Works of Philosophy

The Indra block joins victory, protection, generosity, Soma praise, Sudās memory, and ritual authority in a morally charged account of divine-human alliance.

Vasiṣṭha Lineage Hymns

1236 BCE

The lineage hymns present priestly community, inspired intelligence, sacred utterance, and Vasiṣṭha self-memory as means by which ritual knowledge becomes effective.

Vasiṣṭha Peace Hymn

1235 BCE

The peace hymn expands well-being through divine pairs, directions, mountains, rivers, waters, sacrifice, and all protective powers.

Vasiṣṭha Ritual Impulse Hymns

1234 BCE

This cluster links Agni, Ṛbhus, Savitar, inspired making, divine impulse, and sacrificial ordering as powers that set ritual and world into right motion.

Vasiṣṭha Morning Litany

1233 BCE

The morning litany gathers Agni, Indra, Mitra-Varuṇa, Aśvins, Bhaga, Pūṣan, Brahmaṇaspati, Soma, Rudra, and other powers into dawn-time praise.

Vasiṣṭha Waters and Rudra Hymns

1232 BCE

The block interprets Rudra, waters, rivers, health, force, and sacred natural powers as protective and purifying dimensions of the ritual world.

Vasiṣṭha Āditya Hymns

1231 BCE

The Āditya hymns center truth, watchfulness, release from fault, cosmic guardianship, and Heaven-Earth as moral and metaphysical supports.

Vasiṣṭha Dwelling Hymns

1230 BCE

The dwelling hymns address household protection, sleep, peace, habitation, and the sacred stability of lived place.

Viśvāmitra Agni Hymns / Ṛgveda 3.1-3.11 and 3.13-3.29

1230 BCE

The Agni hymn block presents fire as priest, messenger, cosmic mediator, ritual order, and the power by which human praise reaches the gods.

Vasiṣṭha Marut Hymns

1229 BCE

The Marut hymns interpret storm, collective force, honeyed names, motion, sound, and radiance through sacred natural order and poetic praise.

Viśvāmitra Indra-Agni Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.12

1229 BCE

The Indra-Agni hymn joins heroic power and sacrificial fire as coordinated divine forces for strength, nourishment, and right ritual action.

Vasiṣṭha Viśvedevas Hymn

1228 BCE

The Viśvedevas hymn gathers Agni, Varuṇa, Mitra, Aryaman, the Maruts, and wider divine plurality into a field of protection and order.

Viśvāmitra Indra Hymns and Kuśika-Sudās Cycle / Ṛgveda 3.30-3.32 and 3.34-3.53

1228 BCE

The Indra and Kuśika-Sudās cycle links divine power, praise, victory, generosity, clan memory, and ritual-poetic authority.

Vasiṣṭha Mitra-Varuṇa Hymns

1227 BCE

The Mitra-Varuṇa sequence presents truth, covenant, watchfulness, solar vision, purification, and ṛta as the ethical architecture of the world.

Viśvāmitra River Dialogue / Vipāś and Śutudrī Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.33

1227 BCE

The river dialogue stages sacred speech as negotiation with natural powers, linking poetic address, practical crossing, clan memory, and the intelligibility of rivers.

Vasiṣṭha Aśvins Hymns

1226 BCE

The Aśvins hymns connect healing, motion, arrival, rescue, dawn transition, embodied care, and timely help with divine responsiveness.

Viśvāmitra Viśvedevas Hymns / Ṛgveda 3.54-3.56

1226 BCE

The Viśvedevas hymns present cosmic order as a many-sided divine field in which multiple powers cooperate within sacrifice, world, and praise.

Vasiṣṭha Dawn Hymns

1225 BCE

The dawn hymns treat Uṣas as beauty, disclosure, temporal renewal, awakening, world-opening, and the visible rhythm of cosmic order.

Viśvāmitra Pūṣan Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.57

1225 BCE

The Pūṣan hymn treats guidance, protection, nourishment, and safe passage as divine supports for human flourishing and ritual order.

Vasiṣṭha Indra-Varuṇa Hymns

1224 BCE

The Indra-Varuṇa hymns join martial victory, sovereignty, right order, Soma offering, protection, and public fortune under paired divine authority.

Viśvāmitra Aśvins Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.58

1224 BCE

The Aśvins hymn connects rescue, motion, healing, embodied aid, and timely arrival with sacred natural and moral order.

Vasiṣṭha Varuṇa Hymns

1223 BCE

The Varuṇa hymns give one of the clearest Vedic accounts of moral fault, cosmic law, confession, mercy, release, and divine sovereignty.

Viśvāmitra Mitra Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.59

1223 BCE

The Mitra hymn links covenant, friendship, watchfulness, and social order with a divine principle sustaining moral and cosmic relation.

Vasiṣṭha Sarasvatī Hymns

1222 BCE

The Sarasvatī hymns join river, speech, sovereignty, fertility, inspiration, and flowing power into a sacred image of eloquence and abundance.

Viśvāmitra Ṛbhus Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.60

1222 BCE

The Ṛbhus hymn praises inspired making, skill, transformation, and crafted order as a sacred model of artful intelligence.

Vasiṣṭha Closing Hymns

1221 BCE

The closing hymns gather wind, paired divine power, sacred speech, Viṣṇu, rain, frogs, and protective Indra-Soma force into the final natural-theological arc of Mandala 7.

Viśvāmitra Uṣas Hymn / Ṛgveda 3.61

1221 BCE

The Uṣas hymn treats dawn as beauty, disclosure, temporal renewal, and the opening of a world ordered by light.

Viśvāmitra Savitṛ Hymn and Gāyatrī Mantra / Ṛgveda 3.62

1220 BCE

The Savitṛ hymn culminates in the Gāyatrī mantra, making inspired speech, illumination, thought, and sacred recitation central to later Hindu philosophical and devotional reception.

Atri Agni Hymns

1214 BCE

The Agni hymns place fire at the center of ritual mediation, cosmic order, offering, and the relation between human praise and divine presence.

Bharadvāja Agni Hymns

1214 BCE

The Agni hymns make sacred fire the mediator of ritual power, offering, divine presence, and ordered relation between human praise and cosmic order.

Atri Apris Hymn

1213 BCE

The Apris hymn preserves ritual summons and formal praise as a disciplined sequence for inviting sacred powers into sacrificial order.

Bharadvāja Opening Indra Hymns

1213 BCE

The opening Indra hymns frame strength, aid, generosity, protection, and victorious power as morally charged divine-human relations.

Atri Indra Hymns

1212 BCE

The Indra hymns frame power, protection, generosity, and victory as morally charged dimensions of divine-human relation.

Bharadvāja Cows Hymn

1212 BCE

The cows hymn treats cattle as wealth, nourishment, ritual support, and protected living value within the Vedic moral economy.

Atri Solar Restoration Hymn

1211 BCE

The solar restoration hymn links eclipse-like darkness, Atri's ritual insight, and restored cosmic visibility.

Bharadvāja Main Indra Hymns

1211 BCE

The main Indra sequence joins force, order, courage, gift, and cosmic action in repeated praise of a protective and world-shaping power.

Atri Visvedevas Hymns

1210 BCE

The Visvedevas hymns present order as a many-sided divine field in which multiple powers cooperate within the world.

Bharadvāja Mixed Indra Hymns

1210 BCE

The mixed Indra hymns preserve varied praise of divine aid, ritual success, and human dependence on strengthened order.

Atri Marut Hymns

1209 BCE

The Marut hymns interpret storm, movement, sound, and force through a sacred natural order addressed by praise.

Bharadvāja Viśvedevas Hymns

1209 BCE

The Viśvedevas hymns present divine plurality as a coordinated field of ordered powers addressed through sacred speech.

Atri Mitra-Varuna Hymns

1208 BCE

The Mitra-Varuna hymns center truth, covenant, watchfulness, restraint, and moral order as cosmic principles.

Bharadvāja Pūṣan Hymns

1208 BCE

The Pūṣan hymns connect guidance, nourishment, travel, protection, and prosperity with a divine caretaker of paths.

Atri Ashvins Hymns

1207 BCE

The Ashvins hymns connect healing, aid, mobility, rescue, and embodied flourishing with divine responsiveness.

Bharadvāja Indra-Agni Hymns

1207 BCE

The Indra-Agni hymns pair power and ritual fire as allied forces for action, protection, offering, and ordered transformation.

Atri Dawn Hymns

1206 BCE

The Dawn hymns treat morning light as beauty, renewal, temporal order, and cosmic disclosure.

Bharadvāja Sarasvatī Hymn

1206 BCE

The Sarasvatī hymn links river, speech, inspiration, and sacred force in a single divine image of flowing power.

Atri Savitar Hymns

1205 BCE

The Savitar hymns praise impelling, ordering, awakening power as a divine principle of motion and life.

Bharadvāja Aśvins Hymns

1205 BCE

The Aśvins hymns praise rescue, motion, healing, embodied help, and responsive care as forms of divine benefaction.

Atri Parjanya Hymn

1204 BCE

The Parjanya hymn interprets rain, fertility, thunder, and seasonal renewal through sacred natural causality.

Bharadvāja Dawn Hymns

1204 BCE

The Dawn hymns treat morning light as beauty, renewal, temporal order, and the repeated disclosure of the world.

Atri Prithivi Hymn

1203 BCE

The Prithivi hymn addresses Earth as sustaining ground, support, order, and sacred place.

Bharadvāja Maruts Hymn

1203 BCE

The Maruts hymn interprets storm, motion, force, and collective energy through sacred natural order.

Atri Varuna Hymn

1202 BCE

The Varuna hymn presents moral accountability, truth, sin, forgiveness, and cosmic law as joined concerns.

Bharadvāja Mitra-Varuṇa and Allied Hymns

1202 BCE

The Mitra-Varuṇa and allied hymns center truth, bond, order, watchfulness, and reciprocal moral relation.

Atri Indra-Agni Hymn

1201 BCE

The Indra-Agni hymn joins power and ritual fire as paired forces for order, action, and protection.

Bharadvāja Cosmic Order Hymns

1201 BCE

Agastya (traditional attribution)

The cosmic order hymns address earth, heaven, sacred powers, and world-structure as an ordered field of ritual and natural meaning.

Rigvedic Hymns Attributed to Agastya

1200 BCE

Treats divine order, ritual speech, waters, winds, and disciplined insight through hymns traditionally associated with the sage Agastya.

Atri Closing Marut Hymn

1200 BCE

The closing Marut hymn returns to storm powers, collective force, and divine movement as part of the Atri natural-theological horizon.

Bharadvāja Weapons of War Hymn

1200 BCE

The weapons hymn gives martial equipment a sacred and moral frame, linking protection, danger, collective survival, and ritualized force.

Rigveda 1.74

1200 BCE

Invokes Agni as messenger and sacrificial mediator, joining speech, ritual action, protection, and divine-human exchange.

Rigveda 1.75

1200 BCE

Presents Agni as luminous order and ritual presence, linking fire, knowledge, offering, and cosmic mediation.

Rigveda 1.76

1200 BCE

Frames praise and offering as disciplined human action that sustains beneficent relations with divine powers.

Rigveda 1.77

1200 BCE

Treats invocation as directed attention and trust in Agni as discerning ritual guide and inner-facing witness.

Rigveda 1.78

1200 BCE

Uses praise-speech to call divine presence, making language a ritual act rather than mere description.

Rigveda 1.79

1200 BCE

Associates fire, brightness, power, and order in an early Vedic account of mediation between visible and divine realms.

Rigveda 1.80

1200 BCE

Addresses Indra as protector and victorious power, linking sovereignty, defense, and divine aid.

Rigveda 1.81

1200 BCE

Connects leadership, victory, wealth, and protection to a divine model of power and patronage.

Rigveda 1.82

1200 BCE

Presents reciprocal generosity, courage, and protection as virtues embedded in the sacrificial order.

Rigveda 1.83

1200 BCE

Uses martial and protective imagery to treat communal flourishing as dependent on power directed toward rightful support.

Rigveda 1.84

1200 BCE

Interprets divine agency through Indra as an ordering and world-shaping power available through praise and ritual.

Rigveda 1.85

1200 BCE

Invokes the Maruts as storm powers, reflecting an early Vedic view of natural force as divine agency.

Rigveda 1.86

1200 BCE

Shows devotional attention and communal praise directed toward powerful, responsive divine presences.

Rigveda 1.87

1200 BCE

Links cosmic forces, fear, protection, and flourishing in the Marut hymnic imagination.

Rigveda 1.88

1200 BCE

Uses patterned praise to establish relation with divine hosts and situate human speech within ritual order.

Rigveda 1.89

1200 BCE

Articulates a wish for auspicious hearing, seeing, life, and communal welfare under divine protection.

Rigveda 1.90

1200 BCE

Presents sweetness, harmony, and cosmic beneficence as qualities pervading natural and divine order.

Rigveda 1.91

1200 BCE

Addresses Soma as delight, vitality, and inspired power, linking ritual substance with transformed consciousness.

Rigveda 1.92

1200 BCE

Treats dawn and illumination as ordered disclosure, renewal, and the opening of human action.

Rigveda 1.93

1200 BCE

Links Agni and Soma to ritual cooperation, blessing, vitality, and the shared conditions of flourishing.

Rigveda 9.31

1200 BCE

Presents Soma purification as ritual transformation, inspiration, and ordered passage toward divine enjoyment.

Gṛtsamada Hymns of Rigveda Mandala 2

1200 BCE

Full text available

Gṛtsamada

The Hiranyagarbha Sukta gives the profile a direct transmitted Vedic hymn anchor for Prajapati as the encompassing lord of created beings, creator, and final name of the hymn's question about the god behind creation.

Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā / Śukla Yajurveda teaching tradition

735 BCE

Full text available

Yājñavalkya

Anaximander of Miletus

The cosmos arises from the apeiron, an indefinite and boundless origin, and ordered things separate and return according to natural necessity and balance.

On Nature

546 BCE

Full text available

Anaximenes of Miletus

Air is the originating material principle of things, and the visible differences in the cosmos arise through rarefaction, condensation, and related natural changes.

On Nature / Xenophanes' Fragments and Silloi

540 BCE

Full text available

Xenophanes of Colophon

The surviving fragments attack anthropomorphic gods, defend a single unlike-mortal deity, limit human claims to certainty, and give natural explanations of phenomena, fossils, and earth-sea change.

Discourse on the Not-Self Characteristic / Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta

528 BCE

500 BCE

Makkhali Gośāla

The transmitted hostile-source doctrine attributes to Makkhali Gośāla a radical determinism in which living beings move through fixed courses of transmigration by niyati rather than by efficacious moral effort.

Doctrine of Non-Action

500 BCE

Purana Kassapa

The Doctrine of Non-Action is registered as the transmitted teaching anchor for Purana Kassapa: in the Samannaphala Sutta report, his position denies that actions such as killing, generosity, restraint, or ascetic practice carry moral efficacy in the karmic sense.

Sañjaya's Evasive Replies / Sāmaññaphala Sutta

500 BCE

Full text available

Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta

The transmitted report presents Sañjaya as refusing determinate answers to metaphysical and religious questions, suspending judgment rather than affirming, denying, or combining rival theses.

Great Final Nibbāna Discourse / Mahāparinibbāna Sutta

483 BCE

Full text available

Siddhārtha Gautama

The discourse presents the Buddha's final journey, counsel to the community, impermanence, self-reliance in the dhamma, and the institutional memory of the sangha.

On Nature

475 BCE

Full text available

Parmenides of Elea

Parmenides' hexameter poem stages a revelation that distinguishes the Way of Truth from the Way of Opinion and argues that what-is is ungenerated, imperishable, whole, continuous, and necessary

On Nature

467 BCE

Full text available

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae

The cosmos is an ordered mixture in which everything contains portions of everything else, while Nous, a separate and unmixed mind, initiates and orders cosmic motion.

Brahma Sūtras

450 BCE

The aphoristic Vedānta text systematizes inquiry into Brahman, self, scripture, causality, and liberation.

On Nature / Physics

450 BCE

445 BCE

Full text available

The epic corpus frames philosophical instruction through dynastic crisis, dharma, kingship, renunciation, violence, and liberation teaching.

Purifications

445 BCE

Empedocles of Acragas

A fragmentary religious-philosophical poem presenting purification, exile, daimonic fall, reincarnation, ritual abstinence, and moral discipline as part of Empedocles' cosmic teaching.

Bhagavad Gītā

444 BCE

The dialogue of Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna examines action, knowledge, devotion, self, discipline, and liberation inside the Mahābhārata.

Truth

444 BCE

Full text available

Truth is registered as the lost work associated with the man-measure thesis, appearances, perception, judgment, and the relativity or usefulness of human standards.

Sanatsujātiya

443 BCE

The Sanatsujātiya presents teaching on death, immortality, knowledge, restraint, and spiritual realization in a Mahābhārata setting.

Antilogies

443 BCE

Antilogies is registered as the lost two-sided argument work tied to Protagoras' method of setting opposed logoi against one another in civic, ethical, theological, and theoretical disputes.

Anugītā

442 BCE

The Anugītā revisits postwar instruction through teaching on knowledge, renunciation, discipline, and the relation between action and liberation.

The Art of Controversy

442 BCE

On Non-Being / On Nature

440 BCE

Gorgias of Leontini

The lost treatise argues through paradox that being, knowing, and communicating reality can each be denied or destabilized.

The Great World-System / Megas Diakosmos

440 BCE

Leucippus of Abdera

Leucippus presents a world-order explained through atoms, void, motion, vortices, and necessity rather than divine planning or qualitative elements.

On Nature or On Being / Περὶ φύσεως ἢ περὶ τοῦ ὄντος

Democritus grounds nature in indivisible bodies, void, shape, arrangement, position, motion, and causal necessity.

On Forensic Speech for a Fee

432 BCE

On Forensic Speech for a Fee registers the two-book title about paid legal-rhetorical argument, opposed speeches, persuasion, and courtroom technique.

On the Nature of Man / On Flesh

431 BCE

Democritus of Abdera

Democritus analyzes human embodiment, sensation, life, and mind as natural arrangements of material constituents.

On the Gods

431 BCE

On the Gods registers Protagoras' famous agnostic opening about human inability to know whether gods exist or what they are like.

Art of Rhetoric

On Nature

The Olympic oration presents panhellenic display rhetoric as a public performance capable of shaping collective judgment and civic identity.

Pythikos / Pythian Oration

408 BCE

Gorgias of Leontini

The Pythian oration represents Gorgias' festival rhetoric, where style, display, and public speech intersect with cultural authority.

The Analects

400 BCE

Full text available

Confucius

The received Analects gathers sayings and conversations that make moral cultivation, ritual propriety, humane conduct, correct naming, and virtuous government the center of Confucian philosophy.

394 BCE

Full text available

Hippias Major investigates beauty, definition, examples, and the search for what the beautiful itself is.

Politicus

393 BCE

Antisthenes of Athens

Political life must be judged by virtue, self-sufficiency, and the critique of conventional prestige rather than civic status alone.

Laches

393 BCE

Full text available

Laches asks what courage is and uses Socratic definition to test moral education and expertise.

Charmides

392 BCE

Full text available

Charmides studies moderation, self-knowledge, civic character, and the difficulty of defining self-control.

Lysis

391 BCE

Full text available

Lysis examines friendship, desire, kinship, and the structure of philosophical love.

Alcibiades

390 BCE

390 BCE

Full text available

Protagoras debates virtue, teachability, courage, pleasure, and sophistic expertise.

378 BCE

Rival Lovers registers the traditional Platonic question of what philosophy is and how it differs from other pursuits.

Theages

377 BCE

Full text available

Theages treats education, political ambition, divine signs, and the desire for philosophical guidance.

Republic

375 BCE

Full text available

Republic presents justice in city and soul, philosopher-rule, education, the divided line, the cave, and the Form of the Good.

365 BCE

Eudoxus of Cnidus

Phaenomena organized observational astronomy and constellation knowledge into a systematic account that later shaped Aratus and Hipparchus.

Sophist

365 BCE

Full text available

Sophist analyzes being, not-being, false statement, division, kinds, and the philosophical definition of the sophist.

Cyropaedia / Education of Cyrus

365 BCE

Full text available

Xenophon of Athens

The Cyropaedia uses Cyrus as a philosophical-political model for education, kingship, empire, self-command, persuasion, and rule.

Enoptron / Mirror

364 BCE

Eudoxus of Cnidus

Enoptron treated astronomical appearances and celestial order in a form later paired with Phaenomena in ancient testimony.

Statesman

364 BCE

Full text available

Statesman studies political expertise, rule, law, weaving, measure, and the difference between statesmanship and imitation.

Hiero / On Tyranny

Critias

On Time

354 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's interest in time, cosmic order, motion, and the mathematical structure of nature.

On the Gods

354 BCE

A lost work on divine beings and first principles, linking Academic metaphysics with Greek religious and mathematical theology.

On Myths

353 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's treatment of myth, theological narration, and the role of inherited stories in philosophical education.

Letters

353 BCE

350 BCE

Full text available

Founded syllogistic logic by analyzing valid deduction through term relations and formal inference patterns.

On Reciprocation

350 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's interest in reciprocal obligation, exchange, justice, and civic relations.

Clinomachus or Lysias

350 BCE

A lost dialogue title linking named interlocutors with dialectic, argument form, and rhetorical-philosophical language.

Posterior Analytics

349 BCE

Full text available

Defines scientific knowledge as demonstrative understanding from true, primary, immediate, better-known explanatory principles.

On the Opuntian Locrians

349 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's local Opuntian Locrian identity and possible civic-historical writing.

The Citizen

349 BCE

A lost political-ethical title on citizenship, practical virtue, and the duties of civic belonging.

347 BCE

Full text available

A second lost Aristippus title, probably treating Cyrenaic pleasure and Socratic ethical identity from an Academic vantage.

On the Heavens

346 BCE

Full text available

Develops Aristotle's cosmology through arguments about the heavens, elements, circular motion, and cosmic order.

On Passion

346 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's treatment of passions, psychic movement, and ethical self-command.

Minos

346 BCE

Full text available

Minos registers the traditional Platonic inquiry into law, kingship, custom, and the standard of lawful rule.

Criticism of the Arts

346 BCE

A lost critical work on arts, skill, imitation, and the knowledge-claims of cultural practices.

Memoirs in Dialogues

346 BCE

A lost set of dialogic recollections preserving philosophical examples, speech situations, and Academic ethical memory.

On Generation and Corruption

345 BCE

Full text available

Explains coming-to-be, passing-away, elemental transformation, mixture, and the material conditions of change.

On Friends and Friendship

345 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's engagement with friendship, association, and the ethical life of philosophical companions.

Dialogues on Resemblances in Science

345 BCE

A lost scientific-classificatory dialogue using likeness and resemblance to organize kinds, inquiry, and knowledge.

Treatise on System

345 BCE

A lost systematic work on ordering principles, division, and the architecture of Academic inquiry.

Meteorology

344 BCE

Full text available

Investigates atmospheric, geological, hydrological, and celestial-region phenomena through natural causes.

On Writing

344 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's interest in writing, transmission, and the relation between philosophical teaching and written record.

Divisions and Hypotheses Relating to Resemblances

344 BCE

A lost work on division, hypothesis, and resemblance as tools for sorting kinds and scientific domains.

On Typical Genera and Species

344 BCE

A lost classificatory work on genera, species, and model kinds in early Academic logic and science.

History of Animals

343 BCE

Full text available

Collects and orders observations about animals as a foundation for biological explanation.

On Plato

343 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's direct connection with Plato, the Academy, and the biographical or methodological memory of his teacher.

A Reply to the Anonymous Work

343 BCE

A lost reply to an unnamed text, preserving the polemical and exegetical side of Academic argument.

Eulogy of Plato

343 BCE

A lost memorial or praise-text framing Plato as philosophical exemplar and institutional founder for the Academy.

Parts of Animals

342 BCE

339 BCE

Full text available

Explains animal reproduction, heredity, embryology, sex differentiation, form, and matter in biological generation.

On the Planets

339 BCE

This lost title is registered as testimony for Philip's planetary astronomy and Academic cosmological education.

Arrangements of Commentaries

339 BCE

A lost work on arranging commentaries or notes, suggesting Academic practices of ordering inherited arguments and texts.

On Pythagorean Numbers

339 BCE

A cautiously accepted mathematical-metaphysical work on Pythagorean number doctrine and Academic first-principle debates.

On Nature

339 BCE

Full text available

This lost Academic treatise systematized Xenocrates' account of nature, formal number, soul, and the structure of reality.

On the Soul

On Sleep and Waking

335 BCE

Analyzes sleep and waking as states of living animals involving perception, physiology, and psychic powers.

Elements of Harmonics

Means

333 BCE

Full text available

This lost mathematical title is registered as testimony for Philip's interest in proportions, means, and mathematical structure.

On Cognition

329 BCE

This lost work examined cognition, opinion, sensation, and intellectual grasp within Xenocrates' threefold ordering of reality.

Poetics

328 BCE

Full text available

Explains poetry and tragedy through imitation, plot, recognition, reversal, character, and catharsis.

On Tones

328 BCE

Tonal systems and pitch organization form a technical field that requires classification through musical use and perception.

On Philosophy

328 BCE

This lost work likely organized philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics and explained philosophy as a cure for human anxiety.

Metaphysics

327 BCE

Full text available

Investigates being qua being, substance, form, actuality, potentiality, causes, wisdom, and the unmoved mover.

On Listening to Music

327 BCE

Musical understanding depends on trained listening, memory, discrimination, and perceptual judgment.

On Happiness

327 BCE

This lost work treated happiness as the perfection proper to human nature while allowing external goods a limited role.

History of Music

326 BCE

The history of music preserves practices, theorists, and styles as evidence for understanding musical knowledge.

On Virtue

326 BCE

This lost work treated virtue as teachable, philosophical, and central to happiness.

Nicomachean Ethics

325 BCE

Full text available

Develops virtue ethics around eudaimonia, habituation, practical wisdom, moral virtue, friendship, pleasure, and contemplation.

On Aulos Pipes and Organs

325 BCE

Instrumental design and musical practice belong to the empirical field through which musical phenomena are known.

This lost ten-book work addressed logical puzzles, dialectical problem-solving, and Academic argument.

Opinions of Natural Philosophers

316 BCE

Theophrastus of Eresus

Theophrastus gathers and organizes Presocratic natural-philosophy doctrines in a fragmentary doxographical work central to later ancient reports.

The Study of Dialectic

316 BCE

This lost fourteen-book work treated dialectic as a disciplined method of division, argument, and philosophical inquiry.

Physics

315 BCE

Full text available

Eudemus of Rhodes

Eudemus' Physics systematized Aristotelian natural philosophy, especially change, place, time, continuity, and causal explanation.

On Geometry

315 BCE

Agastya (traditional attribution)

This lost work addressed geometry, mathematical objects, and the relation between formal and mathematical magnitude.

Enquiry into Plants

314 BCE

Agattiyam

300 BCE

Traditionally grounds early Tamil grammatical reflection in the authority of Agastya/Akattiyar, connecting language order, rule, and cultural transmission.

Hymn to Zeus

300 BCE

Full text available

Cleanthes presents Zeus as rational cosmic ruler, law, providence, and the ordering logos that summons human beings to consent with nature.

On Grief

300 BCE

Crantor of Soli

Crantor treats grief as a real human passion to be educated and moderated rather than simply erased, making consolation a philosophical discipline.

Letter to Herodotus

300 BCE

Epicurus of Samos

The Letter to Herodotus condenses Epicurus' atomist physics, explaining bodies, void, worlds, motion, soul, perception, and natural phenomena without providential design.

On Nature

300 BCE

300 BCE

Full text available

Metrodorus of Lampsacus

Metrodorus treats sensation as a central Epicurean criterion and as part of the atomist account of knowledge.

On the Way to Wisdom

300 BCE

Metrodorus of Lampsacus

Metrodorus describes progress toward wisdom as a practical Epicurean path of desire management, friendship, study, and stable pleasure.

On Wealth

300 BCE

Metrodorus of Lampsacus

Metrodorus asks how an Epicurean sage should think about wealth, need, security, friendship, and freedom from empty desire.

On Greek Education

300 BCE

Zeno of Citium

Zeno critiques or reforms Greek cultural training by measuring education against virtue and rational discipline.

Zhuangzi / Nanhua zhenjing / Book of Master Zhuang

On the Bearing of the Poets

292 BCE

Zeno of Citium

Zeno assesses poetic material by its effect on character, education, and rational judgment.

Of Duty

291 BCE

Full text available

Cleanthes treats duty as the fitting action of a rational being ordered by nature, virtue, and civic responsibility.

On Art

291 BCE

Zeno of Citium

Zeno considers art or craft as trained rational practice ordered by knowledge, method, and fitting production.

Of the Virtues

290 BCE

Cleanthes analyzes virtue as rational excellence, discipline, endurance, and harmony with divine natural order.

Letter to Menoeceus

290 BCE

Of the End

285 BCE

end; telos; nature; virtue; happiness; cosmic order

Principal Doctrines / Kyriai Doxai

Chrysippus explains how deceptive arguments arise and how trained dialectic can expose failures of form, meaning, or premise.

Physics

239 BCE

Full text available

Chrysippus of Soli

Chrysippus organizes nature as an active, corporeal, rational, and providential whole governed by causal continuity.

Xunzi / Book of Master Xun / 荀子

239 BCE

Treatise on Physics registers Posidonius on nature, body, pneuma, cosmic order, causation, unity, and the physical basis of Stoic philosophy.

Histories

85 BCE

De rerum natura / On the Nature of Things

55 BCE

51 BCE

Full text available

Cicero adapts Greek political theory to Roman constitutional memory, defending mixed government, justice, civic duty, and the commonwealth as a moral partnership.

Pyrrhonian Discourses

50 BCE

Aenesidemus of Knossos

Presented Pyrrhonian skepticism as a method for opposing appearances and arguments so that unresolved equipollence leads to suspension of judgment.

Śabara Bhāṣya

50 BCE

Consolatio

45 BCE

Cicero writes philosophical consolation around grief, mortality, and emotional discipline after the death of Tullia.

De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum

45 BCE

Cicero compares Epicurean, Stoic, and Academic-Peripatetic accounts of the highest good and the structure of a rational life.

De Natura Deorum

45 BCE

Cicero stages Epicurean, Stoic, and Academic debate over divine nature, providence, piety, and rational theology.

44 BCE

Cicero tests Roman divinatory practice through Stoic arguments and skeptical critique, asking what counts as evidence for divine signs.

De Fato

44 BCE

Cicero examines fate, free choice, causal necessity, future truth, and responsibility against Stoic determinism.

De Gloria

44 BCE

Cicero examines fame, honor, public judgment, and the moral risks of glory in civic life.

De Officiis

44 BCE

On the Shortness of Life

49

Seneca the Younger

Seneca argues that life is not short if it is possessed by reason; it becomes short when surrendered to distraction, ambition, procrastination, and other people's demands.

On the Firmness of the Wise Person

55

Seneca the Younger

Seneca argues that the wise person cannot truly be injured or insulted because moral harm depends on surrendered judgment, not on external attack.

On Clemency

Discourses / Diatribai

108

Fragments

120

Full text available

Epictetus

The fragments preserve additional sayings and reports attributed to Epictetus through later ancient authors, supplementing the Discourses and Handbook on providence, discipline, and rational freedom.

Galba

120

Plutarch of Chaeronea

Galba registers one comparative-biography unit from the Parallel Lives, using character, action, statesmanship, and moral example as philosophical evidence.

Otho

120

Plutarch of Chaeronea

Otho registers one comparative-biography unit from the Parallel Lives, using character, action, statesmanship, and moral example as philosophical evidence.

Parallel Lives

120

Full text available

Plutarch of Chaeronea

Parallel Lives registers Plutarch's collected comparative biographies as moral and political examples joining Greek and Roman lives.

The Epicurean Inscription / The Philosophical Inscription of Diogenes of Oinoanda

125

Diogenes of Oenoanda

Diogenes monumentalized Epicurean philosophy as public therapy, teaching natural explanations, pleasure, freedom from fear, mortality, and non-intervening gods through a huge Greek inscription at Oinoanda.

Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Kaṇāda Sūtra

On the Kinds of Being III completes the extended discussion of being, genera, and the philosophical limits of categorical schemes.

Isagoge

268

What Is the Living Being and What Is Man?

270

Plotinus

This treatise distinguishes living composite, body, soul, and personhood within Plotinus' account of human ascent and embodied life.

Whether the Stars Are Causes

270

Plotinus

Whether the Stars Are Causes limits astral determinism while preserving cosmic order and rational interpretation of celestial signs.

On Abstinence from Animal Food

On Statues

298

Porphyry

On Statues registers Porphyry on cult images, symbols, divine representation, allegorical theology, and the relation between visible form and invisible deity.

On the Return of the Soul

299

Porphyry

On the Return of the Soul registers Porphyry on purification, ascent, the soul's release, religious practices, and late antique disputes over salvation.

Bhadrakalpika Sutra

300

Dharmaraksa

The translation expands Chinese Buddhist cosmology through a vast account of buddhas, aeons, vows, and world-order.

On the Pythagorean Life / Life of Pythagoras

300

303

Letters

310

Full text available

Iamblichus of Chalcis

The letters preserve ethical, practical, theological, and political-philosophical fragments about virtue, fate, governance, friendship, and the philosophical life.

On the Soul

310

Iamblichus of Chalcis

The fragmentary work develops a doctrine of soul, embodiment, hierarchy, vehicle, descent, purification, and psychic relation to intellect and divine order.

Zhuangzi zhu

312

Commentary on the Compendium of Mahāyāna

378

Vasubandhu

The commentary develops Asaṅga's Mahāyāna synthesis around storehouse consciousness, three natures, practice, and Yogācāra system.

Letters

379

Against Eunomius

380

Gregory of Nyssa

Gregory argues against Eunomius that divine essence is not captured by a single name and that theological language must respect the limits of creaturely concepts.

Distinguishing Phenomena and Reality

380

Vasubandhu

The commentary distinguishes constructed phenomena from reality and frames Yogācāra liberation as transformation in how phenomena are known.

Funeral Oration on Basil the Great

381

Gregory of Nazianzus

Gregory presents Basil as a model of philosophical Christian virtue, friendship, education, discipline, leadership, and the integration of classical learning with holiness.

On Holy Baptism

381

Gregory of Nazianzus

Gregory treats baptism as purification, illumination, moral transformation, and participation in divine life, tying doctrine to ethical formation.

On Not Three Gods

The Sāṃkhyakārikā condenses classical Sāṃkhya by explaining suffering, pramāṇas, prakṛti, puruṣa, guṇas, causation, the evolution of categories, mind, bondage, and liberation through discriminative knowledge.

Yoga Sutras

On the Spirit and the Letter

412

416

Full text available

Augustine analyzes the Trinity through Scripture and analogies of memory, understanding, and will in the human mind.

Correction of the Donatists

417

Augustine defends corrective discipline in the Donatist controversy under the demands of love and unity.

On Patience

417

Augustine treats patience as a grace-shaped virtue ordered toward endurance, humility, and love.

On the Proceedings of Pelagius

417

420

Full text available

Augustine responds to Pelagian letters on grace, freedom, original sin, and ecclesial judgment.

Against Julian

421

Augustine argues against Julian of Eclanum on original sin, concupiscence, grace, marriage, and justice.

Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love

421

Augustine condenses Christian teaching around faith, hope, love, evil, grace, prayer, and salvation.

426

Augustine holds grace and free choice together by treating willing itself as healed and aided by God.

On Rebuke and Grace

426

Augustine explains why correction, rebuke, perseverance, and grace belong together in moral life.

The City of God

426

470

Full text available

Bhartṛhari

The Vākyapadīya presents speech as a fundamental principle of cognition and reality, developing sphoṭa theory and śabda-brahman metaphysics.

Hymns

470

Śṛṅgāraśataka

487

Bhartṛhari

The Śṛṅgāraśataka explores love, desire, beauty, attachment, and emotional perception in the poetic corpus traditionally linked to Bhartṛhari.

Vairāgyaśataka

488

Full text available

Bhartṛhari

The Vairāgyaśataka reflects on renunciation, impermanence, ascetic detachment, and spiritual turning away from worldly attachment.

De institutione arithmetica

500

Full text available

Boethius

Boethius adapts Nicomachean arithmetic into Latin, treating number as an ordered science foundational to philosophical education.

De institutione musica

505

524

Full text available

Boethius

Boethius stages a prison dialogue with Lady Philosophy on fortune, happiness, providence, eternity, free will, and the healing of grief by reason.

Problems and Solutions Concerning First Principles

525

Full text available

Damascius

Damascius tests whether the first principle can be said to be one, cause, knowable, or nameable, and pushes Neoplatonic theology toward the ineffable beyond ordinary predication.

Life of Isidore / Philosophical History

526

Damascius

Damascius records philosophers, teachers, pagan intellectual communities, dreams, practices, and school conflicts to preserve a philosophical history of late antique Platonism.

Padartha Dharma Sangraha

550

613

De ortu et obitu patrum

620

The work uses sacred biography to organize moral exemplarity, memory, lineage, and scriptural authority.

Regula monachorum / Monastic Rule

620

The Rule orders monastic life through obedience, discipline, labor, reading, hierarchy, and communal moral formation.

Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum

624

The history frames peoples, kingship, Christian identity, and Visigothic rule through moralized historical narration.

Etymologiae / Origines

625

The Etymologiae organizes the world of learning by deriving names, terms, arts, disciplines, beings, institutions, and things through linguistic origins and classification.

Da Tang Xiyu Ji / Great Tang Records on the Western Regions

The Venerable Bede

Bede narrates the conversion and church history of the English people through documents, testimony, chronology, and theological interpretation.

Letter to Egbert

734

The Venerable Bede

Bede gives pastoral and ecclesiastical counsel to Egbert of York, criticizing lax clerical practice and urging reform.

Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch / Liuzu tanjing

833

Full text available

Defines first philosophy as knowledge of the First Truth and argues for divine unity, causality, and finite created being.

Chanyuan Zhuquanji Duxu / Prolegomenon to the Collection of Expressions of the Chan Source

833

Zongmi

Zongmi argues that Chan and doctrinal teaching must be interpreted together, defending sudden awakening with gradual cultivation and a taxonomy of Chan positions.

On the True Agent

834

Distinguishes true agency from derivative causation and locates ultimate agency in the First Cause.

On the Proximate Agent Cause of Generation and Corruption

835

Connects natural change to proximate causation in the sublunary world.

On the Nature of the Celestial Sphere

836

Interprets celestial nature and motion within al-Kindi's cosmological philosophy.

The Prostration of the Outermost Body

837

Explains Qur'anic cosmological language through philosophical interpretation of the outermost body.

Against the Trinity

838

Applies logical and theological argument against Trinitarian doctrine.

On Perspectives

839

Treats visual perception, geometry, and optics as a philosophical science of seeing.

On Rays

840

Explores radiating causal influence, optics, and natural action in the Latin Alkindus reception.

On Why the Ancients Related the Five Geometric Shapes to the Elements

841

Explains the relation between mathematical form and elemental theory.

Why the Higher Atmosphere Is Cold

842

Investigates meteorological explanation within al-Kindi's natural philosophy.

On the Quiddity of Sleep and Dreams

843

Explains sleep and dream experience through the soul's faculties and the conditions of human cognition.

On Recollection

844

Analyzes memory and recollection as powers of the soul involved in knowledge and experience.

On Dispelling Sorrows

845

Uses rational therapy to address grief, attachment, and the discipline of desire.

The Sayings of Socrates

846

Uses Socratic moral sayings as philosophical material for ethical reflection and practical wisdom.

On Deciphering Cryptographic Messages

847

Applies systematic analysis to language, frequency, signs, and decipherment.

Two Texts on Colour

848

Examines colour as a problem of natural philosophy, perception, and visual explanation.

Three Texts against the Infinity of the World

849

Argues against an infinite or eternal world in support of finite creation and divine causality.

Masā'il fī al-'ayn / Questions on the Eye

850

The work uses 207 questions to explain eye anatomy, vision, function, disease, and teleology through a didactic form rooted in Aristotelian and Galenic scientific reasoning.

Masā'il fī al-ṭibb / Questions on Medicine

850

The manual organizes medical knowledge into disciplined questions and answers, making diagnosis, definition, division, and causal explanation teachable for students and examiners.

Annotationes in Marcianum

850

Eriugena comments on Martianus Capella to teach liberal arts, language, dialectic, cosmology, and allegorical interpretation in the Carolingian school setting.

De divina praedestinatione

851

Eriugena answers the predestination controversy by applying dialectic, Augustine, and liberal-arts reasoning to divine foreknowledge, evil, punishment, and human freedom.

Risāla ilā 'Alī ibn Yaḥyā on the Galen Translations

856

The epistle records Hunayn's translation catalogue and method, showing manuscript comparison, revision, patronage, linguistic judgment, and the transmission of philosophical-medical texts.

Kitāb al-'Ashr Maqālāt fī al-'Ayn / Ten Treatises on the Eye

860

The treatise systematizes vision, eye anatomy, brain-eye pneuma, and Galenic physiology into an influential ophthalmological theory that shaped Arabic and Latin medical thought.

Translation of the Corpus Dionysiacum

860

Eriugena translates Pseudo-Dionysius into Latin, transmitting apophatic theology, divine names, celestial hierarchy, and Neoplatonic procession-return structures.

Determination of Amicable Numbers

860

Thabit gives a rule for deriving amicable numbers and anchors his reputation in original Arabic number theory.

Book on the Composition of Ratios

861

This work studies the composition of ratios and connects Greek proportional theory with Arabic mathematical reasoning.

De imagine / Translation of Gregory of Nyssa

862

Eriugena transmits Gregory of Nyssa on the human image, soul, mind, embodiment, creation, and the relation between human nature and divine likeness.

Translation of Maximus Confessor

862

Eriugena translates Maximus Confessor, bringing Greek patristic accounts of creation, participation, deification, and cosmic return into Latin philosophical theology.

Book of Data

862

Book of Data belongs to Thabit's geometric corpus and treats given magnitudes, relations, and demonstrative mathematical data.

Treatise on the Secant Figure

863

The secant-figure treatise joins geometry and astronomy through the theorem tradition later used in spherical and astronomical calculation.

Expositiones in Hierarchiam coelestem

864

Eriugena interprets the Dionysian celestial hierarchy through symbolic theology, order, mediation, negation, illumination, and participation.

Method of Solving Geometrical Problems

864

Thabit distinguishes construction, measurement, and proof in geometrical problem solving, expanding the method of Greek geometry.

Ādāb al-falāsifa / Aphorisms of the Philosophers

865

The attributed collection transmits philosophical maxims, anecdotes, and ethical teachings that frame wisdom as disciplined speech, moral formation, and received ancient authority.

Proof Attributed to Socrates on the Square and Its Diagonal

865

Thabit revisits the Meno proof tradition and gives general proofs connected with the Pythagorean theorem.

Proof of Euclid's Well-Known Postulate

866

Thabit attempts a proof of Euclid's fifth postulate and records the Arabic mathematical engagement with parallel theory.

Periphyseon / De divisione naturae

867

Eriugena presents a dialogue on nature as all that is and is not, divine procession and return, creation, causality, theophany, negation, and the relation of reason and authority.

On Two Lines Drawn at Angles Less Than Two Right Angles

867

This companion treatise develops the meeting of lines drawn at angles less than two right angles, continuing the parallel-postulate problem.

Correctness of Algebra Problems by Geometrical Proofs

868

Thabit gives geometrical demonstrations for algebraic problems, joining algebra, proof, and Greek-style geometry.

Sections of the Cylinder and Its Surface

869

This treatise examines sections of an inclined circular cylinder and the areas of cylindrical surfaces.

Kayfiyyat idrāk ḥaqīqat al-diyāna / How to Grasp the Truth of Religion

870

The apologetic exchange uses reasoned comparison, criteria of religious truth, and dialectical response to defend Christian claims in an Abbasid interreligious setting.

Isagoge

870

The translation transmits Porphyry's introductory logic of genus, species, difference, property, and accident into the Arabic Aristotelian curriculum.

On the Difference Between Spirit and Soul

870

Qusta distinguishes spirit as the subtle bodily principle used in medicine from soul as an incorporeal substance, joining Galenic physiology, Aristotelian psychology, and later Latin natural philosophy

Construction of a Fourteen-Sided Solid Around a Sphere

870

Thabit constructs a fourteen-sided solid around a known sphere, showing his technical work in solid geometry.

Homilia in prologum Iohannis

871

Eriugena reads the Johannine Logos through symbolic language, divine Word, creation, illumination, participation, and contemplative ascent.

Concise Exposition of Aristotle's Metaphysics

871

Thabit summarizes and interprets Aristotle's Metaphysics, connecting his scientific corpus to Arabic philosophical commentary.

Questions Posed to Thabit ibn Qurra

872

This philosophical question collection records Thabit responding on existence, infinity, number, and scientific-philosophical problems.

On the Solar Year

873

On the Solar Year treats the apparent motion of the sun and belongs to Thabit's published astronomical corpus.

On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere

874

The eighth-sphere work records the medieval Latin reception of Thabit's astronomy and the trepidation/eighth-sphere tradition.

De Interpretatione

875

The translation transmits Aristotle's theory of statement, affirmation, negation, truth, falsity, modality, and linguistic signification.

Posterior Analytics

875

The translation transmits Aristotle's theory of demonstration, scientific knowledge, explanation, definition, and first principles.

Commentarius in Evangelium Iohannis

875

Eriugena develops a theological commentary on John that links scriptural language, Logos doctrine, divine manifestation, interpretation, and contemplative knowledge.

On the Division of the Sciences

875

Qusta classifies philosophy and the sciences by joining theoretical inquiry, practical philosophy, mathematical learning, and logic as an instrument of knowledge

On the Apparent Motion of the Sun

875

Thabit studies the uneven apparent motion of the sun according to Ptolemaic eccentricity and ecliptic position.

Causes of Differences among People in Character

876

Qusta analyzes why human character, conduct, desires, and choices differ, combining medical temperament, habit, psychology, and moral formation

Explanation of Ptolemy's Method for the Moon's Mean Motion

876

Thabit explains the method Ptolemy used for determining the moon's periodic mean motion.

On Physical Ligatures

877

Qusta treats medical ligatures and talismanic healing as a problem at the edge of observed effect, belief, bodily medicine, and natural explanation

On Crescent Visibility

877

This treatise studies the calculation and observation of new-crescent visibility.

On Infection

878

Qusta addresses contagion and the transmission of disease within the framework of medieval medicine and natural causation

Book on Timekeeping Instruments Called Sundials

878

Thabit treats flat sundials and timekeeping instruments through applied astronomy and mathematical construction.

Medical Regime for Pilgrims to Mecca

879

Qusta gives a practical medical regimen for pilgrims and travelers, connecting bodily care, diet, exertion, journey discipline, and medical prudence

Shadow Figures Cast by the Gnomon

879

Thabit analyzes conic sections traced by the gnomon shadow on a horizontal plane for days and localities.

De Generatione et Corruptione

880

The translation transmits Aristotle's account of coming-to-be, passing-away, elements, mixture, alteration, and natural change.

Euclid's Elements Arabic Translation

880

The translation transmits Euclidean demonstration, axiomatic structure, mathematical proof, geometry, proportion, and scientific method.

Physics

880

Avicenna treats the soul as an immaterial principle with powers, perception, and intellect ordered beyond bodily mixture.

al-Athar al-baqiya

Fi tashil al-tashih al-asturlabi

1026

Explains corrections and compound astrolabe operations as disciplined instrument science.

Kitab fi istiab al-wujuh al-mumkina fi sanat al-asturlab

1026

Treats instrument construction as a field of mathematical possibility, design, and practical scientific knowledge.

Maqala fi tastih al-suwar wa tabtih al-kuwar

1027

Addresses projection, spherical form, and plane representation in mathematical geography.

The Book of Healing

1027

Kitab al-saydana fi al-tibb

1045

Compiles medical substances and names with philological care, pharmacological classification, and cross-cultural terminology.

On What Master Yan Loved to Learn

Yi River Commentary on the Book of Changes

1099

Cheng Yi

Cheng Yi reads the Book of Changes through li, showing how hexagram patterns disclose normative principle, cosmic order, moral action, and disciplined judgment.

De conceptu virginali et originali peccato

1100

Anselm of Canterbury

Original sin and the virgin conception must be explained through human nature, descent, justice, and the fittingness of Christ's sinlessness.

De processione Spiritus Sancti

1102

Anselm of Canterbury

The procession of the Holy Spirit can be defended through rational distinctions about relation, origin, and divine unity.

The Alchemy of Happiness

1105

Bernard contrasts monastic simplicity with excess and defends the moral and spiritual discipline of Cistercian reform.

On Loving God

1126

On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith

1134

1138

Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Poetics

1176

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

The commentary interprets poetic representation, imitation, praise, blame, imagination, and the social effects of poetry within an Aristotelian framework.

Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics

1177

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

The commentary interprets happiness, virtue, pleasure, habituation, practical reason, friendship, and the human good within the Aristotelian ethical tradition.

Lunyu Jizhu / Collected Commentary on the Analects

1177

Full text available

Zhu Xi

Makes the Analects a core text of moral learning by fixing interpretive glosses, principles, and pedagogical emphasis.

Mengzi Jizhu / Collected Commentary on Mencius

Temples of Light / Hayākil al-Nūr

1187

Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī

Suhrawardi presents a compact illuminationist account of light, soul, divine hierarchy, and the spiritual structure of reality

Xiaoxue / Elementary Learning

The work represents Tusi's Ismaili-period religious philosophy and esoteric theological reflection.

De natura boni

1243

Treats the good as a metaphysical, moral, and theological problem in Albertus's early scholastic formation.

Foundations of Inference

1244

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Tusi presents a major Persian logical work that systematizes inference, demonstration, definition, and philosophical method.

De bono

1245

Develops a systematic account of the good, virtue, law, conscience, and moral formation.

De homine

Treats celestial motion, cosmology, and the structure of the physical universe.

De generatione et corruptione

1252

Full text available

Explains natural coming-to-be and passing-away through elements, mixture, alteration, and causality.

De sophisticis elenchis

1253

Analyzes fallacies, refutation, and the detection of deceptive arguments.

Topica

1253

Presents dialectical reasoning, probable argument, and topical invention for philosophical inquiry.

Commentary on the Sentences

1253

Full text available

Bonaventure

Bonaventure develops his scholastic synthesis of creation, Trinity, grace, knowledge, and return to God through Lombard's Sentences.

De anima

1254

Disputed Questions on Evangelical Perfection

1256

Bonaventure

Bonaventure defends poverty, evangelical life, and the perfection of the mendicant vocation within Franciscan theology.

Commentary on the Sentences

1256

Commentary on the Sentences is Aquinas's early scholastic commentary on Peter Lombard, developing theological method, creation, grace, and metaphysical distinctions.

On Being and Essence

1256

On Being and Essence states Aquinas's influential account of essence, existence, substance, accident, and created being.

Breviloquium

1257

The Triple Way

1259

Bonaventure

Bonaventure describes purgation, illumination, and perfection as a disciplined path of spiritual and moral transformation.

Commentary on Boethius's De hebdomadibus

1259

Commentary on Boethius's De hebdomadibus treats participation, being, goodness, and metaphysical predication.

Disputed Questions on Truth

1259

Full text available

Disputed Questions on Truth treats truth, knowledge, ideas, providence, conscience, free choice, and related scholastic questions.

De animalibus

1260

1262

Full text available

Presents moral philosophy through virtue, habit, happiness, and practical reason.

On the Multiplication of Species

1262

Roger Bacon

On the Multiplication of Species develops Bacon's theory of species, causal propagation, light, action at a distance, and natural-philosophical explanation.

De mineralibus

1263

Summa Theologiae

1273

Ockham analyzes Eucharistic presence, substance, quantity, body, and divine power through nominalist metaphysics.

Summa logicae / Sum of Logic

1324

Ockham systematizes terms, propositions, supposition, syllogisms, demonstration, consequences, obligations, insolubles, and fallacies.

Tractatus de praedestinatione et praescientia Dei

1324

Ockham treats divine foreknowledge, future contingents, predestination, modality, and the logic of propositions about future events.

Tractatus de quantitate

1324

Ockham treats quantity, extension, body, and the ontological economy of accidents in connection with natural philosophy and sacramental debates.

Defense against the Articles

1326

Meister Eckhart

Eckhart defends the interpretation of his writings and sermons, distinguishing doctrine, wording, intention, orthodoxy, and philosophical-theological meaning.

Little Book of Eternal Wisdom

1328

Octo quaestiones de potestate papae

1341

Ockham examines limits of papal power, jurisdiction, rights, and the relation of ecclesiastical and secular authority.

Breviloquium de principatu tyrannico

1342

Ockham offers a compressed argument against tyrannical papal government over divine and human affairs, especially empire and subjects.

De vita solitaria / On the Solitary Life

1346

Petrarch defends learned solitude as a condition for self-knowledge, moral reform, reading, and contemplation.

De imperatorum et pontificum potestate

1346

Full text available

Ockham gives a late synthesis of imperial and papal power, legal authority, and the limits of ecclesiastical government.

De otio religioso / On Religious Leisure

1347

Petrarch interprets monastic leisure as ordered reading, humility, and spiritual recollection rather than idleness.

Secretum meum / My Secret Book

1347

Petrarch dramatizes inner conflict between worldly desire and Christian conversion through dialogue with Augustine.

Questions on Aristotle's Physics

1348

Oresme's questions on the Physics engage Aristotelian motion, place, time, change, and natural causation

Predigten / Sermons

1350

1355

Full text available

Johannes Tauler

The small spiritual-letter tradition preserves Taulerian counsel, interior discipline, religious language, and practical mystical direction in epistolary form.

Treatise on Money

1355

Oresme's monetary treatise argues that coinage is a public good and criticizes arbitrary debasement by rulers

Bucolicum carmen

1357

Petrarch adapts pastoral allegory to personal, political, and literary reflection in a Virgilian key.

Itinerarium ad sepulcrum Domini

1358

Petrarch converts pilgrimage geography into literary and spiritual itinerary, joining learned memory with devotional imagination.

Book of Divinations

1360

Oresme's Book of Divinations criticizes astrology and divinatory arts, explaining marvels and predictions through natural and epistemic limits

Treatise on the Sphere

1360

The Treatise on the Sphere presents astronomical and cosmological teaching in French, tied to Oresme's role in making learned science available in the vernacular

Great Book of Letters

1362

Heinrich Suso

The Great Book of Letters extends Suso's epistolary spiritual direction, treating language as pastoral formation and practical reasoning for suffering, humility, consolation, and devotion.

Life of the Servant

Christine stages competing judgments about love, desire, loyalty, and emotional reasoning through a structured courtly debate.

L'Épistre Othéa à Hector

1400

1404

1410

1442

Antidotum in Facium

1446

The invective participates in humanist controversy over eloquence, reputation, truth, and learned authority.

Gesta Ferdinandi regis Aragonum

1446

The historical work treats royal action, legitimacy, war, and political memory through humanist historiography.

Collatio Novi Testamenti / Annotations on the New Testament

1447

Valla compares the Vulgate with the Greek New Testament and helps found critical biblical philology.

Translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War

1452

Valla translates Thucydides into Latin for Pope Nicholas V, transmitting a difficult Greek historian into Renaissance political and historical learning.

Translation of Herodotus' Histories

1457

Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animorum

1474

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Ficino builds a Christian-Platonic metaphysics of the soul, arguing for its central place in the hierarchy of being and its immortality.

Akhlaq-i Jalali

Pico defends his contested theses, methods, orthodoxy, and right to philosophical-theological inquiry after ecclesiastical condemnation.

Heptaplus

1489

Pico reads Genesis through layered cosmological, angelic, human, and scriptural meanings in a sevenfold exegetical architecture.

De vita libri tres / De triplici vita

1489

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Ficino joins medicine, psychology, astrology, natural magic, and Platonist cosmology in advice for preserving scholarly life and aligning soul and world.

Hashiya ala Sharh al-Tajrid

1490

Jalal al-Din al-Dawwani

Adds scholastic glosses to the Tajrid commentary tradition on metaphysics, theology, and philosophical doctrine.

Sharh al-Rubaiyyat

1490

Jalal al-Din al-Dawwani

Reads mystical and philosophical quatrains through Dawwani's theological-metaphysical vocabulary.

De ente et uno / On Being and the One

1491

Pico addresses the relation of being and unity while negotiating Platonist, Aristotelian, and scholastic vocabularies.

In Epistolas Pauli commentaria

1491

Ficino reads Paul through humanist theology, Platonist psychology, grace, faith, and Christian moral transformation.

Commentary on Dionysius the Areopagite

1492

Ficino interprets Dionysian mystical theology and divine names through Christian Neoplatonic hierarchy, negation, procession, and union.

Liber de sole et lumine

1492

Ficino uses sun and light as metaphysical, cosmological, and theological images for causality, illumination, and divine order.

Plotinus, Enneads / Latin translation and commentary

1492

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Ficino transmits Plotinus in Latin and frames Neoplatonic being, intellect, soul, procession, return, and contemplation for Renaissance readers.

Disputationes adversus astrologiam divinatricem / Disputations against Predictive Astrology

1494

Pico attacks predictive astrology by separating natural inquiry from fatalistic divination and defending providence, freedom, and critical evidence.

Antibarbari

1495

Erasmus defends humane letters and classical learning as instruments for moral and Christian reform.

Commentary on the Nuptial Number in Plato's Republic

1496

Ficino treats Plato's fatal or nuptial number as a mathematical, cosmological, and political-symbolic problem in Platonic interpretation.

Epistolae / Letters

1497

Ficino's letters develop friendship, pedagogy, piety, medicine, consolation, Platonist love, religious philosophy, and philosophical self-presentation.

Adagia

1500

Erasmus turns classical proverbs into a moral, rhetorical, and cultural toolkit for Christian humanist judgment.

Enchiridion militis Christiani

1503

Erasmus presents inward piety, moral discipline, scriptural reading, and imitation of Christ as the center of Christian life.

Description of the Method Adopted by Duke Valentino

1503

Niccolo Machiavelli

The report treats Cesare Borgia as a case study in power, violence, prudence, and state consolidation.

First Decennale

1504

Niccolo Machiavelli

The verse chronicle registers recent Florentine and Italian political events through Machiavelli's public voice.

Wujing Yishuo / Personal Views on the Five Classics

1508

Wang Yangming

Wang Yangming rethinks classical authority through lived moral understanding, treating the Five Classics as occasions for awakened practical insight rather than inert textual accumulation.

Xiangci Ji / Record of the Elephant Shrine

1508

Wang Yangming

The Record of the Elephant Shrine turns commemorative writing into moral reflection on memory, judgment, exemplary conduct, and the transformation of ritual space into ethical teaching.

Second Decennale

1509

Niccolo Machiavelli

The second verse chronicle continues Machiavelli's political-historical account of contemporary Italy.

Translation of Theophylactus Simocatta's Letters

1509

Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus's Latin translation of Greek letters by Theophylactus Simocatta records his humanist philological work before the mature astronomical writings

The Life of Pico

1510

Thomas More

More translates and frames Pico della Mirandola as a model of learned piety, moral reform, withdrawal from vanity, and humanist spiritual aspiration.

De ratione studii

1511

Erasmus outlines a humanist curriculum in which grammar, authors, memory, and moral reading form judgment.

Moriae encomium

De libero arbitrio

1524

Erasmus defends a modest account of human free choice within grace against determinist readings in the Reformation debate.

Introductio ad sapientiam

1524

Hyperaspistes

1526

Erasmus replies to Luther by defending interpretive caution, moral agency, and theological moderation.

De Europae dissidiis et bello Turcico

1526

A Dialogue Concerning Heresies

1529

Thomas More

More uses dialogue to defend orthodoxy, images, pilgrimage, scripture, tradition, and public religious order against reformist challenge.

Supplication of Souls

1529

Thomas More

More defends prayer for the dead, purgatory, charity, and reciprocal obligations between the living and the departed against reformist attack.

De civilitate morum puerilium

1530

Erasmus treats bodily manners, self-command, social tact, and civility as training in shared moral life.

De disciplinis

1531

Full text available

Vives critiques corrupt arts and reconstructs the disciplines through method, pedagogy, language, psychology, and the ordered renewal of knowledge.

De ratione dicendi

1532

Vives develops rhetoric as disciplined speech, style, persuasion, judgment, and education in the humane arts.

Linguae Latinae exercitatio / Colloquia

1539

Vives's colloquies use staged conversations to train Latin expression, civility, judgment, social conduct, and everyday practical wisdom.

De veritate fidei Christianae

1543

Full text available

Vives defends Christian truth through argument about God, humanity, Christ, Judaism, Islam, and the rational articulation of faith.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

1543

1603

Full text available

Bacon sketches an early program for interpreting nature by disciplined inquiry rather than inherited authority.

The Advancement of Learning

Parasceve ad historiam naturalem et experimentalem

1620

Bacon specifies the preparation of natural and experimental histories as the material basis for reliable induction.

Zhangzi Quanshu / Complete Works of Master Zhang / 張子全書

1620

Zhang Zai

The posthumous corpus preserves Zhang Zai's received writings, inscriptions, sayings, and commentarial materials as the textual body through which later Guanxue and Cheng-Zhu readers encountered his thought.

Historia Ventorum

1622

Bacon models experimental natural history through a systematic inquiry into winds, motion, and causal conditions.

The History of the Reign of King Henry VII

1622

Bacon writes political history as an analysis of prudence, statecraft, legitimacy, counsel, and civil order.

De augmentis scientiarum

1623

Full text available

Bacon expands the Advancement of Learning into a Latin taxonomy of knowledge and defects needing repair.

Historia Densi et Rari

1623

Bacon investigates density, rarity, and matter as part of a program for operative natural philosophy.

Historia Vitae et Mortis

1623

Bacon treats life, aging, prolongation, and bodily processes as subjects for ordered natural history.

Il Saggiatore / The Assayer

1623

Galileo Galilei

Galileo advances a mathematical conception of nature and distinguishes measurable primary qualities from sensory effects in a polemic over comets.

1627

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Bacon gathers experimental observations and prompts as raw material for disciplined discovery and operative knowledge.

Rules for the Direction of the Mind

1628

1637

Thomas Hobbes

A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique condenses rhetorical instruction and shows Hobbes's early interest in persuasion, speech, and political language.

Leviathan

1651

Theological-Political Treatise

1670

The Odyssey of Homer

1675

Decameron Physiologicum

1678

Thomas Hobbes

Decameron Physiologicum presents late dialogues on physical questions, natural explanation, and Hobbes's mechanistic science.

1693

Full text available

John Locke

Locke presents education as formation of habit, judgment, self-command, virtue, health, and practical reason.

An Examination of P. Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing All Things in God

1694

John Locke

Locke criticizes Malebranchean occasionalist epistemology and defends his own account of ideas, perception, and human understanding.

New System of Nature and Communication of Substances

1695

Leibniz gives a public statement of substantial forms, pre-established harmony, and the coordination of soul and body without direct causal exchange.

1697

John Locke

Locke continues defending rational Christianity and the evidential status of scriptural faith against theological criticism.

Disquisitio philosophica de loquela

1703

Wolff analyzes speech as a philosophical problem connecting signs, concepts, understanding, and communicable rational order.

Philosophia practica universalis, methodo mathematica conscripta

1703

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Wolff early practical philosophy treats action, obligation, and moral science as topics that can be ordered by mathematical demonstration.

New Essays on Human Understanding

1704-1765

Leibniz replies to Locke by defending rationalist accounts of innate ideas, necessary truths, perception, reflection, and the scope of human understanding.

Of the Conduct of the Understanding

1706

1725

Full text available

Francis Hutcheson

Hutcheson argues that humans possess internal senses for beauty and moral excellence, making disinterested benevolence central to virtue.

Reflections Upon Laughter and Remarks Upon the Fable of the Bees

1725

Francis Hutcheson

Hutcheson answers Mandeville by defending sociable affection, virtue, and the moral importance of non-selfish motives.

The Temple of Gnidos

1725

1732

Full text available

Wolff organizes what experience makes evident about the human soul as a science that supports practical philosophy and natural theology.

Letters Concerning the English Nation / Lettres philosophiques

1733

Full text available

Voltaire uses English religious pluralism, science, commerce, Locke, Newton, and parliamentary culture to criticize French dogma and absolutist habits.

Psychologia rationalis

1734

Full text available

Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)

Wolff explains the soul through its essence and nature, turning psychological experience into rational metaphysical account.

Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline

1734

Montesquieu explains Roman greatness and decline through institutions, military practice, civic virtue, empire, corruption, and historical causation.

Treatise on Metaphysics / Traite de metaphysique

1734

Voltaire tests God, matter, soul, liberty, morals, and human knowledge through a deist and anti-systematic critique of speculative metaphysics.

Translation and Commentary on Mandeville's Fable of the Bees

1735

Émilie du Châtelet

A translation and commentary that engages luxury, self-interest, public benefit, and moral psychology through Du Châtelet's own critical framing.

Theologia naturalis

1736

Full text available

Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)

Wolff argues for knowledge of God by natural reason, treating divine existence and attributes through demonstrative method.

Abrégé de l'optique de M. Newton

1736

Émilie du Châtelet

A Newtonian optics digest that presents experimental light and color theory for French readers while showing Du Châtelet's command of scientific explanation.

Jus naturae methodo scientifica pertractatum

Voltaire uses oriental tale and comic reversals to test providence, fate, moral judgment, injustice, and the limits of human interpretation.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

1748

Full text available

David Hume

Hume recasts his theory of understanding around relations of ideas, matters of fact, causation, induction, miracles, liberty, necessity, and the scope of empirical inquiry.

Of the Original Contract

1748

David Hume

Hume attacks contractarian origin stories by grounding political obligation in utility, habit, allegiance, historical circumstance, and public interest.

The Spirit of the Laws

1748

Montesquieu offers a comparative theory of law, regimes, liberty, separation of powers, climate, commerce, religion, moeurs, and institutional moderation.

An Essay on Quantity

1748

Thomas Reid

Reid examines mathematical quantity, ratio, and measurement in a Newtonian spirit, treating quantity as a disciplined object of judgment rather than a merely verbal abstraction.

Jus gentium methodo scientifica pertractatum

1749

Full text available

Wolff distinguishes natural, voluntary, pactitious, and customary law of nations and applies scientific method to international legal order.

Letter on the Blind

1749

Diderot uses blindness, touch, mathematics, and embodiment to challenge innate ideas, providential design, and unexamined visual assumptions.

Recherches sur la precession des equinoxes

1749

D'Alembert treats celestial mechanics and astronomical explanation through mathematical analysis.

Philosophia moralis sive ethica

1750

Full text available

Wolff late moral philosophy sets out ethics as a science of human perfection, duty, virtue, and the rational direction of will and action.

Discourse on the Sciences and Arts

1750

Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat)

Rousseau argues that the progress of arts and sciences can corrupt morals, sincerity, civic virtue, and human freedom.

Defense of the Spirit of the Laws

1750

Montesquieu defends The Spirit of the Laws against theological and political criticism, clarifying method, moderation, and the relation between religion and law.

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

1751

Full text available

David Hume

Hume argues that moral judgment rests in sentiment, utility, sympathy, and human social life rather than in abstract rational deduction alone.

Encyclopédie

1751

Diderot makes public knowledge, crafts, arts, sciences, criticism, and social reform into a collaborative philosophical project.

Letter on the Deaf and Dumb

1751

Diderot studies gesture, sign, syntax, translation, and expression to show that language and art are embodied systems of meaning.

Discours preliminaire de l'Encyclopedie

1751

D'Alembert presents a philosophical classification of knowledge and a manifesto of Enlightenment science, arts, history, and public reason.

Encyclopedie / Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des arts et des metiers

1751

1752

Full text available

Voltaire uses cosmic scale, travel, and extraterrestrial comparison to expose human vanity, epistemic limits, and the provisional character of natural knowledge.

Essai sur la societe des gens de lettres et des grands

1753

D'Alembert reflects on writers, power, patronage, intellectual independence, and the moral politics of letters.

Melanges de litterature, d'histoire et de philosophie

1753

D'Alembert gathers philosophical, historical, literary, and skeptical reflections on metaphysics, religion, morals, and letters.

The History of England

1754

1755

The Social Contract

1762

1765

Full text available

D'Alembert analyzes the suppression of the Jesuits through Enlightenment anticlerical politics, education, and institutional critique.

Constitutional Project for Corsica

1765

Rousseau sketches civic institutions, economy, law, virtue, and national formation for Corsica.

Questions on Miracles

1765

Voltaire challenges miracle claims by pressing testimony, probability, natural law, fraud, and the burden of evidence against revealed religion.

Dreams of a Spirit-Seer

1769

Diderot imagines living matter, continuity between bodies, organismic development, and mind as a natural process.

God and Men

1769

Voltaire presents a historical and polemical critique of priestcraft, revelation, persecution, and the political uses of theology.

Philosophical Principles on Matter and Motion

1770

Diderot rejects inert matter and treats motion, force, heterogeneity, and transformation as intrinsic to nature.

Inaugural Dissertation / On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World

1770

Immanuel Kant

Kant distinguishes sensible and intelligible worlds, space and time as forms of sensibility, and the conditions of cognition before the critical turn.

Confessions

1770

Full text available

Rousseau invents a modern philosophical autobiography of self-knowledge, memory, sincerity, shame, identity, and moral exposure.

Regrets on My Old Dressing Gown

1772

Full text available

Diderot turns an old garment into an analysis of taste, consumption, self-image, property, and the moral psychology of objects.

Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage

1772

Full text available

Diderot uses Tahitian encounter dialogue to criticize colonialism, sexual morality, property, law, and European hypocrisy.

Considerations on the Government of Poland

1772

Rousseau advises Poland on law, federation, civic education, patriotism, political form, and republican resilience.

Jacques the Fatalist and His Master

1773

Full text available

Diderot tests fatalism, freedom, narrative causality, social hierarchy, and moral responsibility through comic fiction.

Paradox of the Actor

1773

Diderot argues that great acting depends less on spontaneous emotion than on reflective control, model, memory, and technique.

1777

Full text available

Dai Zhen

Dai Zhen argues through Mencian terms that moral understanding must be grounded in the concrete meanings of human nature, desire, feeling, and need rather than in detached talk of principle.

Of Suicide

1777

Eloges des academiciens

1779

D'Alembert uses academic eulogy to frame intellectual virtue, public memory, science, letters, and the moral life of academies.

Critique of Pure Reason

1781

Full text available

Immanuel Kant

Kant argues that objects of experience conform to the a priori forms of intuition and categories, setting limits to metaphysics through transcendental critique.

Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

1783

Full text available

Immanuel Kant

Kant restates the critical project in an analytic order, asking how pure mathematics, pure natural science, and metaphysics are possible.

Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?

Original Stories from Real Life

1788

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

1792

Of the I as Principle of Philosophy / On the Unconditioned in Human Knowledge

1795

Schelling treats the unconditioned I as a philosophical principle while pressing beyond Kantian finite cognition toward absolute grounding.

Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism

1795

Schelling contrasts dogmatism and criticism as philosophical responses to the absolute, freedom, and the limits of theoretical grounding.

The Positivity of the Christian Religion

1795

Hegel examines how Christian faith becomes a positive institutional religion and asks how freedom, law, authority, and ethical life are transformed by religious form.

Toward Perpetual Peace

1795

1796

Full text available

Mary Wollstonecraft

The travel letters join commerce, law, nature, maternal feeling, sensibility, political economy, and moral reflection in a hybrid philosophical-literary form.

Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature

1797

Schelling develops nature as productive, dynamic, and internally organized rather than a merely mechanical object for external explanation.

The Metaphysics of Morals

1797

1798

1806

Full text available

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Fichte presents blessed life as union of knowledge, love, moral freedom, and the absolute within late idealist religion.

Phenomenology of Spirit

1807

Full text available

Hegel traces consciousness, self-consciousness, reason, spirit, religion, and absolute knowing through dialectical shapes of experience.

Addresses to the German Nation

1808

Full text available

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Fichte argues for national education, language, cultural renewal, and moral-political formation under Napoleonic occupation.

Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom

1809

Schelling develops freedom through ground and existence in God, evil, personality, and the dark basis of finite agency.

Philosophical Propaedeutic

1809

Hegel's Nuremberg teaching materials introduce logic, consciousness, rights, duties, religion, and philosophical education.

Clara, or On Nature's Connection to the Spirit World

1810

Schelling explores death, spirit, nature, immortality, and the relation between the visible world and the spiritual world in dialogue form.

Stuttgart Seminars

1810

Schelling revisits system, freedom, God, nature, and history in private lectures that mediate between the Freedom Essay and later philosophy.

Ages of the World

1811

Schelling develops an unfinished speculative history of God, nature, time, freedom, contraction, expansion, and revelation.

Science of Logic

1812

Full text available

Hegel develops being, essence, concept, objectivity, and idea as a speculative logic that is also metaphysics.

On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason

1813

Full text available

The principle of sufficient reason has four distinct roots: becoming, knowing, being, and acting.

On the Deities of Samothrace

1815

Schelling interprets ancient mystery religion and mythic names as evidence for philosophical meanings in mythology.

1839

Human actions are necessary expressions of character and motive, so empirical freedom is compatible with metaphysical necessity.

Letters from Wuppertal

1839

Engels criticizes pietist respectability and social misery in the Wuppertal, linking religious culture, industry, and class suffering.

On the Basis of Morality

1840

Full text available

Compassion, not rational law or theological command, is the genuine basis of moral conduct.

Coleridge

1840

Mill uses Coleridge to balance Benthamite critique with attention to culture, permanence, historical formation, and the conservative function of ideas.

Shi Guwei / Subtle Meanings of the Book of Odes

1840

Wei Yuan

Wei Yuan reads the Odes through classical, historical, and moral-political interpretation, linking philology to statecraft and cultural judgment.

The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics

1841

The freedom of the will and the basis of morality together define the deepest problems of ethics.

Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature

1841

Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right

1843

Full text available

Marx criticizes Hegel's account of the state by relocating political forms in social relations, civil society, and material conflict.

On the Jewish Question

1843

1844

Søren Kierkegaard

Kierkegaard contrasts Socratic recollection with Christian revelation, asking how eternal truth can enter time through the paradox of the teacher.

The Concept of Anxiety / Begrebet Angest

1844

Søren Kierkegaard

Kierkegaard analyzes anxiety as the dizziness of freedom, where possibility opens the self to sin, responsibility, and spiritual development.

Hai Guo Tuzhi / Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms

1844

Wei Yuan

Hai Guo Tuzhi systematizes foreign geography, technology, maritime power, and strategic policy so China can learn superior techniques and resist foreign coercion.

The Condition of the Working Class in England

1845

Full text available

Engels uses Manchester social investigation to argue that industrial capitalism produces systematic deprivation, disease, alienation, and class conflict.

The Holy Family

1845

Full text available

Marx and Engels attack Young Hegelian idealism and redirect criticism toward real social relations, material needs, and proletarian politics.

The Claims of Labour

1845

Mill examines labor, poverty, assistance, responsibility, economic justice, and the relation between reform and independence.

The Holy Family

1845

Full text available

Marx and Engels criticize Young Hegelian idealism and redirect critique toward real social relations, material needs, and proletarian politics.

Theses on Feuerbach

1847

Engels presents communism as a historical movement arising from proletarian conditions, private property, industry, and class struggle.

The Poverty of Philosophy

1847

Full text available

Marx criticizes Proudhon by tying economic categories to historical social relations, class struggle, and political economy.

Works of Love / Kjerlighedens Gjerninger

1847

Søren Kierkegaard

Kierkegaard presents Christian love as commanded neighbor-love that transforms preference, duty, equality, and the hidden works of inwardness.

Manifesto of the Communist Party

1848

Full text available

Marx and Engels describe capitalism, class struggle, proletarian revolution, and communism as historically produced social transformations.

Principles of Political Economy

1848

1851

1851

1851

On Authorship and Style

1851

Style reveals thought, and bad writing exposes confused thinking and intellectual vanity.

On Reading and Books

1851

Reading should serve independent thought rather than replace it.

On Language and Words

1851

Words shape and limit thought, so linguistic clarity matters for philosophical understanding.

1851

Noise attacks attention and reveals the fragility of intellectual work amid modern social life.

1858

Full text available

Marx develops notebooks on production, circulation, money, capital, labor, history, precapitalist forms, and method.

1860

Marx answers Karl Vogt through political polemic, exile politics, journalism, reputation, and revolutionary networks.

Cai xixue yi / On the Adoption of Western Learning

1861

Feng Guifen

Feng frames Western learning as practical knowledge to be examined, selected, and applied under Chinese ethical and political priorities.

Jiaobinlu kangyi / Chiao-pin-lu k'ang-i / Protest from the Jiaobin Studio

1861

Feng Guifen

Feng argues that Qing reform must preserve Confucian moral substance while adopting useful Western institutions, military techniques, and practical knowledge.

1866

Mach introduces Helmholtz's acoustics as an empirical account of hearing, music, and sensation.

On a New List of Categories

1867

Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man

1868

Full text available

Peirce criticizes introspective and intuitive faculties and reframes knowledge through signs and mediated cognition.

Some Consequences of Four Incapacities

1868

Full text available

Peirce argues from human cognitive incapacities toward a semiotic, anti-Cartesian account of mind, self, and inquiry.

England and Ireland

1868

Full text available

Mill argues for land reform and justice in Ireland by linking property institutions, national grievances, and liberal political responsibility.

Grounds of Validity of the Laws of Logic

1869

Peirce asks how logical laws are valid and connects reasoning with community, inference, and the possibility of truth.

The Subjection of Women

1869

Full text available

Mill argues that legal and social subordination of women is unjust, irrational, and harmful to human development, liberty, and social progress.

Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives

1870

Full text available

Peirce develops notation for relations, helping advance relational logic beyond traditional subject-predicate forms.

Chapters and Speeches on the Irish Land Question

1870

Full text available

Mill collects arguments on land tenure, property, justice, Ireland, tenant rights, and the moral limits of inherited institutions.

The Civil War in France

1871

Full text available

Marx interprets the Paris Commune through class power, state form, democracy, violence, and proletarian self-government.

Die Geschichte und die Wurzel des Satzes von der Erhaltung der Arbeit

1872

Mach gives a historical-critical account of energy conservation and treats scientific principles as economy-guided conceptual tools.

The Housing Question

1872

Engels argues that housing misery cannot be solved by petty property schemes apart from capitalist production and class relations.

The Birth of Tragedy

1872

Full text available

Nietzsche interprets Greek tragedy through Apollonian form and Dionysian excess, making art a response to suffering and a critique of Socratic optimism.

Optisch-akustische Versuche

1873

Full text available

Mach links experimental optics and acoustics to the study of sensation and psychophysical method.

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense

1873

Nietzsche treats truths as mobile armies of metaphors whose social stabilization hides their artistic, linguistic, and perspectival origins.

Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks

1873

Nietzsche reads the Presocratics as bold philosophical types whose accounts of becoming, nature, measure, and knowledge precede Socratic rationalism.

Autobiography

1873

Full text available

Mill recounts education, mental crisis, intellectual formation, Harriet Taylor Mill, public work, and the development of his philosophical commitments.

Three Essays on Religion

1874

Full text available

Mill examines nature, religious utility, theism, evidence, moral hope, and the limits of natural theology from a skeptical empiricist standpoint.

Shumu Dawen / Bibliographical Questions Answered / 書目答問

1874

Zhang Zhidong

Zhang Zhidong's bibliographical guide organized classical and practical learning as a disciplined path for late Qing students and statecraft-minded readers.

Grundlinien der Lehre von den Bewegungsempfindungen

1875

Mach investigates movement sensations as bodily and sensory phenomena central to spatial orientation and cognition.

Critique of the Gotha Programme

1875

Full text available

Marx criticizes socialist program formulas on labor, distribution, rights, state, transition, and communist society.

1878

Full text available

Nietzsche turns toward aphoristic free-spirit critique, naturalizing morality, art, religion, metaphysics, and culture as human productions.

1882

Marx excerpts and studies kinship, property, communal forms, anthropology, colonial history, and non-European social development.

A Theory of Probable Inference

1883

Peirce develops probable inference within a broader logical account of reasoning and evidence.

The Science of Mechanics / Die Mechanik

1883

Mach reconstructs mechanics historically and criticizes absolute space, absolute time, and metaphysical readings of mass and inertia.

Dialectics of Nature

1883

Full text available

Engels applies dialectical materialist categories to nature, science, motion, matter, life, and human labor.

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1884

Full text available

Engels connects kinship, property, gender hierarchy, class society, and state power to material social development.

The Foundations of Arithmetic

1884

Full text available

Gottlob Frege

Frege argues that arithmetic is grounded in logic, criticizes psychologism and empiricism, and defines number through objective logical relations.

Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy

1886

Full text available

Engels reconstructs the passage from Hegelian idealism through Feuerbach to dialectical and historical materialism.

Beyond Good and Evil

1886

Full text available

Nietzsche attacks dogmatic philosophy, moral binaries, free will, democratic herd morality, and objective truth while advancing perspectivism and value critique.

Jiaoxue tongyi / Comprehensive Meaning of Teaching

1886

Kang Youwei

Kang treats education as a moral and epistemic institution for reforming persons, learning, and political order.

On the Concept of Number

1887

Husserl's early habilitation work studies number, abstraction, and the psychological-logical basis of arithmetic before his later anti-psychologistic turn.

1888

Engels analyzes force, state power, economics, and German unification through a historical-materialist account of political coercion.

Psychology: Briefer Course

1892

Popular Scientific Lectures / Populär-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen

1895

My Pedagogic Creed

1897

Full text available

Dewey states education as a social process, the school as social life, and learning as active participation in shared democratic growth.

Kongzi gaizhi kao / Study of Confucius as a Reformer of Institutions

1897

Kang Youwei

Kang recasts Confucius as a reforming sage whose teachings legitimate institutional transformation and Confucian religious renewal.

The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy

1897

1901

Peirce applies logic to testimony, historical documents, evidential judgment, and the reconstruction of the past.

On Science and Natural Classes

1902

Peirce develops his classification of sciences and the logic of natural classes.

The Child and the Curriculum

1902

1902

Full text available

William James

James studies religious experience through conversion, saintliness, mysticism, healthy-mindedness, the sick soul, and pragmatic fruits.

The Principles of Mathematics

1903

Full text available

Russell argues that mathematics can be treated through logical principles, relations, classes, and propositional structure.

Studies in Logical Theory

1903

Introduction to Logic and Theory of Knowledge

1906

Husserl links logic, theory of knowledge, meaning, objectivity, and phenomenological clarification in his Göttingen lecture period.

Space and Geometry / Raum und Geometrie

1906

Mach examines geometry and spatial concepts as historically and empirically conditioned rather than metaphysically fixed.

The Idea of Phenomenology

1907

Full text available

Five lectures present phenomenology as a method for clarifying knowledge, immanence, transcendence, and the possibility of givenness.

Thing and Space

1907

1909

Full text available

William James

James defends pragmatic truth against critics by treating truth as verification, satisfaction, working, and experienced relation.

1912

Husserl develops analyses of body, nature, soul, spirit, personhood, and the constitution of the natural and personal worlds.

Ideas III

1912

Husserl extends phenomenology toward the grounding and differentiation of sciences and regional ontologies.

Ideas I

1913

Full text available

Husserl introduces transcendental phenomenology, epoché, pure consciousness, intentionality, noesis-noema analysis, and eidetic method.

Interest and Effort in Education

1913

Full text available

Dewey connects interest, effort, attention, motivation, and educative activity within an account of growth and learning.

Notes on Logic

1913

Early logical manuscript associated with Russell and the pre-Tractatus period.

Our Knowledge of the External World

1914

Full text available

Russell develops logical analysis as a method for reconstructing knowledge of the external world and scientific objects.

Notes Dictated to G. E. Moore in Norway

1914

Norway notes transmitted through G. E. Moore, treated as a discrete early logical work cluster.

The Doctrine of Judgment in Psychologism

1914

1914 dissertation work on judgment, logic, and psychologism; recorded with no full text and with source evidence for early logical and phenomenological formation.

Culture and Mechanics / Kultur und Mechanik

1915

Mach relates mechanical thinking to cultural development and the communicative economy of scientific concepts.

Schools of To-morrow

1915

Full text available

Dewey and Evelyn Dewey present experimental schools as laboratories for democratic social learning and educational reform.

Principles of Social Reconstruction

1916

Full text available

Russell analyzes instinct, institutions, war, property, education, and social reform in the shadow of the First World War.

Democracy and Education

1916

Full text available

Dewey argues that democracy is a mode of associated living and that education reconstructs experience for shared growth.

Essays in Experimental Logic

1916

Full text available

Dewey develops logic as experimental inquiry rooted in problematic situations, operations, consequences, and verification.

Notebooks 1914-1916

1916

War-period notebooks that preserve central pre-Tractatus development; posthumous publication is noted separately from display year.

The Theory of Categories and Meaning in Duns Scotus

1916

1916 habilitation study; notes document medieval attribution issues, category theory, meaning, and the path into phenomenology.

Political Ideals

1917

Full text available

Russell argues for liberty, creative impulse, anti-militarism, economic justice, and institutions that preserve individuality.

Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays

1918

Full text available

The essays contrast mysticism and scientific logic while developing Russell's views on mathematics, knowledge, universals, and philosophy.

The Thought: A Logical Inquiry

1918

Gottlob Frege

Frege argues that thoughts are objective, shareable truth-bearers distinct from private ideas, psychological events, and merely subjective representations.

Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy

1919

Qingdai xueshu gailun / Intellectual Trends in the Qing Period

1920

Liang Qichao

Liang presents Qing scholarship as an intellectual formation with methods, schools, evidential standards, and historical development.

The Analysis of Mind

1921

Full text available

Russell develops neutral monism, sensation, memory, belief, desire, introspection, and the relation between psychology and physics.

The Principles of Physical Optics / Die Prinzipien der physikalischen Optik

1921

Mach's optical work extends his historical-critical treatment of physical concepts and experimental explanation.

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus / Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung

1921

Published in German in 1921 and in the Ogden/Ramsey English edition in 1922; display year uses first publication.

Der deutsche Künstlerroman

1922

Herbert Marcuse

Marcuse studies the German artist novel as a form in which aesthetic selfhood, literary form, alienation, and bourgeois culture become philosophical problems.

Human Nature and Conduct

1922

Ontology: The Hermeneutics of Facticity

1923

1923 lecture course on facticity, Dasein, hermeneutics, and ontology; posthumous publication status documented in evidence notes.

Zhongguo jin sanbainian xueshu shi / Chinese Academic History of the Last Three Hundred Years

1924

Liang Qichao

Liang narrates recent Chinese scholarship through methods, schools, evidential practices, and intellectual transformation.

1926

Kang Youwei

The work engages cosmology, heaven, science, and religious-philosophical speculation late in Kang's intellectual career.

The Analysis of Matter

1927

Full text available

Russell examines physics, perception, causal structure, matter, space-time, and scientific knowledge after relativity.

The Public and Its Problems

1927

Pseudoproblems in Philosophy

1928

Full text available

Pseudoproblems in Philosophy attacks traditional metaphysical and skeptical problems by logical analysis and meaning clarification.

The Logical Structure of the World

1928

Full text available

The Logical Structure of the World develops Carnap's Aufbau project of logical construction, constitution systems, and empiricist reconstruction.

Zhang Wenxiang Gong Quanji / Complete Works of Zhang Wenxiang / 張文襄公全集

1928

Zhang Zhidong

The posthumous collected corpus preserves Zhang Zhidong's memorials, letters, essays, bibliographical writings, and reform-statecraft record as a received body of late Qing Confucian political thought.

Marriage and Morals

1929

Full text available

Russell criticizes inherited sexual morality and argues about marriage, family, women, education, and social freedom.

Formal and Transcendental Logic

1929

Husserl links formal logic to transcendental subjectivity and argues that logic requires phenomenological clarification of judgment, evidence, and objectivity.

On the Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity

1929

Husserl develops empathy, other minds, communal worldhood, and intersubjective constitution as central problems for transcendental phenomenology.

The Quest for Certainty

1929

Afterword to My Ideas

1930

Husserl clarifies the meaning of transcendental phenomenology, reduction, and the purpose of Ideas in response to misunderstandings.

Individualism Old and New

1930

Full text available

Dewey rethinks individualism in industrial society through social intelligence, institutions, communication, and democratic culture.

Philosophical Remarks / Philosophische Bemerkungen

1930

Early middle-period manuscript cluster; posthumous publication does not change normalized composition year.

The Scientific Outlook

1931

Russell examines scientific method, scientific society, technology, expert power, and the political dangers of organized knowledge.

Cartesian Meditations

1931

Husserl reformulates phenomenology through a Cartesian path, including reduction, transcendental ego, constitution, and intersubjectivity.

Philosophy and Civilization

1931

Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity

1932

Herbert Marcuse

Marcuse reads Hegel's ontology through historicity, showing how being, negativity, subjectivity, and history ground critical social thought.

The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language

1932

Full text available

The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language gives Carnap's famous logical-empiricist critique of metaphysical sentences.

Philosophical Grammar

1933

Posthumously published from manuscripts and typescripts; display year reflects the main manuscript period.

The Big Typescript / TS 213

1933

Major typescript in the Nachlass, central to the transition toward later philosophy.

The Self-Assertion of the German University

1933

Full text available

1933 rectoral address retained as direct work and political-context evidence; notes preserve the Nazi-era institutional context without image padding.

Materialism and Morality

1933

The essay links materialist social analysis with moral criticism, suffering, domination, social need, and the historical conditions of ethical judgment.

Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic

1933

Theodor W. Adorno

Adorno reads Kierkegaard through interiority, aesthetic form, commodity society, and dialectical critique.

A Common Faith

1934

Dewey distinguishes the religious quality of experience from supernatural religion and proposes shared ideal ends as common faith.

Art as Experience

1934

1935

Full text available

Dewey reconstructs liberalism around organized social action, freedom, democratic planning, and experimental public intelligence.

The Brown Book

1935

Dictated continuation of the Blue Book materials, central to language-game development.

Introduction to Metaphysics

1935

Theory of Valuation

1939

Dewey analyzes valuation as empirical inquiry into desires, interests, ends, means, and consequences rather than a fixed value realm.

Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, Cambridge 1939

1939

Cambridge lectures preserved through student notes; direct work page does not import full text.

The Jews and Europe

1939

The essay examines antisemitism, capitalism, fascism, exile, Jewish life in Europe, and the social conditions of persecution and domination.

Foundations of Logic and Mathematics

1939

Foundations of Logic and Mathematics presents Carnap's unified-science account of formal systems, logic, mathematics, and metatheory.

An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth

1940

Reason Against Itself

1941

Horkheimer traces how reason can turn against itself when reduced to adaptation, calculation, self-preservation, and domination.

Elementary Logic

1941

W. V. O. Quine

Quine presents introductory formal logic as a disciplined method for inference, analysis, and philosophical clarity.

Notebooks 1942-1951

1942

Albert Camus

Documents Camus's wartime and postwar movement from absurdity toward revolt, justice, and political limits.

The Myth of Sisyphus

1942

A philosophical novel of immortality that turns finitude into the condition for meaningful action, attachment, risk, and historical responsibility.

The Plague

1947

The Devil and the Good Lord

1951

Jean-Paul Sartre

Sartre dramatizes evil, religious authority, moral absolutism, freedom, violence, and conversion.

Culture and Value

1951

1953

Full text available

W. V. O. Quine

Quine gathers major logico-philosophical essays into a book that connects ontology, analyticity, reference, and empirical theory.

Summer

1954

Full text available

Albert Camus

Returns to Mediterranean light, limits, and worldly fidelity after the darker political arguments of the 1940s and early 1950s.

Human Society in Ethics and Politics

1954

Russell develops ethical theory, desire, morality, social cooperation, institutions, and political judgment.

Unfair to Facts

1954

J. L. Austin

Austin criticizes philosophical treatments of facts and factuality by checking how fact-talk actually works in argument and evidence.

La phenomenologie / Phenomenology

1954

Jean-François Lyotard

Lyotard introduces phenomenology as a method for describing experience, intentionality, perception, history, and meaning.

1954

Simone de Beauvoir

A postwar novel that examines intellectual responsibility, political compromise, friendship, love, and the burdens of public commitment after liberation.

Eros and Civilization

1955

Full text available

Herbert Marcuse

Marcuse reworks Freud to argue that surplus repression, the performance principle, imagination, sexuality, and non-repressive civilization are central to liberation.

How to Do Things with Words

1955

1956

Nature: Course Notes from the Collège de France

Word and Object

1960

W. V. O. Quine

Quine develops indeterminacy of translation, inscrutability of reference, stimulus meaning, and ontological relativity through a naturalized account of language.

Philosophical Papers

1961

Full text available

J. L. Austin

The posthumous collection gathers Austin's central essays on language, perception, knowledge, truth, excuses, action, and ordinary-language method.

Nietzsche

1967

Habermas analyzes social-scientific explanation, understanding, hermeneutics, systems, language, and critique.

Critique of Instrumental Reason

1967

Full text available

Horkheimer returns to the critique of instrumental reason, objectivism, technocracy, domination, social science, and the fate of critical reflection in late modernity.

The Woman Destroyed / La Femme rompue

1967

Simone de Beauvoir

Three stories examine dependency, self-deception, aging, betrayal, and the collapse of identities organized around others' expectations.

Vietnam: Lotus in a Sea of Fire

1967

Vietnam: Lotus in a Sea of Fire presents Thich Nhat Hanh's Buddhist peace proposal during the Vietnam War, joining nonviolence, reconstruction, and engaged Buddhist witness.

Four Modern Philosophers

1968

Arne Næss

Modern philosophical disagreements can be compared through their different methods, languages, and assumptions about meaning and reality.

Scepticism

1968

Famine, Affluence, and Morality

1972

Full text available

Singer argues that distance and nationality do not defeat duties to prevent severe suffering when one can help without sacrificing anything comparably important

All Said and Done / Tout compte fait

1972

Simone de Beauvoir

A reflective memoir that revisits freedom, work, politics, relationships, memory, aging, and the limits of self-knowledge near the end of the autobiographical sequence.

On Economic Inequality

1973

1974

Baudrillard argues that power has shifted into simulation, seduction, and circulation beyond the analytic frame of disciplinary power.

Instructions paiennes / Pagan Instructions

1977

Jean-François Lyotard

Lyotard develops pagan justice and plural judgment against unified theoretical or political foundations.

Les transformateurs Duchamp / Duchamp's TRANS/formers

1977

Jean-François Lyotard

Lyotard interprets Duchamp through transformation, figural operations, desire, irony, and the instability of aesthetic meaning.

Security, Territory, Population

1977

Michel Foucault

Foucault develops security, population, police, raison d'Etat, pastoral power, and governmentality as modern arts of governing.

Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference

Marx

1980

Full text available

Singer presents Marx as a philosopher of alienation, historical materialism, class, and social change for a broad philosophical audience

Naming and Necessity

1980

Full text available

Saul Kripke

Kripke attacks descriptivist theories of names and argues for rigid designation, necessary a posteriori truths, and a causal-historical picture of reference.

Social Theories, Self Management, and Environmental Problems

1980

Social Theories, Self Management, and Environmental Problems connects environmental harm to political organization, social theory, and self-management.

Poverty and Famines

1981

Explains famine through entitlement failure rather than simple aggregate food shortage.

Simulacra and Simulation

1981

1982

Full text available

Singer introduces Hegel through freedom, history, spirit, social life, and the philosophical background to later political thought

Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language

1982

Saul Kripke

Kripke develops a skeptical reading of Wittgenstein on rule-following, arguing that meaning cannot be grounded in private facts alone.

Nuclear Power: Some Ethical and Social Dimensions

1982

Nuclear Power: Some Ethical and Social Dimensions assesses nuclear power as an ethical, social, and political problem.

Relevant Logics and Their Rivals

1982

Relevant Logics and Their Rivals records Plumwood's contribution to relevant logic, non-classical inference, and the logical background of her later feminist critique.

Fatal Strategies

1983

Of Spirit

1987

Baudrillard diagnoses contemporary evil, transpolitics, mutation, viral processes, and the exhaustion of modern emancipatory narratives.

Old Path White Clouds retells the Buddha's life as a practice-oriented narrative of awakening, community, and teaching.

Peace Is Every Step

Feminism and the Mastery of Nature is Plumwood's classic critique of reason/nature dualism, domination, hyperseparation, and the master identity.

The Politics of Reason

1993

The Politics of Reason connects feminist critique to logic, reason, dualism, and the politics of rationality.

Philosophy, Humanity and Ecology

1994

Henry Odera Oruka

Oruka connects humanity, ecology, parental earth ethics, obligations to future people, and the moral basis of environmental responsibility.

Politics of Friendship

Teachings on Love applies Buddhist teachings on loving-kindness, compassion, joy, equanimity, and relationship practice.

The Last Word

1997

The Future of Human Nature

2001

Decolonising Relationships with Nature

2002

Decolonising Relationships with Nature calls for post-colonial, more-than-human, and place-responsive environmental relations.

Environmental Culture

2002

Environmental Culture extends Plumwood's critique of ecological reason, rationalism, colonizing frameworks, and human-centered culture.

Necropolitics

2003-2019

Achille Mbembe

Defines necropolitics as the power to expose populations to death-worlds, tracing sovereignty, race, war, colonial occupation, enmity, and democracy through the management of mortality.

Political Responsibility and Structural Injustice

2003

Young distinguishes political responsibility for structural injustice from backward-looking blame and assigns forward-looking responsibilities through social connection.

Rogues

2003

Jacques Derrida

Derrida examines democracy, sovereignty, rogue states, reason, autoimmunity, and the fragile future of democratic politics.

Philosophy in a Time of Terror

2003

Habermas analyzes terrorism, law, democracy, modernity, religion, and global politics in dialogue with Jacques Derrida.

Thinking It Through

2003

Appiah presents contemporary philosophical problems in mind, knowledge, language, science, value, and metaphysics through analytic method.

Creating True Peace

2003

Creating True Peace applies mindfulness to violence, reconciliation, families, communities, and public action.

Aesthetics of Superfluity

2004

Achille Mbembe

Reads postcolonial urban life through excess, circulation, waste, spectacle, and the surplus forms by which power and survival become visible.

Responsibility and Global Labor Justice

2004

Young applies the social connection model to global labor supply chains, arguing that responsibility is shared by agents linked through structural processes.

The Intelligence of Evil

2004

Jean Baudrillard

Baudrillard links evil, virtuality, technical systems, integral reality, and the lucidity pact against total transparency.

Precarious Life

2004

Butler theorizes vulnerability, mourning, violence, grievability, and ethical responsiveness in the wake of war and public loss.

Undoing Gender

2004

Butler analyzes gender norms, livability, kinship, recognition, bodily autonomy, and the social conditions for flourishing.

The Divided West

2004

Habermas critiques unilateralism, war, international law, Europe, constitutionalization, and democratic legitimacy in the post-9/11 world.

Hiding from Humanity

2004

Nussbaum critiques shame and disgust as unreliable bases for law and argues for dignity-respecting public norms.

The President of Good and Evil

2004

Singer evaluates public moral claims, war, abortion, faith, truthfulness, and policy through the ethical language of George W. Bush

The Argumentative Indian

2005

Presents Indian intellectual history as a tradition of public reasoning, heterodoxy, debate, and pluralism.

On Female Body Experience

2005

Young gathers essays on women's lived bodily experience to show how social constraint shapes motility, sexuality, pregnancy, breasts, menstruation, and gendered agency.

The Conspiracy of Art

2005

Jean Baudrillard

Baudrillard critiques contemporary art, value, image, institutional spectacle, and the disappearance of aesthetic illusion.

Giving an Account of Oneself

2005

Butler argues that ethical self-accounting is limited by relational formation, opacity, address, responsibility, and vulnerability.

Between Naturalism and Religion

2005

Habermas mediates between secular naturalism and religious consciousness through postmetaphysical reason, democracy, and translation.

The Ethics of Identity

2005

Appiah argues that individual autonomy and social identity must be understood together in ethical and liberal political life.

Decolonising Australian Gardens

2005

Decolonising Australian Gardens treats gardening, place, colonization, and ecological responsibility as everyday environmental philosophy.

Identity and Violence

2006

Argues against reducing people to a single identity and connects plural affiliation to peace, justice, and freedom.

Cosmopolitanism

2006

Appiah defends rooted cosmopolitanism through conversation, moral concern across difference, fallibilism, and respect for plural ways of life.

Frontiers of Justice

2006

Nussbaum extends capabilities justice to disability, nationality, and species membership beyond the limits of contractarian liberalism.

The Ethics of What We Eat

2006

Singer and Jim Mason examine food choices, animal suffering, factory farming, environmental harms, consumer responsibility, and practical moral action

Understanding Our Mind

2006

Understanding Our Mind interprets Buddhist psychology, store consciousness, habit energy, perception, and transformation.

The Concept of a Cultural Landscape

2006

The Concept of a Cultural Landscape argues for land as active, storied, and agentive rather than a passive cultural backdrop.

Global Challenges

2007

Young addresses war, self-determination, global regulation, global responsibility, structural injustice, and democratic international order.

Who Sings the Nation-State?

2007

Butler and Gayatri Spivak examine belonging, statelessness, language, translation, and the politics of national identity.

The Clash Within

2007

Nussbaum analyzes democracy, religious violence, education, and pluralism in India through internal civic conflict rather than civilizational clash.

The Art of Power

2007

The Art of Power redefines power through mindfulness, freedom, compassion, right action, and responsibility.

Europe: The Faltering Project

2008

Habermas argues for European constitutional democracy, solidarity, public sphere, and democratic agency amid institutional crisis.

Experiments in Ethics

2008

Appiah connects moral philosophy with empirical psychology, experimental findings, situationism, intuition, and reflective ethical judgment.

The Politics of Culture, the Politics of Identity

2008

Appiah analyzes cultural identity, recognition, multicultural politics, and the public uses of cultural belonging.

Liberty of Conscience

2008

Nussbaum defends religious equality and freedom of conscience through a historically informed liberal constitutional argument.

The World We Have

2008

The World We Have applies interbeing, mindfulness, and compassion to ecological crisis and collective responsibility.

Shadow Places and the Politics of Dwelling

2008

Shadow Places and the Politics of Dwelling develops Plumwood's account of hidden support places, ecological responsibility, and dwelling beyond local idealization.

Tasteless

2008

Tasteless approaches death, predation, burial, and ecological embodiment through food-based environmental ethics.

The Idea of Justice

2009

Defends comparative, realization-focused justice grounded in public reasoning, capabilities, democracy, and social choice.

Frames of War

2009

Butler analyzes frames of recognition, war, grievability, vulnerability, and differential exposure to violence.

Is Critique Secular?

2009

Butler contributes to a debate on secular critique, religion, blasphemy, injury, speech, and public reason.

The Life You Can Save

2009

Full text available

Thomas Nagel

Nagel argues that reductive materialist naturalism has not adequately explained consciousness, cognition, and value, pressing for a broader account of nature.

The Eye of the Crocodile

2012