving finished his potatoes and carefully laid aside \nhis remaining morsel of bread, the Nikolayevsky soldier \nwas the first to get up and come out from behind the table, and all the rest followed his example, turning to \nthe images and saying their prayer\u0026#160;; then uttering their \nthanks, they left the house. Those that were waiting \ntheir turn deliberately took their places, and the mistress \nagain cut off the slices of bread, and once more filled up \nthe cups with shchi. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExactly the same thing took place at the second eating-room\u0026#160;; the only peculiarity was that there were very \nmany people as many as forty and the izba was \nstill darker and smaller than the first. But there was \nthe same politeness on the part of the pensioners, the \nsame calm and joyous, somewhat proud, relation of the \nmistress to her work. Here a man served as master of \nceremonies, helping his mother, and the work went on \nfaster. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnd exactly the same thing took place at the other free tables established by us there was the same elegance and naturalness. In some instances the zealous mistresses prepared three and even four courses: svekol\u0027nik, shchi, pakhliobka, and potatoes. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe work of the eating-rooms is accomplished with the same simplicity as many other of the muzhik\u0027s industries, in which all the details, even very complicated ones, are left to the peasants themselves. In the matter of transport, for example, in which muzhiks are employed, no employer ever bothers himself about the canvas coverings or the nails, or the linden baskets, or \nthe buckets, and many other things essential for transport work. It is taken for granted that all this sort of thing will be provided by the peasants themselves\u0026#160;; and \nin reality all this is always and everywhere uniformly \nand intelligently and simply done by the peasants themselves, who need no aid or direction from their employer. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExactly the same thing occurred also at the free eating-rooms. All the details of the business were carried out by the keepers of the rooms themselves, and so thoroughly and circumstantially that nothing was left \nfor the inspector except the general business of the \nrooms. There were four such chief duties for the in- \nspector of the eating-rooms to attend to\u0026#160;: first, the getting of the provisions to a central location from which \nthey could be distributed among the eating-rooms\u0026#160;; \nsecondly, care that the stores should not be wasted\u0026#160;; \nthirdly, care that no persons among the most needy \nshould be forgotten, and their places taken by those \nthat could get along without free food\u0026#160;; and fourthly, \ntrial and use in the eating-rooms of new and little used \nmeans of alimentation, such as pease, lentils, millet, \noats, barley, different kinds of bread, vegetables, and \nthe like. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA sufficient number of workers furnished us with the \nlist of people receiving rations. Some of the members \nof the families receiving insufficient quantity were admitted\u0026#160;; some turned in their rations to the eating-rooms \nso as to have their meals there. In regard to this we \nwere guided by the following considerations: in the \nuniform distribution as it was carried out in our locality, \nat the rate of twenty pounds to each person, we gave \npreference to the large families. In the insufficiency of \nthe distribution these twenty pounds a month apiece the \nlarger the family, the more entirely inadequate they were \nfor the support of the people. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe theory of the free tables was therefore this: in \norder to open from ten to twenty eating-rooms, for the \nfeeding of from three to eight hundred men, it is unavoidable in the center of this locality to collect the necessary provisions. In such a center there may always be the establishment of some opulent proprietor. \nProvisions for such a number, let us say five hundred \nmen, will consist, if it is proposed to keep up the eating-rooms till the season, of first fruits, reckoning by \nthe pound of flour mixed with bran for each person for \nthree hundred days, will be one hundred and fifty thousand pounds for five hundred persons, or three thousand seven hundred and fifty puds, or two thousand five hundred puds of rye and one thousand two hundred and fifty of bran\u0026#160;; the same amount of potatoes, twelve sazhens of wood, a thousand puds of beets, and twenty-five puds of salt, two thousand heads of cabbage, and eight hundred puds of oatmeal. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cost of all this at present prices amounts to fifty-eight hundred rubles. That is to say, with the increase of expense for oaten kisel at the rate of one ruble sixteen kopeks a person. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving established such a storehouse, around it, at a \ndistance of from seven to eight versts, one can open as \nmany as twenty eating-rooms which will be supplied at \nthis center. It is necessary to open the eating-rooms \nfirst of all in the very poorest of communities. It is \nnecessary to select a place for this eating-room at the \nhouse of one of the very poorest inhabitants. The \ndishes and everything needed for the preparation of the \nfood and the tables must be furnished by the person \nwho keeps the eating-room. The list of persons admissible to the free tables must be made up with the \nassistance of the village starosta, and if possible of well-to-do peasants whose families are not represented among \nthose applying for aid. The supervision of the eating-rooms, should there be very many of them, may be intrusted to the peasants themselves. But it is a matter of course that in proportion to the direct part in the matter taken by those that open the tables, the closer will be their relations both to. the keepers of them and to those that frequent them, the better the business will \ngo, the less waste of money there will be, the less dissatisfaction, the better the food, and, above all, the more cheery will be the disposition of the people. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut it may be boldly said that even under the most \ndistant supervision, even when they are intrusted to the \npeople themselves, the eating-rooms will satisfy great \nneeds, and by reason of throwing the supervision on the \ninterested parties, the needless waste of provisions will \nnever amount to more than ten per cent, if you can call \nneedless waste the. bread which the people carry home \nwith them, or share with those that have none. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuch is the plan of establishing free tables, and every \none who wishes to make a trial of it will see how easily \nand naturally this is accomplished. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe advantages and disadvantages of the free eating-rooms are as follows\u0026#160;: \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first disadvantage of the free eating-rooms is that \nprovisions in them cost a little more than in the hand-to-hand distribution of flour. If relief amounts even to \nthirty pounds of flour to each consumer, then in the eating-rooms you must reckon on the same thirty pounds, \nand besides, the soups, potatoes, beets, salt, fire, and \nnow also oatmeal. This disadvantage, apart from the \nfact that the eating-rooms provide for people more than \nhand-to-hand distribution, has its compensation in this, \nthat by the introduction of new, cheap, and wholesome \narticles of diet, such as lentils, pease in various forms, oat-kisel, beets, Indian meal kasha, sunflower and hemp oils, the quantity of bread used may be diminished and the food itself improved. A second disadvantage is that the eating-rooms keep from starvation only some of the feebler members of a family, and not the young and \naverage peasant, who does not frequent the free table on the ground that it is humiliating for him. So that \nin the designation of those that are subject to support at the free tables, the peasants always exclude grown-up \nlads and girls on the ground that it would be disgraceful to them. This disadvantage has its compensation in the fact that precisely this sense of shame at accepting charity at the free tables prevents the possibility of \nmisusing them. A peasant, for example, comes with \nthe request for a share in the rations, and declares that \nhe has not had anything to eat for two days. He is \ninvited to come into the eating-room. His face turns \nred and he declines to do so, while a peasant of the same \nage, being left without resources and unable to find work, \nwill take his place in the eating-room. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOr another example\u0026#160;: a woman complains of her \ncondition and asks rations. They propose to her that \nshe send her daughter. But her daughter is already a \npromised bride, and the woman refuses to send her. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut meantime the bride-daughter of the priest\u0027s wife, of whom I have spoken, comes to the eating-room. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe third disadvantage, and the most serious, is that \nsome of the feeble, the old, and the little ones, and very \nragged children, cannot get to the eating-room, especially \nin bad weather. This inconvenience is obviated by \nneighbors or those from the same farm carrying the food \nto those unable to be present. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eI know no other disadvantages or inconveniences. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe advantages of the free tables are the following: \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe food is incomparably better and more varied than \nthat which is prepared in families. There is opportunity of getting food-stuffs cheaper and wholesomer. The food is provided at much cheaper rates. Fuel for baking loaves is saved. The poorest of families those at \nwhose houses the free tables are established are perfectly provided for. Any possibility of inequality in \nreceiving food, such as is often found in families in relation to unloved members, is done away with\u0026#160;; the aged \nand children receive food proportioned to their needs. \nThe eating-rooms induce kindly feelings instead of dissensions and hatred. Abuses, that is, the acceptance \nof help by such persons as are less needy, will be found \nless frequent than in any other form of help. The \nlimits of the abuses, which can be found in taking advantage of the free tables, is confined to the capacity \nof a stomach. A man may carry off as much flour as \nhe can, but no one can eat more than a very limited \nquantity. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnd the chief and most important advantage of the \neating-rooms, for which, if for nothing else, they can \nand should be established, is that in that community \nwhere there are free tables no man can get sick or die \nfrom the lack or wretchedness of food; nor can there \nbe, what unfortunately is constantly happening over and \nover again, that an old man, feeble, a sick child, to-day, \nby taking poor or insufficient food, languishes, pines \naway, and dies, if not absolutely from hunger, yet from \nthe lack of good food. And this is the most important.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLately, wishing to avoid the discussions which arose \nwhen the eating-rooms were first opened, as to who \nshould have admittance to them and who not, we took \nadvantage, at a newly opened eating-room, of the throng \nthat was attracted by the affair, and proposed to the \npeasants to decide for themselves who should be admitted. The first opinion expressed by many was that \nis was impossible, that there .would be disputes and \nquarrels, and they would never come to a decision. \nThen the proposition was made that one person from \nevery dvor might be admitted. But this proposition \nwas quickly put aside. There were homes where no \none would need to come, and there were others where \nthere was not one, but several, feeble members. And \ntherefore they agreed to accept our proposal, to leave it \nto their consciences. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" Places will be prepared for forty persons, and whoever comes \u0027 we beg your pardon, but everything is eaten up \u0027 – you won\u0027t get anything.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey accepted this plan. One said that he was a \nhealthy, strong man, and was ashamed to come and eat \nup the portion of orphans. To this, however, one discontented voice replied\u0026#160;: \" You would not go away \nhappy, no, you would go away unhappy, if, like me a \nlittle while ago, you had not had anything to eat for \ntwo days.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis very thing constitutes the chief advantage of the \nfree tables. Any one whosoever, whether inscribed or \nnot inscribed in the peasant society, household peasant, \nsoldier\u0027s son, soldier of Nicholas\u0027s or Alexander\u0027s time, \npriest\u0027s wife, burgess, noble, old, young, or healthy \nmuzhik, lazy or industrious, a drunkard or sober, but \nhaving gbne two days without eating, would receive the \nfood of the commune. In this is the chief advantage of \nthe free tables. Wherever they are no one can either \ndie of hunger or, being hungry, can be compelled to \nwork. Everything you can think of can be a stimulus \nto work, but not starvation. You can train animals by \nstarving them, and compel them to do things contrary \nto their nature\u0026#160;; but it is time to realize that it is shameful to compel men by starving them to do what they \ndo not wish to do, but what we wish them to do. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut is it possible to establish eating-rooms everywhere\u0026#160;? Is this a general measure which may be applied universally and on a great scale\u0026#160;? \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt first it would seem that it was not, that it was only \na partial, local, accidental measure, which might be \napplied only in certain places where men were found \nespecially adapted to this sort of thing. So I thought \nat first, when I imagined that for such an eating-room \none would have to hire a place and a cook, to buy the \ndishes, to plan and to foresee what kind of food and \nwhen and for how many persons one would have to prepare\u0026#160;; but the form of free eating-rooms which, thanks \nto I. I. Rayevsky, have now been established, did away \nwith all these difficulties and made this measure most \neffectual, simple, and popular. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith our small resources and without special effort, we opened and started, within four weeks, in twenty localities, thirty eating-rooms at which about fifteen hundred persons got their meals. Our neighbor N F alone in the course of a month opened and is conducting in the same conditions sixteen eating-rooms \nat which not less than seven hundred persons are fed. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe opening of eating-rooms and superintending them \npresent no difficulties\u0026#160;; their support costs only a little \nmore than the distribution of flour, if it is given out in \nthe quantity of thirty pounds a month. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis measure of establishing eating-rooms, not arousing any bad feelings in the people, but, on the contrary, \nperfectly satisfying them, attains the chief object which now faces society the guaranteeing people against the possibility of dying of hunger\u0026#160;; and, therefore, it ought to be adopted everywhere. If the authorities of \nthe zemstvo, the guardians and the administration, can persuade themselves of the need of the peasantry, and, supplying bread, give it to the needy, then incomparably the least troublesome method would be for the same people to provide depots for provisioning the free tables, \nand free tables as well. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA few days since we were visited by a native of Kaluga, who brought to our place the following proposition\u0026#160;: Some of the landed proprietors and peasants of the \nKaluga government, rich in feed for their cattle, sympathizing with the situation of the peasants in our region \nwho were obliged to part with their horses at a very \nlow price, and not likely to be able to buy them at ten \ntimes the price the following spring, proposed to take \nfor the winter for their board ten wagons that is to \nsay, eighty horses from our region. The horses should \nbe accompanied by certain trusty men from the hamlets \nfrom which the horses were taken, to take them there \nand then come back. In the spring they would go for \nthe horses and fetch them home. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe day following this proposition, in two hamlets \nwhere it was explained, all the eighty horses, all young \nand good, were entered for the transfer, and every day, \nfrom that time forth, peasants kept coming, begging \nthat their horses also might be taken. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNothing could be a stronger or more decisive answer \nto the question whether there is famine or not, and in \nwhat proportions. There must be great need when \npeasants so easily give up their horses, trusting them to \nstrangers. Moreover this proposition and its acceptance \nwas to me peculiarly touching and instructive. The \npeasants of Kaluga, not wealthy people, for the sake of \nbrother peasants, strangers to them, people whom they \nhad never seen, out of pity take upon themselves no \nsmall expense and labor and trouble\u0026#160;; and the peasants \nof this locality, evidently understanding the impulse of \ntheir Kaluga brethren, evidently conscious that in case \nof need they would have done the same, without the \nslightest hesitation intrust to strangers almost their last \npossession, their good young horses, for which even at present prices they might get as much as five, ten, or \nfifteen rubles. \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf even a hundredth part of such vital brotherly conscience, of such unity of men in the name of God, were in all men, how easily, yet not only easily, but also joyfully, we should endure this famine and all other material misfortunes. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\u003cdd\u003eBYEGITCHEVKO, DANKOVSKY DISTRICT,\n\u003cdl\u003e\u003cdd\u003eDecember 8, 1891.\u003c/dd\u003e\u003c/dl\u003e\u003c/dd\u003e\u003c/dl\u003e\n \u003chr /\u003e\n \n \n \n\u003cp\u003eThis work was published before January 1, 1931, and is in the \u003cb\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain\" title=\"w:Public domain\"\u003epublic domain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/b\u003e worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth scope=\"row\"\u003eTranslation:\u003c/th\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003clink rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15431456\" /\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eThis work is in the \u003cb\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_domain\" title=\"w:public domain\"\u003epublic domain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/b\u003e in the \u003cb\u003eUnited States\u003c/b\u003e because it was published before January 1, 1931.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr /\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe longest-living author of this work died in 1935, so this work is in the \u003cb\u003epublic domain\u003c/b\u003e in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author\u0027s \u003cb\u003elife plus 90 years or less\u003c/b\u003e. This work may be in the \u003cb\u003epublic domain\u003c/b\u003e in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the \u003cb\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term\" title=\"w:Rule of the shorter term\"\u003erule of the shorter term\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/b\u003e to \u003ci\u003eforeign works\u003c/i\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\r\n\n \u003c/article\u003e"},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Core Thesis","Paragraphs":["This lost mathematical title is registered as testimony for Philip\u0027s interest in proportions, means, and mathematical structure."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Classification","Fields":[{"Label":"Alternate Titles","Value":"Mathematical means"},{"Label":"Key Concepts","Value":"Mathematical means"},{"Label":"Methodology","Value":"Source-backed direct work registration; no full text imported."},{"Label":"Structure","Value":"Lost, fragmentary, testimonial, or contested work; no full text imported"}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Arguments","Paragraphs":["This lost mathematical title is registered as testimony for Philip\u0027s interest in proportions, means, and mathematical structure."]},{"Kind":"FieldSection","Title":"Influence","Fields":[{"Label":"Influenced By","Value":""},{"Label":"Influence On","Value":""}]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Significance","Paragraphs":["Suda title evidence only; no surviving text is imported.","Means is registered as a source-backed Philip of Opus work or attributed title. The page records testimonial and reception evidence only; no full text is imported."]},{"Kind":"TextSection","Title":"Evidence Note","Paragraphs":["Suda title evidence only; no surviving text is imported."]}],"SectionSequence":["Back Link","Work Title","Deck","Author","Period","Era","Composition","Date Note","Region","Terra Avita","Terra Avita Region","Modern Country","Original Title","Language","Primary Discipline","Secondary Discipline","Tradition","Full Text","Core Thesis","Classification","Arguments","Influence","Significance","Evidence Note"],"Counts":{"ContextCards":3,"GeoCards":4,"DisciplineCards":2,"Links":11,"Sections":24,"Styles":2,"Scripts":1}}